渣打银行英文缩写

渣打银行英文缩写（共9篇）

渣打银行英文缩写 篇1

中国各大银行英文缩写

中国建设银行——CCB(China Constuction Bank)

中国农业银行——ABC(Agricultural Bank of China)

中国工商银行——ICBC(Industrial and Commercial Bank of China)中国银行——BOC（Bank of China)

中国民生银行 ——CMBC（China Minsheng Banking Co., Ltd）招商银行 ——CMB(China Merchants Bank Ltd)

兴业银行 ——CIB(Industrial Bank Co., Ltd)

北京市商业银行——已经改名北京银行——BOB(Bank of Beijing)交通银行——BCM(Bank of Communications)

中国光大银行——CEB(Chian Everbright Bank)

中信银行——(China CITIC Bank)

广东发展银行——GDB(Guangdong Development Bank)

上海浦东发展银行——SPDB/SPDBank(Shanghai Pudong Development Bank)深圳发展银行——SDB(Shenzhen Development Bank)

渣打银行英文缩写 篇2

关键词：巴克莱银行,风险管理,病虫害,SWOT分析

一、Introduction(简介)

The Barclays Bank is one of the England’s leading financial institutes servicing globally. It has operations in almost 60 countries with 45,000,000 customers worldwide.Under the command of its current CEO John Valery the company is progressing towards further growth and success.All this was the result of its ability to apply the right strategic planning at the right times and plus its human resources.Barclays is a provider of lending, investments and saving schemes. Its operations include current accounts, insurances,mortgages, savings accounts, loan provision, and business banking products. Organizational structure.IB&IM is further sub-divided into three main operating units; Barclays Capital,Barclays Corporate and Barclays Wealth.

二、Literature review(文献评论)

1、The determination of basic principles of risk management1、风险管理基本原则的确定

Generally speaking, the financial institutions of the board of directors according to the first of its own market positioning to determine the basic ideas and principles of risk management, and risk management committee and the corresponding risk management departments give actively implemented. We can briefly compare the company's risk management principles like Merrill Lynchand Morgan.

(1)Risk management principles in Merrill Lynch

(2)Risk management principles in Morgan

2、The types of main risk2、主要风险类型

(1)market risk(1)市场风险

The bankruptcy of the orange county highlight the market risk of harm to the county treasurer will & quot;Orange county portfolio & quot; A lot of investment in the so-called & quot; Structural bonds & quot; And & quot;Inverse floating rate products & quot; Derivative securities such as derivatives when interest rates rise benefits and the market value of these securities drops, resulting in orange county portfolio losses of $1.7 billion. GIBSON company because interest rates expected to decline, bought a lot of interest rate derivatives and face similar market risk. When interest rates to rise, so the company lost $20 million.

(2)credit risk(2)信用风险

Recently, the problem of credit risk in many U.S.Banks began to highlight. According to a report in January1998, its quarterly financial situation has been affected by the economic crisis of the Pacific rim. Due to the Asian financial crisis, for example, JP Morgan (JPMORGEN) will be about $600 million in loans as bad loans, the bank in the fourth quarter of 97 earnings per share were $1.33, $2.04 in the previous year by 35%, lower than the market expected earnings per share of $1.57.

(3)operating risk(3)经营风险

In February 1995, the collapse of the barings bank underlined the importance of operation risk management and control. British banking supervision committee believes that the reason of bahrain bank failures is a staff of Singapore bahrain futures companies exceeded his powers, conceal derivatives trading losses, and management have nothing.

三、Methodology(方法论)

1、Profitability analysis1、盈利能力分析

we can conclude that Barclays Bank has a more comprehensive ability, Barclays Bank in 09 affected by the financial crisis, receive negative impact on profitability, but also quickly adjust to rise.

2、Indicators of risk analysis2、风险分析指标

1)The loan-to-deposit ratio is equal to total loans/deposits, the ratio, the greater the degree of safety, the lower the ratio is too small, the bank may be losses. It is not hard to see, overall Barclays Bank this ratio are on the rise, 08 years is still close to the loan-to-deposit ratio, 09 for the Bank of China rose sharply widened the gap, and keep to 10 years. Barclays Bank in the case of remain relatively low loan-todeposit ratio still won the high profitability.

2)Barclays Bank has a high enough capital adequacy,means that once the asset losses, have enough ability to compensate, have higher security of Bank's operation.

3)The non-performing loan ratio is equal to the balance of non-performing loans/loan average balance. Ratio, the higher the instructions to recover the principal and interest,the greater the risk of bank's safety is the worse.

