考研语法定语从句详解(精选10篇)
考研语法定语从句详解 篇1
一、定语从句的构成:先行词(所修饰的名词)+关系代词/关系副词(从属连词)+从句
二、定语从句的类型:根据从属连词的不同可以将定语从句分为三种类型:关系代词引导的定语从句,关系副词引导的定语从句,和as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。
1. 关系代词引导的定语从句
在这一类从句中需要注意的是关系代词在句子中所起的作用。首先,关系代词连接主句和从句;其次关系代词指代所修饰的先行词;最后关系代词往往在从句中做主语或者宾语,且做主语时关系代词不能省略,做宾语时可以省略。
例1:He who laughs last laughs best. (笑到最后的人笑得最美。)
分析:who引导定语从句修饰主句的主语he,且在从句中做主语,不能省略。
例2:He is collecting authentic material which can prove his argument. (他正在收集确凿的证据以证明他的观点。)
分析:that引导定语从句修饰名词material,且在从句中做主语,不能省略。
例3:The house (which) we bought last month is very beautiful. (我们上周买的这套房子很漂亮。)
分析:which引导定语从句修饰名词house,且在从句中做宾语,可以省略。
例4:The girl whose mother is a doctor is waiting for you outside. (妈妈是个医生的那个女孩在外面等你。)
分析:whose引导定语从句修饰表示人的名词the girl,且在从句中做主语,不可以省略。
2. 关系副词引导的定语从句
前三种关系副词在考研英语中出镜率比较高,最后一种不太常见,容易被考生忽略。关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。
例1:The commentator must know the value of silence and how to use it at those moments when the pictures speak for themselves. (播音员必须懂得沉默的价值,懂得在画面不需要解释说明的时刻如何利用沉默。)
分析:when引导定语从句修饰表示时间的名词moments,在从句中做时间状语。
例2:When the work is well done, a climate of accident-free operation is established where time lose due to injuries is kept at a minimum. (工作完成后,一种无事故操作的环境被建立起来,在这种环境中,由于伤害造成的时间损失被保持在最低水平。)
分析:where引导定语从句修饰表示场合的名词climate,在从句中做地点状语。
例3:Do you know the reason why there are heat losses in a steam engine? (你知道蒸汽机中存在热损耗的原因吗?)
分析:why引导定语从句修饰名词reason,在从句中做原因状语。
例4:Teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. (按照传统,教书是许多知识分子借以谋生的手段。)
3. as/which引导的非限制性定语从句
As/which引导的非限制性定语从句不仅可以修饰某个词语,而且可以修饰整个主句。而as引导的从句位置灵活,既可以位于句首,也可以位于句尾或者句中。且有些表达已经固定下来,如as is known to all 众所周知;as is often the case 情况往往如此。相比而言,which的位置就比较受限制,通常位于句末。
例1:Stratford-on-Avon, as we all know, has only one industry----William Shakespeare. (众所周知,艾文河畔的斯特拉特福镇,只有一种产业――威廉.莎士比亚。)
分析:as引导定语从句,使用了其固定表达。
例2:She is quite considerate and kind, which her younger sister never is. (她非常善良、体贴,而她妹妹却从不这样。)
分析:which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整个句子。
考研语法定语从句详解 篇2
众所周知,定语从句在高中英语教学过程中的出现率很高,同时它又是学生在高中学习过程中所接触的第一种从句。可是很多高三的学生都没有彻底弄明白到底何为定语从句,特别是当它与别的从句放在一起时,学生们更易混淆。
