虚拟语气连系动词

虚拟语气连系动词（共4篇）

虚拟语气连系动词 篇1

基础语法小练

虚拟语气

用所给动词的适当形式填空：

1.If people ___________________(drive)more slowly, there wouldn’t be so many accidents.2.If you had worked carefully, you ___________________(not make)so many mistakes.3.The boat wouldn’t have drifted away, if we ______________________(tie)it up.4.If I had known you already _________________(have)a typewriter, I ___________________(not, buy)one

for your birthday.5.If he _________________(be)here this afternoon I would go with him.6.If it were to rain tomorrow, the match _________________(put off).7.But for your help, we ____________________(not be)able to finish the work in time.8.If it ___________________(not, be)for the leadership of the Party, we would not have achieved so much.9.I wish I __________________(study)hard while I was young.10.It is about time that fence __________________________(mend).11.My request is that we _____________________(hold)another session to discuss the problem.12.It is strange that the car ________________(break)down at exactly the same place where it

___________________(break)down yesterday.13.The baby smiled as if he ____________________(understand)what his mother ______________(say).14.He talked as if he ________________(do)all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I _________________(do)

most of it.15.If only we _____________________(have)a phone!I’m tired of queuing outside the public phone box.16.-----“Can we come in late tomorrow?”

-----“I’d rather you _____________(come)in on time.”

17.He looks as if he _________________(be)ill for a long time.18.He always talks as though he _____________________(address)a public meeting.19.If a metal ___________________(heat), it will expand.20.I _________________(stay)home if it rains this evening.选择题：

1.If I _______ you, I’d join the army.A.amB.wasC.wereD.would be

2.“If the sun ______ tomorrow, what would we do?”

A.will not riseB.would not riseC.did not riseD.does not rise

3.If you ______ to see Mary, what would you tell her?

A.areB.will be goingC.mustD.were

4.I would have said “Hello” to him if I ______ your brother.A.could seeB.had seenC.will seeD.will have seen

5.If you had wanted to buy a record, what ________?

A.would you buyB.had you boughtC.would you have boughtD.would you be buying

6.If the tablets had dissolved, John ______.A.would probably dieB.had probably died

C.probably would be diedD.would probably have died

7.________ if you had lost your watch?

A.Hadn’t you been upsetB.Wouldn’t you be upset

C.Weren’t you upsetD.Wouldn’t you have upset

8.-----“I was so sorry to hear about Jack.”

-----“If he had made more friends here, he might ________.”

A.have stayedB.have stayC.stayedD.stay

9.If I had a bike, I ______ it to you yesterday.A.would have lentB.would lend

C.would have lendD.could lend

10.____________, John would not have failed.A.If he has listened to meB.Had he listened to me

C.If he listened to meD.As he listened to me

11.Had Alice been more hardworking, she ________.A.had not failedB.would not have failed

C.would not failD.could not be failed

12.-----“Steve made a reservation already.”

-----“______ he change his mind, he can cancel it.”

A.ShouldB.WouldC.IfD.So

13.I wished it _______ but it did.A.occurred notB.did not accur

C.had not occurredD.would not occur

14.I _______ Professor Jones had taught me this equation.A.believeB.deeply thinkC.wishD.suppose

15.The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _____ around the earth.A.circlesB.is circlingC.be circlingD.were circling

16.The computer “teacher” was talking with his students as though it ______ a human teacher.A.wasB.wereC.had beenD.be

17.Jane appears as though she _______ the secret.A.knowsB.knewC.has knownD.had known

18.If only she _______ of Aunt Ruth!

A.was not terribly so frightenedB.were not terribly so frightened

C.be not so terribly frightenedD.were not so terribly frightened

连系动词(20)1.______________ __________________

3.___________/____________ __________/___________ ________________/_______________

5_____________ ______________ _________________ __________________ ________________

7________________________________________________________________________

______________________ _______________________________________________ __________________ Practice：

1.What he said sounds_______.A.nicelyB.pleasantlyC.friendlyD.wonderfully

2.We don’t care if a hunting dog smells _____, but we really don’t want him to smell_____.A.well, wellB.bad, badC.well, badlyD.badly, bad

3.He turned ____ ten years ago but later he became _____.A.a teacher;a doctorB.teacher;doctorC.teacher;a doctorD.a teacher;doctor