3、PEST analysis3、害虫分析

(1)Government Intervention

(1)政府干预

(2)Fluctuations in the economy

(2)经济波动

1)Financial Crisis

2)Strategies opted by Citibank

3)Strategies opted by the Royal Bank of Scotland

4)Strategies opted by Barclays

(3)Corporate Social Responsibility

(3)企业社会责任

1)Social Awareness

2)The Equator Principles

(4)Technology

(4)技术

1)Innovations

2)Labor Constraints

3)Social networking

四、Discuss(讨论)

1、Qualitative measures dealing with aspects of ethics and corporate governance.1、处理道德和公司治理方面的质量措施

(1)Operations

Barclays is a provider of lending, investments and saving schemes. Its operations include current accounts, insurances,mortgages, savings accounts, loan provision, and business banking products.

(2)Organizational structure(2)组织结构

The head of the company is the Group Chairman,Marcus Agius. Under his command is the company’s group chief executive, John Valery. He is the person in charge of the company’s strategic direction and planning.

The company is divided into two main units; the Corporate, Investments Banking and Investment Management(IB&IM) and Global Retail Banking (GRCB). IB&IM is further sub-divided into three main operating units; Barclays Capital, Barclays Corporate and Barclays Wealth.

2、The credit risk management strategies2、信用风险管理策略

Credit risk management is a financial institution shall form an integral part of in the overall risk management framework, it consists of the credit risk of the risk management committee has overall responsibility for management department. Credit risk management departments directly to the global risk manager, the global risk managers report to the chief executive in turn.

3、Operation risk management strategy3、操作风险管理策略

As a financial service agencies, financial institutions directly facing market risk and credit risk exposure, they are produced in the normal activity of the process. In addition to the market risk and credit risk, financial institutions will also face the direct risks associated with operating, transaction,logistics, these risks can be attributed to the operating risk. In a rapidly developing and becoming more and more globalization environment, when the number of transactions in the market, product to expand and improve the complexity of the possibility of this kind of risk is on the rise.

4、Financial personnel management4、财务人事管理

Banking industry is a highly dependent on debt management, It requires every bank employees must love their career, with respect and pious attitude towards their jobs,and consciously take responsibility to society, to others and obligation, with high sense of responsibility and mission to provide services for the society.

五、Conclusion(结论)

In traditional financial activities of financial institutions is seen as a financing organizations and institutions, but with the development of modern financial markets, financial institutions in the modern financial theory emphasizes is the production of financial products, to provide financial services, help customers to share the risk, effective institutions to manage their risk to profit at the same time.Financial institutions in the profit is the source of the risk of a risk premium, so under the new economic and financial environment, financial institutions can't because of the existence of financial risk and simple negative to avoid risk,it is impossible to completely eliminate the risk, because of financial risk can be managed, but can not completely eliminate, so decided to a financial institution in modern financial market competitiveness of high and low, the key to its ability and the core is that it can effectively to conduct a comprehensive and effective risk management, can actively take risk, management risk, establish a good risk management structure and system, with good risk pricing strategy to gain profit.

参考文献

[1]Bin.G&Youhuan.L,‘Equator Principles’.Retrieve April,2008.

发短信常用的英文缩写 篇3

我们常用首字母缩写，此外，单独的字母也可能取代听起来类似的单词。看看这些例子：

OIC － Oh I see

BFN － Bye for now

LOL － Laughing out loud

ASAP － As soon as possible

BTW － By the way...

JK － Just kidding

TTYL － Talk to you later

缩写时也可去掉不必要的部分同时保持意思明确。元音常被去除，但仍能辨别出单词一般发音。数字8有时代表eight的音，因此later 变成了l8r。数字4也常用于替代for ，就像2取代to。看这些SMS的缩写：

Plz － Please

Thx － Thanks

Cya － See you

L8r － Later

K － OK

U － You

R － Are

B4 － Before

2morro － Tomorrow

职位英文缩写 篇4

首席财务官【CFO】：Chief Financial Officer

首席运营官【COO】：Chief Operated Officer

首席技术官【CTO】：Chief Technology Officer

首席信息官【CIO】：Chief Information Officer

首席风险官【CRO】：Chief Risk Officer

艺术总监 【CAO】：chief Artistic officer

首席品牌官【CBO】：chief brand officer

首席文化官【CCO】：Chief Cultural Officer

开发总监 【CDO】：chief Development officer

人事总监 【CHO】：Chief Human resource officer

首席知识官【CKO】：chief knowledge officer

首席市场官【CMO】：chief Marketing officer

首席谈判官【CNO】：chief Negotiation officer

公关总监 【CPO】：chief Public relation officer

质量总监 【CQO】：chief Quality officer

销售总监 【CSO】：chief Sales officer

评估总监 【CVO】：chief Valuation officer

总经理 【GM 】：General Manager

副总裁 【VP 】：Vice President

第一副总裁【FVP】：First Vice President

副总裁助理【AVP】：Assistant Vice President

人力资源总监【HRD】：Human Resource Director

运营总监 【OD 】：Operations Director

市场总监 【MD 】：Marketing Director

运作经理 【OM 】：Operations Manager

生产经理 【PM 】：Production Manager

产品经理 【PM 】：Product Manager

项目经理 【PM 】：Project Manager

注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份)部门经理 【BM 】：Branch Manager