二、笔者对定语从句的教学效果
针对这一情况,笔者在讲授定语从句时总是首先让学生明白三个务必,结果证明它们起到两个作用:一是在帮助学生理解定语从句时起到了催化剂的作用,二是不但能帮助学生对各种课内外的阅读材料进行更好的阅读与理解,而且能为他们以后对同位语从句等其他从句的理解与掌握铺平道路,增强信心,从而让他们在整个高中阶段的英语学习中起一个良好开头。
三、笔者对定语从句的教学过程
1.务必让学生完全明白何为定语:在由薄冰主编的《高级英语语法》一书上册的第六页中这样讲到:定语(attribute) 它是限定或修饰名词或相当于名词的词,常由形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句担任,形容词常置于名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后。
2.务必让学生完全明白何为后置定语:通过对定语这一名词的分析,我们不难发现,定语一般是由形容词或相当于形容词的短语或从句来充当。它们只是位置上有些差别,其中形容词常置于名词之前作为前置定语,而相当于形容词的短语或从句常置于名词之后作后置定语。对于前置定语, 学生们在理解方面没有太大的困难,但是对于后置定语。由于学生们在汉语的现代文阅读中很少碰到,加上初中阶段语文老师在汉语授课过程中不太强调语法,因而学生们对它的掌握并不彻底,甚至有些同学根本就不知道有那么一回事。 但在现代英语句子结构中,定语后置又是一个极为普遍的现象,正是因为中英文语言结构中的这一差异,最终导致了学生在学习过程中遇到了麻烦,如果不对这一麻烦及时排除, 它必将成为学生们在学习英语道路上的绊脚石。让我们一起来看下面两个例子,要求学生对其进行划线部分的提问。
例1.My book is under the desk。
例2.The book under the desk is mine。
分析:在例句1中,under the desk是表地点,译成“在桌子上”,故而用Where is your book?提问。而例句2中的under the desk是形容词短语作为名词the book的后置定语,译成 “在桌子的”,故而用Which book is yours?提问。
3.务必让学生完全明白何为定语从句:在了解了定语后置之后,我们就不难了解何为定语从句了。根据前面的内容,我们可以概括出,所谓定语从句,它应该是指把从句置于名词之后,它是定语后置的一个部分,只是这个后置定语是由一个句子来充当的,而不是一个名词性短语或其它的形式来充当,让我们一起看下面的两个句子。
例2.The book under the desk is mine。
例3.The book which/that is under the desk is mine。
分析:例句2在前面有所讲述,而例句3是以which/that is under the desk这句话作为the book的后置定语,它的作用相当于例句2中的under the desk,唯一的区别在于例句3中的后置定语是句子which/that is under the desk,而例句2中的定语under the desk是一个形容词短语。因而例句3叫定语从句,而例句2依然是个简单句。
总而言之,上述的内容看似简单,更有甚者会认为这是小题大做,但笔者认为,它们才是学生们在学习定语从句时首先要明白的三个概念,只有在明白了这三个概念的基础上,学生们才会走得更踏实、走得更远。
四、高中语法的教学现状
然而,新课程推行以来,许多教师有摒弃语法教学的倾向,整堂课只剩下Questions,Free talk和Discussions,他们认为,只要涉及到语法教学,就会有教学方法陈旧,不顺应教学改革之嫌,正因为如此,学生们长期以来对语法的学习从一个极端走向了另一个极端。
五、正确进行高中语法教学
其实研究表明,只有充分考虑语法规则与交际原则的有机协调关系,把语言形式和功能有机结合才能更有效地促进学习,语法教学不能淡化,而是优化。同时,语法教学只有在要教授的结构接近于自然情景中讲到这一结构阶段时才会促进语法分析的必要。可将交际教学法和语法的系统学习结合起来,在实际教学中将词语、语法都放在特定的语境中学习,等到学习者掌握一定数量词语后,为了交流必然产生对语法的需要,学习动机随之上升。正如刘道义教授讲到: “现在教材的要求比较高了,从高中往上走是七级,重点中学的尖子生可以达到九级,大学的内容到了高中来了。很多语法现象在小学就接触过,但是你不一定接触到第一课的时候就给学生讲很多,但你接触到一定程度的时候,综合起来可以举一反三。”
从刘道义教授的讲话中不难得知,高中阶段语法的学习应该是很重要的,学生学习时应对语法进行分析,只有这样,学生们面对一些比较复杂的从句的时候,他们才能有效的对其进行分析、理解、并最终掌握。
参考文献
[1]刘道义.How to evaluate the English textbook[M].北京:人民教育出版社.2003.