4.The dog _____lost yesterday.A.gotB.becameC.turnedD.fall

5.The old man must have ____ mad.A.goneB.turnedC.fallenD.driven

6.I felt ____ that I should leave.A.strongB.stronglyC.to be strongD.very strong

7.—Do you like the material?—Yes, it _____ very soft.A.is feelingB.feltC.feelsD.is felt

8.I am afraid the weather will _____ hot for a few days.A.lastB.be lastedC.stayD.be stayed

9.Although he has taken a lot of medicine, his health _____ poor.A.provesB.remainsC.maintainsD.continues

10.I love to go to the seaside in summer.It _____ good to lie in the sun or swim in the cool sea.A.doesB.feelsC.getsD.makes

11.The cloth that ___________ smooth and soft ___________.A.feels;sells wellB.feels;is well soldC.is felt;sells wellD.is felt;sells good

12.___________ delicious, the food was soon sold out.A.TastedB.Being tastedC.TastingD.To taste

13.Happy birthday, Alice!So you have ____________ twenty-one already.A.becomeB.turnedC.grownD.passed

14.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain ___________ as the plane was making a landing.A.seatB.seatingC.seatedD.to be seating

虚拟语气连系动词 篇2

关键词：虚拟语气,动词形式变化,分析归纳

1. 引言

虚拟语气是指一种专门表示假设意义和非事实意义的动词形式, 它表达的是一种与事实相反的愿望、推测和想象等 (章振邦, 1995;黄任, 2007;张道真, 2002;薄冰, 2006) 。由于虚拟语气使用广泛, 在不同的句型中反映虚拟语气的谓语动词词形变化不尽相同, 因此, 虚拟语气一向是英语语法教学中的一个难点, 也是学生最为头疼的一个语法项目。本文对虚拟语气所涉及的句式进行分析和归纳, 旨在使学生对虚拟语气的结构和用法有一个系统的认识。

2. 虚拟语气用法归纳

笔者认为, 可将虚拟语气所涉及的句式按其动词变化的相近规律归为以下五大类:if虚拟主从复合句、遵循if虚拟主从复合句的主句活用变化规律、遵循if虚拟主从复合句的从句活用变化规律、 (should) do型和did型。

2.1 If虚拟主从复合句

if虚拟主从复合句是虚拟语气中最基本的类型, 按时间范畴可分为三类:一类是叙述与现在事实相反的情况;另一类是叙述与过去事实相反的情况;第三类是叙述与将来事实相反的情况。不同的时间, 虚拟语气的动词表达形式不同 (见下表) , 应注意对不同时间的主从句动词形式进行纵横比较, 寻找其主要的变化规律。

例1.If we had known that the books were available, we would have bought them yesterday.

如果我们知道这些书买得到, 昨天我们就会买了。

该句是典型的if虚拟主从复合句, 从“yesterday”一词得知主从句都是对过去事实的虚拟, 根据主句谓语动词“would have bought”得知从句应为“had known”的形式与之搭配。

但是, 在固定用法的基础上要注意对if虚拟主从复合句变形的灵活处理, 主要涉及跳层虚拟句、省略if的虚拟条件句和混合时间下的虚拟语气三种。

例2.I could have called you yesterday, but I didn’t have your telephone number.

昨天我本可以打电话给你, 但我没有你的电话号码。

本句是跳层虚拟句, 这是一种较为特殊的虚拟语气。这类句子一般分为两部分, 一部分用虚拟语气, 另一部分用陈述语气, 两者之间通常用but, or, or else, otherwise来连接。本题中由but这一并列连词将前后两个句子连接起来。前一分句中的“could have called”是虚拟语气 (假定完成了) , 表示与过去事实相反的主观假设, 指过去本可能做但实际未做的事情, 后一分句是指出之所以没有这样做的原因, 是对过去时间 (yesterday) 里发生的客观事实进行陈述。

例3.Had I known he was seriously ill, I wouldn’t have told him the truth.

要是早知道他病重, 我就不会告诉他真相了。

该句是省略if的虚拟条件句。当虚拟条件句省略if时, 要将were/had/would/could等助动词提到句首构成部分倒装。根据主句谓语动词“wouldn’t have told”得知该句表达的是对过去事实相反的情况, 从句应用过去完成时的形式。

例4.If he had taken his lawyer’s advice, he would save himself a great deal of trouble.

