英美文学的改进

2024-09-22

英美文学的改进(精选8篇)

英美文学的改进 篇1

摘要:自从进入新世纪以来, 在高校的日常的教学当中, 英美文学在日常教育教学中的问题越来越突出, 这篇文章的主旨是解析英美文学教学中这一课程的现状和目前的定位。从而进一步探索英美文学所使用的教材和在教学中的改革问题, 同时, 在探索的同时更进一步的指出了解决问题的思路和办法, 那就是在英美文学的教学当中首先最重要的是要具有改革的观念, 要有创新的精神, 在逐渐改革的过程中要打破现有的条条框框, 打破现有的教材教育的传统的模式, 并且引入更为现代化的教育的理念和教育的方式。在改进的过程中把原来的灌入式、传记式或者是别的评论式的教育的方式逐渐转变为具有启发性的和自主性的教育教学的方式。

关键词:英美文学,课程定位,教学改革

当世界的教育的趋势主要在向人文教育方向进行发展, 对学生的自主的学习意识要逐渐的放在首位, 在本科的英语专业中要把英美文学的讲解和教学放在重要的地位, 这样的教学方式越来越能够引起人们的重视, 在改革的过程中, 越来越多的人会针对英美文学的教材的改进和改革提出自己的观点, 有人在自己的理论中提出要把文学批评理论这一课程引入文学的教育教学中。从这些学者专家的观点当中我们可以看出他们对于学习这一问题中的严谨的态度和对探索问题的思索。在不同的讨论中我们可以看出分歧的所在, 并且存在的问题十分的明显。因此, 在改革和改进的过程当中要进行必要的沟通, 整合所有的有效的方式在当中找出最适合学生的方式, 从而进行更好地教育教学。

1 英美文学教学的现状分析

英美文学是高校外语专业高年级的一门主干课程, 该课程由于历史跨度大, 文学流派众多, 作家的风格纷繁多样, 以及不同时期的复杂的历史社会背景等因素, 这门课一直是门难教难学的课程。特别是在近些的年份当中, 经济的不断地改革和发展进步, 市场经济的不断地发展和深入, 尤其是经济全球化的不断地深入和国际间合作的不断地发展, 在加入WTO以后国际间的合作更为深入, 国家的各个领域的深入的发展和与世界接轨的发展所带来的压力越来越大, 这些所有的压力正在逐渐转化为动力, 并且所有高校的学子可以在自己的领域展示自己的能力, 为自己以后的发展做好基础性的建设。

这些的基础建设当中英语是最必不可少的一项基本的技能, 在与世界接触的过程当中, 英语作为一项工具是当今学子必不可少的技能, 为了是自己的眼界更为宽广, 自己的施展平台更广大, 从战略意义上来讲, 英语是他们不得不要攻克的堡垒, 然但是当代大学生所学习的英语早已不和那些以前的大学生那样, 原来的大学生学习英语一方面是为了提高自己的专业的技能, 提高自己的专业的素质和思想素养。从另一方面来说, 以前的学生也会把陶冶自己情操, 丰富自己的文化知识, 积累自己对英语的了解做出努力。所以, 他们会把主要特别多的精力集中放在阅读19 世纪的批判现实主义小说和18 世纪的浪漫主义诗歌或者文艺复兴时期的戏剧原著上了。

这些英美文学名著的阅读使他们的文学的造诣越来越好, 对他们对英语的应用也有特别大的帮助, 是他们可以了解英语的使用方法, 可以更地道的使用英语。但是, 与原来的大学生相比, 现在的大学生他们的时间分配给了目的性更强的专业英语, 是为了更好地去就业以至于他们要学法律英语、商务英语、经贸英语等等不同的英语; 有的学生为了考研, 他们可选的方向有语言学、翻译学、英美文化以及英语教育等等。即使在学术名称上他们所学的专业依然是 “英语语言文学”, 他们的学士学位仍然冠为 “文学学士”, 但在他们却在实际的学习的过程中花费在英美文学著作的阅读上的时间已经出现了大打折扣的情况, 他们对于英语学习的精力不得不用到对考研、出国和就业等问题的考虑上分配更多的时间, 这就从某一层面上来说使的本来就已经极为稀少的英美文学阅读和学习时间和空间被占用的到更为可怜和稀少的地步。