图解语法之定语从句 篇3
一、基本概念
1. 先行词:被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。例如:This is the place which is worth visiting. 句子名词the place 被定语从句修饰,为先行词。
2. 关系词:引导定语从句的都称关系词。可分为:关系代词(who, whom, which, that, whose, as)和关系副词(when, where, why)。
3. 关系词的三大作用:
(1) 连接作用:关系词引导定语从句,把主句和从句连接起来。
(2) 替代作用:关系词在从句中替代前面的先行词。
(3) 成分作用:关系词在从句中总是充当句子的成分。关系代词做主语、宾语、表语或定语。关系副词做状语。例如:He has two sons who work in the same company. 句子who为关系代词,连接主句He has two sons和定语从句。who替代先行词two sons并在定语从句中做主语。
4. 位置:定语从句置于被修饰词之后
二、如何判断关系代词和关系副词
如何区分关系代词和关系副词是困扰很多学生的一大难题。下面将结合图1,谈谈如何快速高效地识别关系代词和关系副词,从而提高定语从句解题的正确率。
关系代词和关系副词的用法区别:
① 关代在定从中作主、宾、表语。而关副在定从中作状语。
② 分析时要从动词的及物性或有无介词考虑。
例如: This is the factory where my father once worked. 这是我父亲曾工作过的工厂。(worked是个及,不接宾语,故不用which/that。where相当于in the factory)。
This is the factory which/that my father once worked in. (worked in的宾语为factory,故用关系代词which/that)。
1. The prize will go to the writer story shows the most imagination. (2011全国卷I)
A. thatB. whichC. whoseD. what
[解析]步骤1:看从句 story shows the most imagination. 为非完整句子。
步骤2:从句中看缺少定语,用关系代词whose。选C。
2. The old town has narrow streets and small houses are built close to each other. (2011山东卷)
A. theyB. whereC. whatD. that
[解析]步骤1:看从句 are built close to each other. 为非完整句子。
步骤2:从句中看缺少主语,先行词narrow streets and small houses指物,用关系代词that。选D。
3. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. (2011陕西卷)
A. whichB. whereC. whoD. that
[解析]步骤1:看从句 we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake. 为完整句子。
步骤2:看先行词the top of the hill,指地点,用关系副词where。选B。
三、 定语从句中需要注意的几个问题
1. 下列情况的关系代词宜用that而不用which。
(1) 先行词被 ①形容词最高级;②序数词;③the only, the very等修饰时。
例如:This is the most interesting film(that可省略) I’ve ever seen. 这是我见过的最有趣的电影。(形容词最高级)
This train is the last one that one will go to Suzhou. 这是去苏州的最后一班火车。(序数词)
This is the very bus that I’m waiting for. 这就是我要等的那辆车。(the very所修饰)
(2) 先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything、nobody、nothing等不定代词时。
例如:Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你想为自己说些什么吗?(不定代词)
(3) 先行词为词组,且既有人又有物时。
例如:He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus. 他看到车里都是小孩和包裹很开心。(先行词既指人又指物)
(4) 先行词在主句中作表语 关系代词在从句中作表语时。
例如:The village is no longer the one that it was 5 years ago. 它再也不是五年前的小村庄了。(the one做主句中的表语,关系代词that做从句中的表语)
(5) 先行词有any, no, all等限定词时。例如:All the words that I’ve learned.