要是他当初听从了律师的建议, 他现在就不会有这么多麻烦。

该句是混合时间下的虚拟语气, 这种情况应分别对待, 主从句按自己的时间采用相应的动词表达形式。

2.2 遵循if虚拟主从复合句的主句活用变化规律

虚拟语气有一种隐性形式叫做含蓄虚拟句, 句中虽然没有完整的条件句, 但隐含的条件意味可以通过介词 (短语) without, but for, but that, or, but, otherwise等来表达, 相当于if从句, 所以这类句子谓语动词的变化遵循if虚拟主从复合句中主句的活用变化规律。

例1.But for their help, we could not have finished the work.

要是没有他们的帮助, 我们就无法完成这项工作。

该句表达的是与过去事实相反的情况。“But for their help”相当于if条件句“If we hadn’t had their help”, 所以句子的谓语动词采用if虚拟主从复合句的主句动词could have done的形式。

例2.Without water, there would be no plant.

要是没有水, 就没有植物。

该句是对客观事实作虚拟假设, 视作与现在事实相反的情况, 所以句子谓语动词为would be。

2.3 遵循if虚拟主从复合句的从句活用变化规律

2.3.1 if only (要是……就好了) 引导的感叹句

由if only引导的感叹句通常表示一种不可能实现的愿望, 也可用于虚拟条件句中, 同样有现在、将来和过去三个时间范围, 所以谓语动词的变化遵循if主从句中从句的活用变化规律。例如:

If only I had not been busy last week! (与过去事实相反)

要是上周我不忙该多好啊!

2.3.2 wish宾语从句及as if/as though从句

当wish表示一种与客观事实相反的、根本不可能实现的主观意愿时, 其后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。由as if/though引导的从句在表示与客观事实相反的情况时也要用虚拟语气, 其动词变化遵循if虚拟主从复合句的从句活用变化规律。

例1.She wished she had stayed at home yesterday.

她懊悔的是她当时要是在家就好了。

根据从句的时间状语可推断出说话人是对过去事实作虚拟, 故谓语动词应用“had done”的形式。

例2.Why doesn’t she buy us a drink?It isn’t as if she had no money.

她为什么不请我们喝饮料, 她又不是没钱。

根据前面的句子可知as if表示与现在事实相反的情况, 隐含着“In fact, she has money”的意思, 谓语动词用did的形式。

2.3.3 would rather, would sooner等短语之后的宾语从句

在表示愿望时除了用wish还可用would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well和would prefer等短语, 表示一种委婉和礼貌, 其虚拟语气的用法同wish一样。但需要注意的是, 如果would rather, would sooner等短语不是接宾语从句而是直接和动词连用, 则要用动词原形。比较以下两个例句:

例1.I’d rather you hadn’t told your mother about it last night.

我倒宁愿你昨天晚上没有把这件事告诉你母亲。

例2.I’d rather go there tomorrow.

我宁愿明天去那儿。

2.4 (should) do型

以上讨论的关于虚拟语气的句式都是围绕if虚拟主从复合句的动词变化规律来进行分类的, 但还有很多从句中的虚拟语气动词形式比较简单, 一律变为“should+动词原形”, should可以省略, 所以经常直接用动词原形来表示。应该说这是虚拟语气动词变化中最简单的一种, 关键在于要记住属于这一变化规律的相关句型。

2.4.1 主语从句“It is+adj.+that...”

常这样用的形容词表示“重要的、必要的、离奇的”, 例如:appropriate, advisable, better, desirable, preferable, essential, imperative, necessary, important, vital, urgent, strange等。

例如:It is important that he be called back immediately.

有必要把他立即召回。

2.4.2 表示命令、建议、要求、坚持、主张、目的等单词后面的从句

在表示命令 (order) 、建议 (suggest, advise, propose) 、要求 (ask, demand, request, require) 、坚持 (insist) 、愿望 (prefer, desire等标志性动词以及它们的派生名词和形容词 (过去分词) , 后面的从句中也要求用虚拟语气来表达, 这些从句涉及宾语从句、名词性从句和主语从句。例如:

It was suggested that he (should) join the club activities. (主语从句)

We suggested that he (should) join the club activities. (宾语从句)

我们提议他应该参加俱乐部的活动。

但要注意, suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事而用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时, 从句用陈述语气。例如:

She insists that she is right.