区域经理 【DM 】：District Manager

船舶英文缩写 篇5

The following abbreviations may be used in the specification:

在规格书中可能会用到下列缩写词：

A Ampere

安培

AC Alternating current

交流电

AM Amplitude modulation

调幅

ACB Air Circuit Breaker

空气断路器

AIS Automatic Indentification System

自动识别系统

ACMS Automation, Control and Monitoring system

自动操作、控制和监视系统

AFFF Aqueous Film-Forming Foam

水成膜泡沫

ANSI American National Standards Institute

美国国家标准协会

ARCS Admiralty Raster Chart Service

海军光栅海图服务

ARPA Automatic Radar Plotting Aids

自动雷达标绘仪

BS British Standard

大不列颠标准

B&W Black & White

黑和白

CD Compact disk

光盘

CAD Computer Aided Design

计算机辅助设计

CCR Cargo Control Room

货舱控制室

CCS Cargo Control Station

货舱控制站

CIP Cleaning In Process

程序清洁处理

COW Crude Oil Washing

原油洗舱

CRT Cathode-Ray Tube(Monitor)

阴极射线管

CCMS Cargo Control and Monitoring System

货舱控制和监控系统

CCTV Closed circuit television(camera system)

闭路电视（摄影机系统）

COLREG Convention on International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea

国际海上避碰规则

DC Direct current

直流电

DN Diameter Nominal

公称直径

DFT Dry film thickness

干膜厚度

DIN Deutsche Industri Normen

德国工业标准

DSC Digital selective-call

数字选择呼叫

DGPS Differential Global Positioning System

差动全球定位系统

ER Engine room

机舱

EX Explosion(proof)

爆炸（防止）

ECR Engine control room

机控室

EGC Enhanced Group Call

加强群体呼号

EMI Electro Magnetic Interference

电磁干扰

ENC Electronic Navigation Chart(vector format)

电子导航图（向量格式）

ESP Enhanced Survey Program

加强检查程序

EEBD Emergency Escape Breathing Device

紧急逃生呼吸装置

EIRP Equivalent Isotropically Radiated Power

等效全面辐射功率

EPDM Ethylene-Propylene Diene-synthetic rubber

乙烯基-丙基二烯烃-合成橡胶

ERWS Electric Resistance Welded steel.电阻焊接钢

EIAPP Engine International Air Pollution Prevention

国际发动机空气防污染

EPIRB Electronic Position Indicating Radio Beacons

电子定位指示无线电信标

FC Frequency Converter

变频器

FM Frequency modulation

调频

FO Fuel oil(Incl.such as HFO, MDO, MGO)

燃油（包括重燃油、船用柴油、船用轻柴油）

FU Follow up

随动

FW Fresh Water

淡水

FRP Fibre Reinforced Polyester

纤维加强聚酯

FMEA Failure Mode Effect Analysis

故障形式效果分析

GA General Arrangement

总布置图

GS General Service(pump)

总用（泵）

GMT Greenwich Mean Time

格林威治标准时间

GPS Global Positioning System

全球定位系统

GRE Glass fibre Reinforced Epoxy

玻璃纤维加强环氧

GRP Glassfibre Reinforced Polyester

玻璃纤维加强聚酯

GSM Global System for Mobile telecommunications

全球移动通信系统

GMDSS Global Maritime Distress and Safety System

全球海上遇险和安全系统

GRVE Glassfibre Reinforced Plastic with Vinyl ester resin

强化玻璃纤维乙烯基树脂塑料

HF High frequency

高频

HFO Heavy Fuel Oil

重燃油

HP High Pressure

高压

HT High Temperature

高温

HCL Hydrochloric Acid

盐酸

HRC High Rupture Capacity

高断裂能力

HSD High Speed Data

高速率数据

HDOP Horizontal Dilution Of Precision

水平精度因子

HVAC Heat, Ventilation-and Air-condition

加热、通风和空调

Hz Hertz

赫兹

I/O In/Out

进/出

IAS Integrated Automation System

综合自动控制系统

IDD International Direct Dialing

国际直接拨号

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

国际电工技术委员会

IGS Inert Gas Syetm

惰性气体系统

IHO International Hydrographic Organisation

国际水文地理组织

ILO International Labor Organization

国际劳工组织

IMO International Maritime Organization

国际海事组织

ISO International Standardization Organization

国际标准化组织

ITU International Telecommunication Union

国际电信联盟

IACS International Association of Classification Societies

国际船级社联合会

IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

国际灯塔机构协会

IAPP International Air Pollution Prevention(certificate)