2. 宜用which而不用that的情况
(1) 在非限制性定语从句中
例如:The teacher criticized Tom in public, which made Tom unhappy. 老师当众批评了汤姆,这让他很难过。
(2) 在关系词前有介词时
例如:This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived. 这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
3. 关系代词as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。
(1) 先行词被such和the same修饰从句都用as引导。
Such books as you bought are useful. 你买的这些书很有用。
The school is just the same as it was 10 years age. 学校还是十年前的模样。
(2) 无先行词的定语从句用as和which引导。
区别:
① 意义上:as 含有“这点正如……一样”。
② 位置上:as 从句可置句首,也可放在主句后。which不能放在句首。
例如:He didn’t pass the exam, as we had expected. 正如我们所预料的,他没有通过考试。
As is known, the earth is round, not flat. 众所周知,地球是圆的,不是平的。
4. 关系代词作主语时,从句中谓语的数与先行词保持一致。
例如:He is one of the students who have passed the exam. 他是通过考试的学生之一。
He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam. 他是唯一通过考试的学生。
第一句中先行词为the students, 故谓语动词用复数形式。第二句中先行词为the only one,故谓语动词用单数形式。
5. 注意区别定语从句与强调句。
(1) 定语从句中关系词在从句中做成分。
(2) 强调句中it无意义,that/who不是引导词。
(3) 去掉强调句中it is/was和that/who,如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句,讲不通则不是。
例如:It is the museum that/which we visited last year. 这是我们去年参观的博物馆。(定语从句)
It was Tom that/who found my pen. 正是汤姆找到了我的钢笔。(强调句)
6. 定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
(1) 定语从句引导词被称为关系词,that充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。
(2) 同位语从句引导词被叫做连词,that不能充当任何成分,不可省。
Word came that their army was defeated. (同位语)
考研语法定语从句详解 篇4
一、被动语态的结构
主动语态(The Active Voice)表示主语是动作的执行者。被动语态(The Passive Voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。构成:承受者+助动词be+及物动词的过去分词+by+执行者
一般现在时:am/is/are+过去分词.一般过去时:was/were+过去分词 一般将来时:shall /will be +过去分词 现在完成时:have /has been +过去分词 现在进行时:am/is/are+being+过去分词.过去将来时:should /would be +过去分词.含情态动词的被动结构:情态动词+be+过去分词.二、被动语态的用法
1)当我们不知道动作的执行者是谁,或者没有必要指出动作的执行者时,需用被动语态。
2)当我们需要强调动作的承受者时,常用被动语态。
3)如果需要说出动作的执行者, 用by引导出动作的执行者。主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。
三、主动语态变为被动语态的情况 1)主语+谓语动词+宾语
将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
(主动)We bought a book yesterday.(被动)The book was bought yesterday.2)主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
将主动语态中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语。多数情况下将间接宾语变为主语。如果直接宾语变为主语时,间接宾语前要加介词to / for。
(主动)He showed me a book yesterday.(被动)I was showed a book yesterday.(被动)The book was showed to me yesterday.3)主语+谓语动词+复合宾语
含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语,变为被动语态时,将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语,宾语补足语保留不变,成为主语补足语。
(主动)I found him a good pupil.(宾语补足语)(被动)He was found a good pupil.(主语补足语)
4)短语动词变为被动语态
有些短语动词相当于一个及物动词,其后可以接宾语,因此它们也有被动语态,但短语动词是不可分割的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉其后面的介词或副词。
(主动)We should look after the patients very well.(被动)The patients should be looked after very well by us.5)宾语从句变为被动语态
若主动语态中是宾语从句,变为被动语态时常用it作形式主语,而把真正的主语放在后面。It’s said that he passed the exam.6)被动语态应注意的几个特殊问题:
(1)不及物动词带介词和介词宾语,在变为被动语态时,仍然要带上介词。
(主动)The students in class listen to the teacher carefully.(被动)The teacher is listened to carefully by the students in class.(2)当动词带有复合宾语时,并且宾补是省去“to”的动词不定式时,在被动语态中应加上“to”。使役动词make have let,感官动词see watch notice hear feel等。
(主动)They make do all the work.(被动)We were made to do all the work.(主动)We often hear her sing English songs.(被动)She is often heard to sing English songs.(主动)I see him walk to school.(被动)He is seen to walk to school.初中英语定语从句的用法详解
一、定语从句的概念
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
三、定语从句的分类
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去,非限制性定语从句主句与从句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。
四、关系代词的用法
1.that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语,作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle.玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语)The coat(that)I put on the desk is blue.我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语)2.which用于指物,在句中作主语或宾语,作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket.位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语)The film(which)we saw last night was wonderful.我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语)3.who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom, 也可省略。例如:
The girl who often helps me with my English is from England.经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语)Who is the teacher(whom)Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语)注意:(1)当定语从句中含有介词,介词放在句末时,who, that, which可省略,但介词在关系代词前时,只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。例如: This is the house in which we lived last year.这是我们去年居住的房子。
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.请告诉我你从谁那借的这本英文小说。
(2)含有介词的固定动词词组中,介词不可前置,只能放在原来的位置上。例如: This is the person whom you are looking for.这就是你要找的那个人。
(3)that 作介词的宾语时,介词不能放它的前面,只能放在从句中动词的后面。例如: The city that she lives in is very far away.她居住的城市非常远。
(4)关系词只能用that的情况:
a.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: He was the first person that passed the exam.他是第一个通过考试的人。
b.被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop? 你在商店里有什么东西要买吗? c.先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which.例如: This is the same bike that I lost.这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
d.先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.例如: I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
e.以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.例如: Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
f.主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.例如: There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
(5)关系词只能用which,而不用that 的情况: a.先行词为that, those时,用which, 而不用that.例如: What’s that which is under the desk? 在桌子底下的那些东西是什么? b.关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.例如: This is the room in which he lives.这是他居住的房间。c.引导非限制性定语从句,用which, 而不用that.例如: Tom came back, which made us happy.汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
五、关系副词的用法
(1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,在句中作时间状语。
例如: This was the time when he arrived.这是他到达的时间。(2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,在句中作地点状语。例如: This is place where he works.这是他工作的地点。(3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,起原因状语作用。