她坚持认为自己是对的。

You pale face suggests that you are ill.

你脸色苍白, 是不是病了。

2.4.3 in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句

由连接词in case, lest, for fear that引导的目的状语从句表示“以免, 恐怕”, 动词形式也常用“should+动词原形”, should可以省去, 但in case句中的should通常不能省, 另外in case句中也可以不用虚拟语气, 而用陈述语气。

例1.I shall remind him lest he (should) forget.

我要提醒她, 免得他忘记。

例2.He did his homework carefully for fear that he (should) make a mistake.

他做作业很认真, 生怕出错。

2.5 did型

在主语从句“It is time that...”中, 谓语动词用过去时 (有时也可用should do) 来表达, 指现在或将来的情况, 表示“应该做某事而有些晚了”。通常time前可加high/about/good/great/already等限定词。例如:

It is time that the boy went to school.

这个小孩该上学了。

3. 结语

虚拟语气作为英语教学中的一个重要语法现象与教学难点, 而众多语法教材中条目繁杂的语法说明往往让学生望而生畏。很多学生对不同时间概念的主从句和不同句型中动词的变化始终弄不清楚, 有的采取死记硬背的方式来强化记忆, 时间久了便又混淆不清, 这也是学生感到虚拟语气繁杂、难于掌握的原因所在。因此, 在讲授虚拟语气时, 教师的主要任务不是向学生介绍虚拟语气中动词的变化形式, 而是要帮助学生从看似杂乱无章的动词变化中发现规律、总结规律, 并从中对虚拟语气的不同句式进行归类, 以帮助学生理清思路, 快速掌握这一语法现象。

参考文献

[1]薄冰.薄冰大学英语语法[M].太原:山西教育出版社, 2006.

[2]黄任.英语语法教程.形式、意义与使用[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2007.

[3]张道真.实用英语语法[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2002.

情态动词和虚拟语气 篇3

如果有人告诉你那种药一切都好，没有任何副作用，那么他肯定在撒谎。

2. I couldn’t without your generous help. (succeed)

没有你慷慨的援助，我不可能取得事业上的成功。

3. What surprised me most was ,it so quickly. (finish)

最让我感到吃惊的是他们竟然这么快完成了这件事。

4. You ought to the meeting held yesterday for it was considered of great importance. (attend)

你应该出席昨天举行的会议，因为这次会议被认为极其重要。

5. You the parcel home. The shop would have delivered it if you had asked. (carry)

你没有必要将这件包裹扛回家。如果你要求的话，商店会递送的。

6. I believed then, and I believe now, that the arrangement . (work)

我当时相信，至今仍然相信，这个协议本来是可行的。

7. Thanks, mum. But you actually ,my papers. Please let me manage it myself next time. (sort)

谢谢妈妈。但你不必替我整理试卷。下次请让我自己来。

8. —the woman biologist stayed in Africa studying wild animals for 13 years befor she returned.

—Oh dear! She a lot of difficulties. (go)

—这位女生物学家回国前在非洲研究野生动物13年。

—哦，天哪！她肯定经历过许多困难。

9. It’s said that they have swum to the island from the continent, but they ， because the ocean in between is too wide. (do)

据说他们已经从陆地游到了那座岛，但他们不可能做到。

10.He looks sleepy. He must ，last night, writing the essay. (stay)

他看起来很困，他昨晚写论文肯定熬夜了。

11.Had it not been for your help, I ，in English. (progress)

要不是有你的帮忙，我也不可能在英语方面获得这么大的进步。

12.If I had got to the airport eariler, I . It was all because of the heavy traffic. (meet)

如果我早点到机场的话，我就会遇到她了。都怪拥堵的交通。

13.He Shanghai for I saw him a minute ago. (go)

他不可能去了上海，我刚才还看见了他。

14.But for your advice, I it so successfully. Thanks for your help. (do)