对于对英美文学有着特殊爱好的人员来和真正传统意义上的文学的研究生来讲, 别的学生花费在研究和阅读英美文学著作的时间会少得可怜, 当中能够很好地完成外语专业所要求的英美文学阅读量要求的学生就会更为难得。我们深度追究这些问题产生的原因, 在一方面来讲世界经济的不断发展, 市场经济大潮对社会、经济、科技、文化等等方方面面的冲击的这些客观原因的存在, 从另一方面来讲也会有英美文学教学当中它自身所存在的因素以及所牵连的问题, 在当中教学思想、教学内容和教学方法等等诸方面都落后于时代发展的脚步和进步的步伐, 这就在很大的程度上使之不能够适应当今时代发展的形势和教育对象变化的要求和目的所带来的。基于这些原因, 本文就在传统的英美文学的教学的过程中所存在的问题进行更好的探索和进一步的改革, 在探索和改革的过程当中, 使之更好地服务于大众, 为当代大学生英语的学习带了更好地方法和方式, 能够更好地发现英语的魅力。

文学是一个民族优秀文化思想的结晶, 是人类宝贵的精神财富, 是文化的载体, 它反映了一个民族社会、政治、经济、生活习俗等许多文化的因素。通过学习优秀的文学作品, 学生能够最为快捷地了解到英语国家的历史文化与风土人情, 学生可以从深层次地去体验英美国家思想发展轨迹和风俗习惯形成, 以及不同历史时期的不同社会状况, 从而在整体上帮助学生客观地了解西方文化, 缩短英汉语言因文化不同造成的距离。英美文学是英美文化的一部分, 也是英美各历史阶段社会生活的一面镜子, 是属于不同阶级和社会阶层的作家的思想、感情、审美趣味的集中表现, 因而也直接或间接地体现了各不同社会阶层的人与人、人与社会、人与自然的关系以及人自身的心理状态、精神风貌、价值观和时空观。

要掌握一门外语, 一方面是它的工具性, 另一方面是它的人文性和思想性。后者包括学习者对目的语的文化与文学的敏感性及修养, 而在语言学习和教学中极容易被忽略的。作为外语专业的学生首先应以掌握好英语语言为本, 但随着经济的发展和改革开放不断深入, 涉外活动日益频繁, 在涉外交际活动中仅靠正确的英语语法、句型、词语表达和流利的语音、语调是不够的。如果不了解英美国家的风俗文化、行为习惯、思想观念和价值取向, 就会产生误解或冲突, 势必影响交际的顺利进行, 甚至造成不必要的损失。英语人才的培养不仅是英语语言能力的培养, 而且也是跨社会文化能力的培养。

2 英美文学教学存在的问题

在探索和研究的过程当中, 专家和学者们对本科生英语文学的关注点和侧重点会有所不同, 出发点和考虑问题的角度也会有所差异, 但是在探索和研究的过程当中, 他们所发现的吗问题都能够引起我们的反思和思考, 会引起特别大的反响和共鸣。

问题一: 当今英美文学课服务于语言地教学当中是当前从事英美文学教学研究中的一大障碍, 这一障碍表现在就是让英美文学课服务于语言教学的工作当中。殷企平教授在最近一次题为 “文学教学在英语教育中的作用”的发言中指出, 英美文学课的教学和设置有面临边缘化甚至被放弃的危险。从此我们的英美文学就有很大的可能性成为一件单纯的 “饰物”而不是一件我们学习英语的工具。殷教授他的担心地问题并不是空穴来风的, 是有非常大的根据的。并且有相当数量大的老师会发表文章来主张和宣称自己会利用英美文学课的教学来进一步提高学生的 “语言水平”。