高三英语一轮语法定语从句教案 篇5
The Practice and Improvement of Attributive Clauses
Let’s practise
一、 语法填空
1. The exact year _____Angela and her family spent together in China was .
2. I shall never forget the years _____ I lived in the country with the farmers, _____ has a good effect on my life.
3. Many countries are now setting up national parks______ animals and plants can be protected.
4. This is the national park _______they talked about in the office yesterday.
5. The reason _______Tom has made great progress is ______ he put his heart into study.
6. The reason _____he gave us is quite reasonable.
7. The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those_____ lives were affected.
8. These houses were sold at such a low price _____people expected.
9. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of _______uses it differently.
10. The naughty boy made a hole in the wall,________ he could see what is happening outside.
11. Sales director is a position ______communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
12. The way _________he explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.
二、 改错
1. Marry passed the driving test, that surprised everybody in the office.
2. America is the place where I plant to visit next year.
3. After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town he grew up as a child.
4. Jim, a professor from Beijing, who is invited to make a speech in our school hall tonight.
5. The present which my parents bought it for my birthday last week is an iphone 6
6. I wish to thank Professor Smith, without his help I would never have got this far.
7. Those who breaks the law shall get punished.
8. He is a man of great experience, with whom much can be learned
Let’s improve
一、中翻英
1.前,龙楼是一个小镇,它的名字很少被人听说过
2.它被誉为是卫星发射基地(Satellite Launch Center),对此我们感到很自豪。
3.每年来观看火箭发射(the launch of rockets)的游客人数达到上万人
4.众所周知,龙楼已经发展成为一个度假小镇,在这里你可以游览一些美丽的景点例如:铜鼓岭,月亮湾
5. 我相信你会永记在龙楼度过的`难忘时光
二、配音
龙楼位于文昌东部。10年前,龙楼是一个小镇,它的名字很少被人听说过。但是如今它被誉为是卫星发射基地,对此我们感到很自豪。每年来观看火箭发射的游客人数达到上万人。
众所周知,龙楼已经发展成为一个度假小镇,在这里你可以游览一些美丽的景点例如:铜鼓岭,月亮湾。除此之外,海鲜非常的美味,以至于你会爱上这个地方。我相信你会永记在龙楼度过的难忘时光。
Just come here!―an aerospace town you are dreaming of !
Homework
圣诞节即将到来,有一个外国旅游团要去龙楼参观,假如你是当地的导游,请你写一篇介绍龙楼的导游词,要点如下:
1. 位置,人口(2.5万)
2. 卫星发射基地
3. 景点;美食
注意:词数100左右;适当增加细节,运用连接词,连接成句,以使行文连贯;开头和结尾已给出,但不计入总词数。
Ladies and gentleman,
I feel very honored to be your guide. _________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
雅思阅读语法基础之定语从句分析 篇6
例:This all amounts to heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to be particularly serious for children experiencing auditory function deficit. (J9T2P1P2)
讲解:
由于have是复数形式,所以which指代前文的heightened activity and noise levels。
可译为:这一切增加了活动量与噪音级别,这对患有听觉功能障碍的孩子有潜在的严重影响。
但是‘这’在中文中指代抽象,所以虽然句子成分分析准确,但是仍然不能理解句子和含义。修改如下:
高中英语语法定语从句教学探讨 篇7
【关键词】高中英语 语法知识 定语从句 教学
【中图分类号】G633.41 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089(2016)10-0084-02
一、前言
高中生要对定语从句进行明确掌握和了解。教师要改变传统以语法为主的讲解模式,应用例句,为学生营造特定的语言情境,让学生在特定语言氛围中进行定语从句学习,对句子成分、先行词和关系词等进行全面掌握。然后,再借助关系词填空和句子翻译等不同题型,引导学生进行定语从句训练,提高英语教学质量。
二、掌握定语从句概念
1.将课文中的定语从句作为例句,让学生对句子成分进行判定,分别找出主句、从句、先行词和关系词这些标志性的定语从句元素。
2.在课堂上,给出一篇文章,让学生找出文章中的定语从句,并对句子成分进行具体分析。
三、明确先行词成分
经过大量的定语从句训练之后,学生会对先行词的成分具有一个清晰的认知。教师要再次引导学生对先行词在句子中所充当的成分进行解析。从课文中或者习题中挑选一些例句,让学生进行分析。
例1:There are a few students in the school who might not have a happy season.