要不是您的建议，我就不能做得如此成功。感谢您的帮助。

15. I for the meeting last night, but I went to the concert instead. (prepare)

昨晚我本应该准备会议的演讲，但却参加音乐会去了。

16. You the flowers, for it is going to rain. (water)

你刚才不必去浇花，因为天快要下雨了。

17. He in the forest, because he hasn’t returned yet. (must)

他准是在森林里迷路了，因为他到现在还没回来。

18. But for the warning message, more lives in the flood. (lose)

要是没有事先警报， 更多的人会在这次洪灾中失去生命。

19. we didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we . (telephone)

我们不知道他的电话号码，不然我们就给他打电话了。

20. I the computer without asking you first. I apologize for what I did .

我不应该在没有告知你的情况下使用电脑，我为我的行为道歉。

21. Had he worked harder, he ，the exam for a lawyer license. (get)

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他再努力一些的话，就通过律师资格考试了。

22. you, but I was too busy then. (think)

我本来想来拜访您，但当时我太忙了。

23. We all agreed to his suggestion ,to the Great Wall for a visit the next weekend. (go)

我们都赞成他的建议——下周末我们去游览长城。

24. If he had been able to afford an operation, he his right leg. (lose)

如果有钱做手术，他就不会失去右腿了。

25. If he wouln’t be able to run so fast.

如果以前没有培训过的话，他不会跑那么快。

26. Without their help, the police , in catching the robber in such a short time last month. (succeed)

上个月如果没有他们的帮助，警察不可能在这么短的时间内成功抓住那名抢劫犯。

27. “My son, why are you so rude? I would rather I you then，” cried the old woman angrily. (give)

“儿子，为什么你如此无礼？我真希望我没有生你。”这位老太太生气地叫到。

28. If Xiaohua had been brought up in Britain as my sisiter was, he as fluently as she does. (speak)

如果小华像他妹妹一样在英国长大，那他也能像她那样流利地讲英语。

29. How we wish that we , those people who have been buried in the ruins for 76 hours! (rescue)

我们多么希望能把那些在废墟中掩埋了76小时的人救出来呀！

30. I was so angry with you. I’d rather you the secret. (let)

我对你很生气。我真希望你没有把秘密泄露出去。

31. She has failed in the end. If only her friends for some advice! (ask)

她最后失败了，要是她征求了朋友们的建议就好了。

32. The commander gave the order ,firing at once. (stop)

指挥官下令，所有的士兵要立即停止射击。

33. After circling around the earth for three days, Shenzhou Spaceship receive the command from the ground that as scheduled the next day.

神州飞船在绕地三天后，接到地面指示，要求第二天按计划着陆。

34. Mr Johnson insisted that the problem worthy of attention at the meeting. (discuss)

约翰逊先生坚决要求在会议上讨论这个值得关注的问题。

35. If alcohol last night, I could have driven my car home. (drink)

如果昨晚我没有喝酒，我就开车回家了。

36. Had we not used an out-of-date train schedule, we the train. (miss)

要不是用了一张过期的列车时刻表，我们就不会误了火车。

37. I feel so sick. I wish Mum ，me to eat so much. (force)

我觉得恶心。我希望妈妈没有逼我吃那么多。

38. The teacher suggested that we ，the blackboard after class. (clean)

老师建议我们课后把黑板擦干净。

39. He so early as the train won’t be here for an hour. (leave)

他本不必这么早离开家，因为火车一小时内不会到达。

40. My suggestion is that she , which will do a lot of good to her. (eat)

我的建议是她应该多吃健康食品，这对她很有好处。

41. My brother is in California on vacation, but I wish he so that he could help me repair my car. (here)

我哥哥正在加利福利亚度假，但我希望他在这儿，这样他就能帮我修理我的车了。

42. , the tractor would not have been broken down. (repair)

如果早一点修理的话，那辆拖拉机就不会坏掉了。

43. If we in the past few years, things wouldn’t be going so smoothly. (work)

要是我们过去几年没有努力工作，那么现在一切都不会进行得这样顺利。

44. The professor gave orders that the test before 5:30 pm. (finish)

教授发出指示：测验必须在下午5：30之前完成。

45. If I about this computer program, a huge amout of time and energy would have benn saved. (know)

如果我早就知道了这个电脑程序，就可以节省大量的时间和精力了。

虚拟语气连系动词 篇4

虚拟语气用在 even if, even though, whatever引导的状语从句中，从句谓语可参照由if引导的.虚拟条件从句的谓语，一般用过去时或过去完成时。例如：

This old machine runs as if it were a new one.