国际空气防污染（证书）

ILLC International Load Line Convention

国际载重线规范

ICCP Impressed Current Cathodic Protection

外加电流阴极保护

ISPS International Code for the Security of Ships and of Port Facilities

国际船舶和港口设备安全编码

IOPP International Oil Pollution Prevention

国际防油污染

INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization

国际海事卫星组织

JSQC Japanese Shipbuilding Standard

日本造船标准

kW Kilo Watt

千瓦

LO Lube Oil

滑油

LT Low Temperature

低温

LAN Local Area Network

局域网

LCD Liquid crystal display

液晶显示器

LCV Lower Calorific Value

低热值

LMT Local Mean Time

地方平均时

LS FO Low Sulphure Fuel Oil

低硫燃油

ME Main engine

主机

MF Medium frequency(300 kHz – 3000 kHz)

中频(300 kHz – 3000 kHz)

MCB Moulded Circuit Breaker

模制断路器

MCR Maximum Continues Rating

最大连续功率

MCS Machinery Control Station

机控站

MDO Marine Diesel Oil

船用柴油

MGO Marine Gas Oil

船用轻柴油

MOB Man Over-Board boat

救生艇

MSB Main Switchboard

主配电板

MSC Maritime Safety Committee

海事安全委员会

MAMS Machinery Alarm and Monitoring Station

海事报警和监控站

MCCB Moulded Case Circuit Breaker(used for heavy consumers, in MSB etc)

模盒断路器（在主配电板内等，大功率电器用）

MAMACS Machinery Alarm, Monitoring, Automation and Control System

机械报警、监控、自动操作和控制系统

MARPOL The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

国际海上防污染公约

NDT Non Destructive Test

无损检测

NFU Non-Follow Up

非随动

NOx Nitrogen Oxide

氮氧化物

NMEA National Marine Electronics Association

国际海上电子协会

OTP Oil Transfer Procedure

油输送程序

OCIMF Oil Companies International Marine Forum

石油公司国际海事论坛

ODME Oil Discharge Monitoring Equipment

排油监控设备

PC Personal Computer

个人计算机

Ph Phase(current)

相（电流）

PS Port Side

左舷

PBS Planned Maintenance System

定期维修系统

PCB PolyChlorinated Biphenyls

多氯联二苯

PCP PolyChloroPrene

氯丁橡胶

PDF Portable Document Format(file format created by Adobe Syetms)

便携式文件格式（Adobe系统制造的文件格式）

PEP Peak Envelope Power(Average power of a signal at its largest amplitude peak.)

峰包功率（信号在其最大振幅时的平均功率）

PMS Power Management System

动力管理系统

PPI Plan Position Indicator

平面位置显示器

PTT Press to talk

按键通话

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

聚氯乙烯

PTFE Polytetrafluorethylene

聚四氟乙烯

PVCS Polyvinyl Chloride Sheeted

片状聚氯乙烯

QA Quality Assurance

质量保证

QC Quality Control

质量控制

RCD Residual Current Device(Earth leakage protection for socket outlets)

残余电流装置（插座漏电接地保护）

RFI Radio Frequency Interference

射频干扰

ROV Remotely Operated Vehicle

遥控机车

RPM Revolution per minute

每分钟转数

SB Starboard

右舷

SG Specific Gravity

比重

SW Sea Water

海水

SAR Search and Rescue

搜救

SIS Swedish Industry Standard

瑞典工业标准

SOx Sulphur Oxide

硫氧化物

SPM Short Puls Monitoring

短脉冲监视器

SRS Sound Receiption System

声音接受系统

SSB Single side band

单边带

SWL Safe working load

安全工作负载

SART Search and Rescue Radar Transponder

搜救雷达应答器

SSAS Ship Security Alarm System

船舶安全报警系统

SFOC Specific Fuel Oil Consumption

燃油耗油率

SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council(The Society for Protective Coatings)

钢结构喷涂委员会（涂层保护社）

SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Lifes At Sea

国际海上人命安全公约

SMPEP Shipboard Marine Pollution Emergency Plan

海上船舶污染应急方案

SATCOM Satellite Communications

卫星通信

TV Television

电视

TFT Thin Film Transistor(Type of LCD flat screen)

薄膜晶体管（平面液晶显示屏幕）

UK United Kingdom

英国

US United States

美国

UTI Universal Transducer Interface

通用传感界面

UV Ultraviolet

紫外线

UHF Ultra high frequency(300 MHz – 3000 MHz)