首先,让学生分别划出主句、从句、先行词、关系词。
其次,对主句和从句进行分别翻译。主句:学校有几个学生。从句:几个学生不能过一个快乐的季节。
第三,从句中的谓语动词和先行词分别为have和students。Students在该从句中充当主语,用关系词who表示。
四、语法规则学习
当高中生能够对从句中先行词的成分进行准确判定之后,引导学生对语法规则进行总结和归纳。在主从复合句中,定语从句一般用来对先行词进行修饰,它作为先行词的定语存在。它的位置是在先行词后面,并由关系代词或者关系副词引导。
1.关系代词
高中英语中常用的关系代词包括:who、that、which、whom、whose、as。它们在定语从句中作为主语、宾语、定语、表语存在。如果句子中的关系代词为主语,句子中的谓语动词、人称、数量要与先行词一致。
(1)如果先行词作为名词或代词,指物。在主句中以主语或宾语形式存在,定语从句用that或者which引导。教师要帮助学生根据其特性,判断关系词是否能够省略。
(2)如果先行词作为名词或代词,指人。在主句中以主语或宾语形式存在,定语从句用that或者who引导。教师要帮助学生根据其特性,判断关系词是否能够省略。
(3)whose作为定语,指代的是某人或者某物。在人和物的指代背景下,分别可以应用of whom和of which进行替换。
(4)关系代词as主要用来对限制性定语从句或者非限制性定语从句进行引导。如果引导限制性定语从句,会和such、so、as等连用;如果引导非限制性定语从句,可以位于句首。
2.关系副词
常用的关系副词包括wnhen、where、why。它们在定语从句中扮演的角色为时间状语、地点状语或原因状语。替代方式为:介词+which。
定语从句中的相关知识点比较繁琐和复杂,学生学习过程中会存在很多问题和疏漏。教师要结合学生的具体学习情况,引导他们对语法规则进行正确掌握,并对他们的细微性错误进行纠正。英语教师要学以致用,根据教学内容,布置相关练习题,让学生进行定语从句训练。
例2:It is a truly delightful place,_____ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages.
A.as B.where C.that D.which
该题主要考查定语从句的关系代词。该句式一个非限制性定居从句,先行词为place,在定语从句中作主语,用关系代词引导。As引导非限制性定语从句时,要放在句首,所以A排除,选D。
五、经典例句模仿
教师可以引导学生背诵一些定语从句,既能够帮助学生进行定语从句的学习,也能够应用到作文写作中,提高高中生的英语写作质量。
Treasure the things that you can't get.
不能得到的更要珍惜。
Don't give up the things that belongs to you and keep those lost things in memory.
属于自己的,不要放弃;已经失去的,留作记忆。
六、结语
定语从句是高中英语中的重要教学内容。英语教师要结合高中英语教学诉求,应用灵活性的思维进行定语从句教学,并在教学过程中,融入崭新的教学元素,培养高中生的英语学习兴趣,促进高中英语教学水平的提高。
参考文献
[1]唐姝婧. “形式聚焦”在高中英语语法教学的实施—定语从句和非谓语动词的教学研究[D]. 天津师范大学,2012.