现阶段我们对已英语文学课程设置的本质目的主要在孙琳等人在 《谈英美文学教材的选编问题》中的探究和总结如下: “可以丰富学生对英语国家的历史、文化和社会方面的知识; ” “有助于培养学生的文学欣赏和批判能力。”“可以培养和提高学生的语言能力。”郭英剑总结了四个层次: “学其语言”、 “学其文学”、 “学其文化”和最高层次的 “学习人类之文明”。这些观点都表明, 通过文学课学习语言充其量只能是其目的之一。

英美文学作品在探究的深层含义和表层的简要介绍来说是有着相互连接的关系的, 都有着或多或少的联系, 文学作品中使用的语言的区别不仅仅是介于 “正式”和 “非正式”的关系, 当然也不是存在 “优雅”和 “通俗”的区别, 是一种相互交融和相互学习借鉴的过程。他们之间的联系体现在方方面面, 他们之间是相互存在和互动的关系。我们在阅读英美文学作品的过程中我们不能够只是关注文学作品中的语言表达, 我们而是要更深层次的读出表层文本中所蕴含的语言现象与深层文本阅读中与主题中心思想的之间的相互的关联。这种相互之间的关系不能够简单地认为和等同于索绪尔的所指与能指的对应关系, 而是文本在一个动态的 “能指链”上滑动的过程。但是而就文学语言而言, 它可以作为一般的语言现象来解读, 即是表层文本。就是单纯的在这一层面上, 语言的这一表象才可以呼应索绪尔及其它结构语言学家们的观点, 这种观点就是能指与所指的统一体, 也就仅仅只有在这一层面上才能够单纯的具有语言地表达有正式或非正式特征, 并且语言会有有雅俗之分, 同时也会有文体之分。基于此种现象, 因为表层文本的掩护, 这使我们在阅读的过程当中很难的去看到和发现深层文本所蕴含的深刻意义, 这是因为其中的原因是 “表层结构隐含或遮蔽了深层的、更难到达的、因而也就更难得到社会认可的意义层面”。

问题二: 在英美文学的阅读中存在读而不批的现象。英美文学的教学存在的目的其中第一步就是让学生来进行文学作品的阅读, 有大量的阅读的文本进行基础的工作, 有一个量的积累。然后第二步就是让学生在阅读的过程当中逐步产生相应的阅读的反应, 并且给出自己的反应。但是我们仅仅将文学的阅读内容作为语言教学的素材, 这样的问题下文学课就只是会在 “阅读欣赏”的概念当下, 只是有输入的发生但是没有输出的现象的发生, 就另一个层面来说就只是进行文学阅读的单纯的工作而没有相应的批评活动现象的产生。但是批评行为的产生却恰恰是人类更高一级的智力行为的展现, 这最主要的表现是记录我们阅读英美文学作品时给出的直接反应, 但是稍微美中不足的是, 我们国家在上个世纪90 年代, 国家教委对英语毕业生的统计中显示 “14% 的人表示如果重回大学学习将选择文学课; 46% 的人认为文学课应当成为选修课”, 其中又仅有“6% 的人认为毕业论文应侧重文学内容”。这些数据显示出文学教学只会与6% 的学生的阅读反应有联系。

3 改进英美文学教学的对策

我们针对于上述所有涉及到的英美文学课所存在的种种的问题和特点以及英美文学课在传统的教学观念和思维上的影响, “teacher - centered”这样的教学法同样不出意外的地主宰了英美文学的教育和教学的工作和课堂当中。在这样的课堂上, 教师是一个演讲者的形象出现的, 他们作为文学知识的传送者, 他们把自己所有了解得和知道的一切慢慢的地灌输到学生头脑当中去。对于这样的方式不可否认的是, 他们教师讲解确实是传输知识和文学的一种方式并且是不可或缺的, 但与之不同的是就文学课的教学课程来说来说, 它不仅仅是语言美丽的一种展现的形式, 就从更为广阔的意义上来谈它在某些层面和意义上还是当今五彩缤纷复杂世界和社会生活的一种浓缩的现象。我们就单从文学作品的本质上来看, 英美文学作品是作者对于人生的不同的体验、感受和思考的进一步的记录和总结, 是一种真实情感的反应。读者对于文学作品的理解只有单纯的去靠交流来产生, 这种产生就是单独的把个人的人生经验和经历投入进去与作者进行交流时才可以去更好的来实现。