超高频(300 MHz – 3000 MHz)

UPS Uninterrupted Power Supply

不间断电源

USD United State Dollar

美元

USCG United States Coast Guard

美国海岸警卫队

V Voltage

电压

VDU Video Display Unit

视频显示器

VCG Vertical centre of gravity

重心

VDR Voyage Data Recorder

航程数据记录仪

VHF Very high frequency(30 MHz – 300 MHz)

甚高频(30 MHz – 300 MHz)

VHS Very High Speed

甚高速

W Watt

瓦特

WB Water Ballast

水压载

WC Water closet

厕所

协会、标准、组织名称缩写

ANSI American National Standards Institute

美国国家标准协会

BS British Standard

大不列颠标准

DIN Deutsche Industri Normen

德国工业标准

COLREG Convention on International Regulation for Preventing Collision at Sea

国际海上避碰规则

EIAPP Engine International Air Pollution Prevention

国际发动机空气防污染

EPIRB Electronic Position Indicating Radio Beacons

电子定位指示无线电信标

IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

国际电工技术委员会

IHO International Hydrographic Organisation

国际水文地理组织

ILO International Labor Organization

国际劳工组织

IMO International Maritime Organization

国际海事组织

ISO International Standardization Organization

国际标准化组织

ITU International Telecommunication Union

国际电信联盟

IACS International Association of Classification Societies

国际船级社联合会

IALA International Association of Lighthouse Authorities

国际灯塔机构协会

IAPP International Air Pollution Prevention(certificate)

国际空气防污染（证书）

ILLC International Load Line Convention

国际载重线规范

ISPS International Code for the Security of Ships and of Port Facilities

国际船舶和港口设备安全编码

IOPP International Oil Pollution Prevention

国际防油污染

INMARSAT International Maritime Satellite Organization

国际海事卫星组织

JSQC Japanese Shipbuilding Standard

日本造船标准

MSC Maritime Safety Committee

海事安全委员会

MAMS Machinery Alarm and Monitoring Station

海事报警和监控站

MARPOL The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships

国际海上防污染公约

NMEA National Marine Electronics Association

国际海上电子协会

OCIMF Oil Companies International Marine Forum

石油公司国际海事论坛

QA Quality Assurance

质量保证

QC Quality Control

质量控制

SIS Swedish Industry Standard

瑞典工业标准

SSPC Steel Structures Painting Council(The Society for Protective Coatings)

钢结构喷涂委员会（涂层保护社）

SOLAS International Convention for the Safety of Lifes At Sea

国际海上人命安全公约

USCG United States Coast Guard

美国海岸警卫队

采购常用英文缩写 篇6

IFPMM 采购与物料管理国际联盟

NAPM 美国采购管理协会

PMAC 加拿大采购管理协会

OEM 拥有知识产权的制造商

CEM 制造服务商

ODM 原始设计制造商

CPO 首席采购官

CPP 经过认证的专业采购员

CPPM 经过认证的专业采购经理

EUP 欧元

MYR 马来西亚元

SGD 新加坡元

USD 美元

STG 英镑

HKD 港币

JPY 日元 INR 印度卢比

RMB 人民币

Vendor Code 供应商代码

Part No.物料编号

MRP 物料需求计划

ERP 企业资源计划 MPS 主生产计划

BOM 物料清单

Forecast 预测

Leadtime 提前期

Purchasing Leadtime 采购提前期

Manufacturing Leadtime 制造提前期

Reorder point 订购点

EOQ 经济批量法

1.R&D(research&design)研发

2.APS(automated purchasing system)自动采购系统

3.CAD(computer automated design)计算机辅助设计

4.EDI(electronic data interchange)电子数据交换系统

5.ERP(enterprise resource planning)企业资源计划

6.ANX(automotive network exchange)自动网络交换

7.CPO(chief procurement officers)采购总监

8.CPE(collaborative planning and execution)合作计划和执行

9.TCA(total cost of acquisition)总获取成本

10.CPFR(collaborative,planning,forecasting,replenishment)合作，计划，预测，补充

11.SCM(supply chain management)供应链管理

12.VMI(vendor managed inventory)卖方管理库存

13.VMR(vendor managed replenishment)卖方管理补货

14.SCOR(supply chain operations reference)供应链管理指南

15.LEW(least ex works)最小离岸价

16.MOM(markup over coat model)成本变动

17.3PL(third party logistics)第三方后勤服务

18.MRP(material requirements planning)物料需求计划

19.CIO(computer information officers)信息主管

缩写《景阳冈》 篇7

走到山神庙, 武松看见官府的榜文, 才知道冈上真有大虫。若回去, 又怕店家耻笑, 他只好硬着头皮上冈。

武松走了一程, 酒力发作, 便躺在石头上想睡一觉。忽然, 乱树背后跳出一只老虎来。武松翻身起来。老虎往上一扑, 从半空中蹿下来。武松一闪, 闪到老虎背后。老虎把腰胯一掀, 武松闪在一边。老虎把尾巴倒竖起来一剪, 武松又闪在一边。这一扑、一掀、一剪, 老虎的劲已经泄了一半。这时, 武松抡起哨棒向老虎劈去, 没想到打在树上, 哨棒断成两截。