雅思写作限定性定语从句语法讲解 篇8
像这样由句子担当定语,对被修饰的先行词进行有限定制约,使该词的含义更具体,更明确,我们称之为限定性定语从句,下面我们结合例句进行对比学习:
a)I don’t like lazy people(形容词做定语放在名词前面).
b)I don’t like the people who never keep their words. 我不喜欢从不遵守诺言的人.
在限定性定语从句中,有两个比较重要的概念。以b句为例,独立主句是:I don’t like the people;定语从句为“who never keep their words”,相当于一个形容词,做定语修饰名词“the people”, 且从句和主句是由who来连接的。在定语从句中,“the people”被称为先行词,指被定语从句所修饰或限制的对象。“who”被称为关系词即重复指代先行词,并在定语从句中充当一定成分的连词。
从上面的解析不难看出,关系词在限定性定语从句中很重要,是连接主句和从句的关键。关系词可以分为关系代词和关系副词,下面我们一起来进行具体的学习。
I.关系代词主要有:who, whom, whose, which, that.
A. 当先行词为人时,可用关系代词who,whom,whose 和that.
a. 若关系代词在从句中做主语时,选用 who 或that.
eg:The woman is a responsible teacher who /that is loved by her students.
= The woman is a responsible teacher and she is loved by her students.
b. 若关系代词在从句中做宾语时,选用 whom(首选),who 或that.
eg: The girl whom we are talking about is a good friend of us.
c. 若关系代词在从句中做定语,表示人的所有关系时,选用 whose 或of whom.
eg:I know a friend whose sister is a famous dancer.
= I know a friend. His sister is a famous dancer. (whose 代替了his,指人 friend)
B.当先行词为物时,可用关系代词which, that 或whose.
a. 若关系代词在从句中做主语或宾语时,选用 which 或that.
Eg:These are the trees which / that are destroyed in the fire(做主语).
b. 若关系代词在从句中做定语,表示物的所有关系时,选用 whose 或of which.
Eg:The children saw an elephant whose legs were hurt badly.
综上所述,当先行词为人和物时,若在从句中做主语或是宾语,这时可用选用关系代词that,做定语时用whose.
II. 关系副词主要有:where,when 和why.
A. 当先行词为表示地点的名词时,定语从句由副词where引导.
In the sixth century BC, ancient Greece was a country where there were a lot of new ideas.
B. 当先行词为表示时间的名词时,定语从句由副词when引导.
Plato lived at a time when philosophy was very fashionable.
C. 当先行词为表示原因的名词时,定语从句由副词why引导.
Can you tell me the reason why you lied to me?
考研语法定语从句详解 篇9
在复合句中作定语,修饰主句中某一名词或代词的从句。
结构:先行词+关系词(分为关系副词和关系代词)+从句
关系代词(that , who , which , whose , as)
关系副词(when , where , why , how)
定语从句分为限制性定语从句及非限制定语从句,限定从直接放在先行词后,非限定从与先行词之间要加逗号。
二、真题举例
例句1:The Aswan Dam , for example , stopped the Nile flooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity .
【重点词汇解析】deprive sb. of sth. 剥夺某人某物;silt,n. 淤泥 v. (使)淤塞
【参考翻译】例如,阿斯旺大坝阻止了尼罗河的洪水侵袭,但是也夺去了埃及的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥---这一切换来的却是一个巨大的病态的水库,这个水库积满了淤泥,以至于几乎不能发电了。
例句2:The second , by Joshua Greenberge , takes a more empirical approach to universality , identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages , which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints . (,49)
【重点词汇解析】empirical,adj. 经验主义的;result from 由……造成;cognitive,adj. 认知的
【参考翻译】第二个为此做出努力的人是约书亚・格林伯格,他采用经验主义的方法来研究普遍性,确认多种语言(尤其是语序方面的)共同特征,这些特征被认为是体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。
例句3:His function is analogous to that of a judge , who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision . (,47)
【重点词汇解析】analogous,adj. 类似的;reveal,vt. 揭露;reason,n. 理由 v. 推论
高中英语语法表语从句详解素材 篇10
表语从句定义:在一个复合句中,从句作的是主语的表语成分。放在系动词(be)和半系动词(seemsoundtastesmell look等等)的后面
A
The problem is puzzling.这个问题令人困惑
主语,连系动词,形容词作表语
The problem is when we can get a pay rise.问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪.主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语---表语从句
B
连接表语从句的连接词有:that, what, who, when, where, which, why,whether,how.whoever,whomever,whichever,whatever等
He has become a teacher.他已经成为一名教师。
He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.他已经成为了他10年前想成为的。
She has remained there for an hour.她曾在那里停留了一个小时。
She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.她一直在我昨天站的地方站了一个小时。
His suggestion is good.他的建议是好的。
注意表语从句一定要用陈述语序。
错误: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel.正确: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.B
※※不可以用if,而用whether 连接表语从句(as if 例外)。
引导宾语从句时可以互换if/whether 位于介词后要用whether
位于句首时要用whether
引导表语从句,主语从句,同位语从句时要用whether
错误 The question is if the enemy is marching towards us.正确: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us.正确: It looked as if he had understood this question.C
不像宾语从句,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。正确: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.正确: The question is why he cried yesterday.D
※※※ that在表语从句中不可以省掉。
专心爱心用心1
基本用法
表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是联系动词。
名词性从句在be等系动词后作表语时被称为表语从句
例如: The problem is how we can get the things we need.问题是我们怎样能弄到我们需要的东西。(how 在表语从句中充当方式状语)
The scissors are not what I need.这把剪刀不是我所需要的。(what 在表语从句中充当宾语)
What I told him was that I would find him a good play.我告诉他的是我会给他找个好剧本。(what在主语从句中作直接宾语,that作为表语从句的引导词在该表语从句中不充当句子成分,不能省略)
That is what I want to tell you.那就是我想要对你讲的。(what在表语从句中充当直接宾语)
That is why she failed to pass the exam.那就是她考试不及格的原因。(why 在表语从句中充当原因状语)
注意
“That is why...”是常用句型,意为“这就是„„的原因/因此„„”,其中why引导的名词性从句在句中作表语,该句型通常用于针对前面已经说明过的原因进行总结,又如: That is why you see this old woman before you know, Jeanne.珍妮,这就是现在这个老太婆出现在你面前的原因。(前文提到Jeanne对老妇人显得苍老憔悴深感诧异,说话人对她讲述了其中的原因之后,用这一句来进行概括)。// That is why I came.这就是我来的原因。
下面是两个与“That is why...”形式相似的结构,它们与“That is why...”结构之间的关系要能够辨析清楚:
(1)“That is why...”与“That is the reason why...”同义,只不过从语法结构上讲,“That is the reason why...”中why引导的是—个定语从句,将其中的the reason去掉则与“That is why...”结构一样,例如:
That is(the reason)why I cannot agree.这就是我不能同意的理由。
(2)“That is because...”句型中从属连词because引导的名词性从句在此作表语,这也是个常用句型,意为“这就是为什么„„/因为„„”。“That is because...”与“That is why...”之间的不同在于“That is because...”指原因或理由,“That is why...”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果,例如:
He did not see the film last night.That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影,那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果,第二句话说明原因)
He had seen the film before.That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影,因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因,第二句话说明结果)案例分析
[考题1]
The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.(2007上海)
A.when B.why C.whether D.that
[答案] ABCD
[解析] 下划线处之后是包含一个原因状语从句的表语从句,如果看不出它是充当整个句子结构的表语从句将难以把握整个句子的意思。因此,应选择可引导名词性从句且不
充当任何成分的that。
[考题2]
You are saying that everyone should be equal, and this is ____ I disagree.(2004)
A.why B.where C.what D.how
[答案] ABCD
[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导系动词is后的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当地点状语(“disagree”属于不及物动词,“I disagree”本身是完整的主谓结构),下划线应填入引导词where,表语从句“where I disagree”的意思是“我不同意之处、我不同意的地方”。
[考题3]
— I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.— Is that ____ you had a few days off?(1999)
A.why B.when C.what D.where
[答案] ABCD
[解析] 下划线处的引导词引导与系动词is连用的表语从句并在该表语从句中充当原因状语,下划线应填入表示“因此„„”(指因某种原因所造成的结果)的引导词why。[考题4]
____ she couldn’t understand was ____ fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.(2000上海)
A.What;why B.That;what C.What;because D.Why;that
[答案] ABCD
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