The old worker works as though he were a young man.

Even though she had been here very soon, she would not catch the train.

Example:

He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ______ all about that.

a. know b. knows c. known d. knew

I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _____ everything.

a. knew b. knows c. has known d. had known

______ I used a lot of examples I still could not get my idea across.

a. Since b. But that c. Now that d. Even though

2. 虚拟语气用在so that, lest (唯恐), in case (万一), unless, in order that(为了，以便), that(为了，以至于), for fear that (生怕，以免), on condition that (如果)等引导的目的，条件状语从句中，从句谓语 may 或 might+原形动词，也有用 should, can, could+原形动词构成的。例如：

The teacher explained the law once more in order that we might understand it better.

Some people eat so that they may live. Others seem to live in order that they may eat.

一些人吃是为了生存，而另一些人似乎是活着就是为了吃。

I left him a note with my address on for fear that he should not know where to see me.

The heroes gave their lives that we might live a happy life.

为了我们过上幸福生活，英雄们献出了自己的生命。

Example:

In case I ______, I would try again.

a. will fail b. would miss c. should fail d. shall miss

You should exercise vigilance _____ you should be killed.

a. so that b. lest c. therefore d. that

3. 虚拟语气用在由 “whether” 引导的让步状语从句中，从句谓语用原形动词。例如：

All engines work on this principle, whether they be large or small.

所有发动机都按这一原理工作，无论它们是大还是小。

We must finish the work before we go home, whether it be early or late.

无论时间早晚，我们必须在回家前干完工作。

All matter, whether it be gas, liquid or solid, is made up of atoms.

所有物质，不论是气体，液体，或固体，都是由原子构成。

在此句型中，可省去 whether ，而将be放在主语前。例如：

Be it so, we must continue to do the test.

We must do our best to fulfil the task, be it ever so hard.

Example:

______ I’ll marry him all the same.

a. Were he rich or poor b. Be he rich or poor

c. Whether rich or poor d. Being rich or poor

EXERCISE

1. ______, I must do another experiment.

a. It is ever so late b. Ever so late it

c. Be it ever so late d. Whether be it ever so late

2. The young driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.

a. goes wrong b. would go wrong c. went wrong d. should go wrong

3. Machines are often oiled so that they ______ well.

a. ran b. runs c. should run d. running

4. Even if he ______ very busy, he would have kept on learning English.

a. had been b. was c. were d. had being

5. Supposing the weather ______ bad, where would you go?

a. is b. will be c. was d. were

6. ______, he could not succeed.

a. However, he tried that b. He tried however hard

c. However he could try d. However hard he tried

7. Even though the enemy ______ wings, they couldn’t escape from our encirclement.

a. had b. had had c. have d. has

8. She described the accident as if she ______ it herself.

a. saw b. has seen c. had seen d. sees

9. He came to meet us at the station for fear that we ______ the wrong way.

a. take b. should take c. took d. had taken

10. The car looked very dirty, as though it ______ hundreds of miles.

a. run b. runs c. has run d. had run

11. The teacher spoke slowly in order that we ______ no difficulty in following him.

a. should have b. had c. will have d. didn’t have

12. All magnets behave the same, ______ they large or small.

a. how b. are c. be d. were

13. At the beginning he didn’t want to speak English lest he _____ mistakes.

a. will make b. should make c. would make d. can

14. I remember the whole thing as if it ______ yesterday.

a. happen b. happens c. happened d. happening

15. She stayed at home for a few days so that she _____ her mother.

a. takes care of b. took care of c. might took care of d. might take care of

16. She took up the meter with care for fear that it _____ .

a. is damaged b. to be damaged c. should be damaged d. was damaged

17. In many cases the heating effect is neglected as if there ______ no flow of current along the wire.

a. are b. were c. is d. being

18. I’ll put the money on the table just in case you ______ it.

a. might need b. would need c. needed d. may have needed

19. Providing you ______ the opportunity to go abroad, which country would you want to visit first?

a. have b. will have c. had d. have had

20. The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.