老虎又扑过来, 两只前爪搭在武松面前。武松两只手就势揪住老虎的顶花皮, 把它按在地上, 使尽平生气力, 拳打脚踢, 直打得老虎七窍出血, 不能动弹。武松不放心, 找来哨棒又棒打一顿, 直到老虎没了动静。

武松生怕再跳出一只大虫来, 打不过了, 急忙拿上东西, 走下冈去。

简介时间、地点、人物、事件, 特别提到了表现人物性格 的“连喝 十八碗酒”。

人物的心理揭示了“硬着头皮上冈”的原因。

详写武松躲过老虎的“三招”, 抓住了重点。

打死老虎是故事的又一重点, 作为主要内容详写, 处理得当。

检查项目英文缩写 篇8

英文缩写

正常值范围

临床意义

谷丙转氨酶/

丙氨酸氨基转移酶

SGPT/ALT

0-40U/L

①显著增高见于各种肝炎急性期药物引起的肝病肝细胞坏死。

②中度增高，肝癌、肝硬化、慢性肝炎及心梗。③轻度增高胆道阻塞性疾病。总胆红质素

T-BIL

0～18.8umo1/1

总胆红素增高，如肝细胞损害、肝内和肝外胆道阻塞、溶血病、新生儿溶血性黄疸。直接胆红素

D-BIL

0～6.84umo1/1

参考总胆红素

总蛋白

TP

60～80g/1

血清总蛋白增加①脱水如水份摄入不足下痢呕吐糖尿病酸中毒，肠梗阻或穿孔，灼伤，外伤性休克，急性传染病等。②多发性骨髓瘤单核细胞性白血病③结核，梅毒，血液原虫病等。血清总蛋白降低①出血、溃疡、蛋白尿等②营养失调、低蛋白饮食、维生素缺乏症、恶性肿瘤、恶生贫血、糖尿病、妊娠毒血症等。

血清白蛋白

ALB

35.0～55.0G/L

与血清总蛋白测定基本相同

碱性磷酸酶

ALP

成人20-110U/L

儿童20-220U/L

增高见于①骨髓疾患②肝胆疾患③其它甲亢甲状腺腺瘤、甲旁亢。

γ-谷氨酰基转移酶

GGT

（γ-GT）<50U/L

①明显增高：肝癌、阻塞性黄疸、晚期性肝硬化、胰头癌

②轻中度增高：传染性肝炎、肝硬化、胰腺炎

③酗酒，药物等所致

胆固醇

CHO

CHO

0～5.18mmo1/L

<200

①用于高脂蛋白血症与异常脂常脂蛋白血症的诊断、分析。

②用于脑血管疾病危险因素的判断。

甘油三脂

TG

0～1.6pmmo1/L

青年<150

老年<200

增高见于遗传因素，饮食因素，糖尿病、肾病综合症及甲状腺功能减退、妊娠、口服避孕药、酗酒等。

降低（低于人群的5%位数）无重要临床意义。过低见于消化吸收不良、慢性消耗性疾病、甲亢、肾上腺皮质功能低下、肝实质性病变、原发性β-脂蛋白缺乏症。

高密度脂蛋白脂固醇

HDL-C

1.16-1.55mmo1/L

男>40（1.03）

女>45（1.16）

胆固醇和冠心病患病数之间负相关已经被许多流行病学研究所证实.1．生理性升高：运动(如运动员一般HDL—C较高)、饮

酒、妇女服用避孕药、一些降胆固醇药物(如诺衡)等。

2．生理性降低：少运动的人，应激反应后。

3．病理性降低：冠心病、高甘油三酯血症患者、肝硬化、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全、营养不良。

4．病理性升高：慢性肝病、慢性中毒性疾病、遗传性高HDL血症。

HDL胆固醇是一种和总胆固醇浓度无关的危险因素,而且有很高的预期价值.因此,HDL胆固醇浓度的测定对冠心病危险的评估是必需的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇

LDL-C

2.84～3.10mmol/L

增多是动脉粥样硬化的主要危险因素。

淀粉酶

AMS

血清0-220U/L

尿<1000U/L..增多见于急性胰腺炎，流行性腮腺炎。

减低见于严重肝病（血清尿淀粉酶同时降低）

二氧化碳结合率/力

CO2-Cp

45.0～65.0ml%

降低见于代谢性酸中毒或呼吸性碱中毒的代偿增多，代谢性碱中毒和呼吸酸性中毒的代偿。

六，乙肝五项指标含义：

HBsAg、抗HBs、HBeAg、抗 HBe、抗 HBc。以上即为乙肝的“ 二对半”，正常均阴性。

下列各种 “组合 ”的阳性，其意义如下：

①HBsAg、HBeAg、抗 HBc（1、3、5项）阳性：急性或慢性乙肝。俗称 “大三阳”。② HBsAg、抗HBe、抗HBc（1、4、5 项）阳性：急性乙肝趋向恢复、无症状HBV（乙肝病毒）携带者。俗称 “小三阳 ”。

③ HBsAg、抗 HBc（1、5 项）阳性：无症状HBV（乙肝病毒）携带、急性 HBV感染。④抗 HBs、抗HBe、抗HBc（2、4、5 项）阳性：表示感染后恢复，已获得免疫力。⑤ 抗HBe、抗 HBc（4、5 项）阳性：有既往感染史、急性HBV感染恢复期。⑥抗 HBs（2项）阳性：被动或主动免疫，对HBV（乙肝病毒）有免疫力。

邮件中常用英文缩写 篇9

您肯定有时会在电子邮件或信件中看到不理解的奇怪缩写词。是否想知道它们表示什么？

下面是一个有用列表，相信会对您有所帮助。一些缩写（标有 *）也会用在日常对话中。

i.e.*： that is（即）的缩写（“We will do it by eob, i.e.5:30 pm（我们将在下班前完成，即，下午 5:30 之前）”，发音为 “eye-ee”）

incl.： including（包括）的缩写（“Pls send it incl.new propsal asap.（请尽快发送，包括新的建议书。）”）info.： information（信息）的缩写（“Thanks in advance for the info.（提前感谢提供该信息。）”）IOU*： I owe you（欠条）的缩写（“We will send an IOU（我们将发给您一张欠条）”，发音为 “I owe you”）

K*： a thousand（一千）的缩写（“It will cost around 3K（将花费大约三千）”，发音为 “three-kay”）

max.*： maximum（最多）的缩写（“It will cost 3K max.（最多将花费三千。）”）

MD*： managing director（总经理）的缩写（“He’s our MD（他是我们的总经理）”，发音为 “em-dee”）

min.*： minimum（最少）的缩写（“It will cost 3K min.（最少将花费三千。）”）

n/a： not applicable（不适用）的缩写（“This is n/a in this context.（在此上下文中不适用。）”）NB： please note（请注意）的缩写（用在文档的末尾，“NB: Holidays this year are cancelled.（请注意：本的假期被取消。）”）

no.： number（编号）的缩写（“Pls advise no.of deliveries.（请建议交付编号。）”）

p.a.： per year（每年）的缩写（“How much p.a.?（每年有多少？）”）pd： paid（已支付）的缩写（“This invoice was pd in December.（此发票在 12 月份已支付。）”）pls： please（请）的缩写（“Pls advise.（请建议。）”）PTO： please turn over（请翻页）的缩写（用在页面末尾）

p.w.： per week（每周）的缩写（“How many p.w.?（每周多少？）”）

qtr： quarter（季度）的缩写（“How many per qtr?（每季度多少？”）qty： quantity（数量）的缩写（“Pls advise re.qty.（请就数量提出建议。）”）

R&D*： research and development（研发）的缩写（“Need to do some R&D.（需要做一些研发。）”）

re.： with reference to（关于）的缩写（“Pls advise re.qty.（请就数量提出建议。）”）

ROI： return on investment（投资回报率）的缩写（“What will the ROI be?（投资回报率是多少？）”）

RSVP*： please reply（请回复）的缩写（用在邀请函中）

sae： stamped addressed envelope（已贴邮票、写好地址的信封）的缩写（“Pls send sae.（请发送已贴邮票、写好地址的信封。）”）

TBA： to be announced（即将公布）的缩写（“This news TBA at next week’s AGM.（此消息即将在下周的年会上公布。）”）

TBD： to be determined（待定）的缩写（“Exact date still TBD.（准确日期仍待定。）”）TCO*： total cost of ownership（总拥有成本）的缩写（“Pls estimate TCO.（请估算总拥有成本。）”）

thx： thanks（谢谢）的缩写（“Thx for your mail.（谢谢您的邮件。）”）

USP: unique selling point（独特卖点）的缩写（“Sounds great!What’s the USP?（太好了！独特卖点是什么？）”）

VAT*： value added tax（增值税）的缩写（“Pls advise price incl.VAT（请建议包括增值税的价格）”，发音为 “vee-ay-tea”）

VIP*： very important person（非常重要的人）的缩写（“They are VIPs（他们都是非常重要的人）”，发音为 “vee-eye-peas”）vs.： against（对抗）（是 “versus”形式的缩写，“This is us vs.them.（这次由我们与他们对抗。）”）

w/：: with（与）的缩写（“He will be w/ Mr Jones.（他将与琼斯先生一起。）”）wd： would（将/会）的缩写（“Wd you mind writing to Mr Jones?（您介意写给琼斯先生吗？）”）w/o： without（没有）的缩写（“Will you be there w/o Mr Jones?（若琼斯先生不去，您会去吗？）”）

ytd： year to date（今年迄今为止）的缩写（“Pls give sales figs for ytd asap.（请尽快给我今年迄今为止的销售数字。）”）

24/7*： non-stopwill let you know.（此时无法决定，以后再告诉您。）”）attn： for the attention of（收阅人）的缩写（写在信件/传真等的顶部： “attn:（收阅人：）Mr Jones（琼斯先生）”）

b/c： because（因为）的缩写（“Have to cancel meeting b/c Mr Jones is unwell.（因为琼斯先生不舒服，不得不取消会议。）”）

btw： by the way（顺便提一下）的缩写（“Btw, how was your holiday?（顺便问一下，您的假期过得如何？）”）

cc*： copy to（抄送）的缩写（“I’ll put him on cc（我将抄送给他）”，发音为 “see-see”）cd： could（可以）的缩写（“Cd you please get in touch with our sales dept?（您可以与我们的销售部联系吗？）”）

CEO*： chief executive officer（首席执行官）的缩写（“She’s our CEO（她是我们的首席执行官）”，发音为 “see-ee-oh”）

cf” compare with（与...相比较）的缩写（“Cf January orders.（与一月的订单相比较。）”）CIO*： chief information officer（首席信息官）的缩写（“Mr Jones is our CIO（琼斯先生是我们的首席信息官）”，发音为 “see-eye-oh”）

c/o： care of（由...转交）的缩写（通常写在地址上面。“Please send it c/o Mr Jones.（请转交琼斯先生。）”）

cob： close of business（下班）的缩写（“It should be ready today cob.（在今天下班时应该可以做好。）”）

cod： cash on delivery（货到付款）的缩写（“Please pay cod.（请货到付款。）”）crm： customer relationship management（客户关系管理）的缩写（“The company has excellent crm.（公司有良好的客户关系管理。）”）

cv*： curriculum vitae（简历）的缩写（“Please send your cv with your application（请在申请时发送简历）”，发音为 “see-vee”）

dept： department（部门）的缩写（“He’s in the sales dept.（他在销售部。）”）devt： development（发展）（“January saw good devt.（一月份发展良好。）”）

diff.： difference（区别）的缩写（“Please specify diff.between products A and B.（请指出产品 A 和产品 B 之间的区别。）”）

e.g.*： for example（例如）的缩写（“Different depts., e.g.marketing, sales（不同的部门，例如销售部）”，发音为 “ee-gee”）

EGM： extraordinary general meeting（股东特别大会）的缩写（“TBD at an EGM（在股东特别大会上待定）”，发音为 “ee-gee-em”）

encl.： enclosed（内含）的缩写（“Pls find attachment encl.（请见内含附件。）”）eob： end of business（下班）的缩写（“Please finish by eob.（请在下班前完成。）”）eod： end of day（当日结束）的缩写（“To do by eod.（当日待做事项。）”）esp.： especially（特别）的缩写（“This is esp.interesting.（这特别有趣。）”）

ETA： estimated time of arrival（预计到达时间）的缩写（“ETA two o’clock.（预计到达时间为两点。）”）

et al： 表示“以及所有其他人”（“Mr Jones, Mr Brown et al.（琼斯先生、布朗先生以及所有其他人。）”）

etc.(et cetera)： 表示“等等”（“Marketing, sales etc.（营销、销售等等）”）

FAQ： frequently asked questions（常见问题解答）的缩写（“Here are some FAQs.（下面是一些常见问题解答。）”）

fig.： figures（数字）的缩写（“Here are sales figs for 2010.（这是 2010 年的销售数字。）”）FOB： freight on board（离岸价格）的缩写（“This will be sent FOB.（将以离岸价格发送。）”）fwd： forwarded（转发）的缩写（“Pls fwd to Mr Jones.（请转发给琼斯先生。）”）FYA： for your attention（请注意）的缩写（用在文档的顶部）