英美文作品学是一种极为宝贵的资源、财富, 是一种不可或缺的精神上的财富, 我们只有很好的阅读英美文学作品, 我们才能更好的学习好英语, 学好地道优美的英语。在当今竞争日益激烈的今天, 英语的存在无疑会给我们提供更好的平台, 在这样的平台的展示过程中, 我们的竞争力会变的越来越大。英语这一全世界范围内所运用的语言的工具的掌握的程度的高低在很大的程度上会影响我们未来职业平台的宽广的程度, 所以对于一个大学生来说, 对英语的学习是至关重要的, 而对于英美文学作品的阅读又是当中更为重要的一种方式的选择。

参考文献

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[M].北京:外语教育研究出版社, 上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2010.

英美文学的改进 篇2

文学评论, 顾名思义, 评论文学。用专业的术语来讲, 是应用文学方面的理论知识, 对特定的文学内容, 比如说文学作品, 文学思想等进行探讨、研究等一系列文学性质的活动, 以解释文学发展的内部规律, 从而帮助相关的文学家进行文学创造, 推动整个文学的健康稳定发展。

二.英美文学的相关内容

英美文学是对英、美两国民间文化艺术的总称。同样的是两个现实生活的生动反应。我认为文学具有很强的表现能力和表述功能, 而且英美两国的文化比较多元化, 决定了其文学风格的多元化, 戏剧、小说、诗歌等类型多样, 各具特点:

(1) 英国文学的特点

英国是一个临海国家, 不仅气候极具海洋性, 其文学也是如此, 包容性十足, 充满着浪漫主义的气息, 再加上英国的经济、历史发展传统, 在经历了文艺复兴、启蒙运动之后, 英国的文学由浪漫主义、现实主义等开始转向写实主义, 这是英国文学发展的一般趋势。

(2) 美国文学的特点

美国是一个多民族的移民国家, 建国的时间比较短, 在19世纪之前, 美国文学可以说是依附于英国文学, 具有英国文学的一些特征, 但是在19世纪末期之后, 美国文学开始脱离英国文学, 逐渐形成了自己独特的风格, 多方面、平民化、自由化等。就像美国的社会一样充满着自由、民主的气息。

三.英美文学评论的内容

各国的文学评论各具特点, 但是仍然是有规律可循的, 需要注意三个问题, 首先是文学伦理问题, 这是要放在首位进行考虑的问题;其次是道德评论, 这是进行文学评论的关键所在;最后是审美评论问题。具体到英美两国来说, 文学评论与该国发展的实际情况有着极大的关系, 在女权主义、殖民主义等思想观念的影响下, 文学评论研究文学和社会的关系, 开创了文学研究的新方向。

四.英美文化差异对于英美文学的影响

(1) 英美两国的语言差异对英美文学评论的影响

1.英国的语言

英国文化历史悠久, 民族文化发展时间较长, 有着深厚的历史文化底蕴, 就拿英国的官方语言:英文来讲, 许多的文学评论家在对英国文学进行评论时, 使用语言十分的谨慎, 这既能说明文学评论家谨慎的态度, 同时也更能说明英文的地位和重要性, 可以说英文便是英国的象征, 因此出于这样的态度, 英国文学评论是相对拘谨的、缺乏新时期的创新与个性;

2.美国的语言

美国官方使用的语言也是英文, 但是却是美式英文, 虽然说在本质上, 英式英语和美式英语没有发生什么变化, 但是就是美式英语的称谓便能很好的说明问题, 美式英语是美国的创造, 是美国争取独立的体现, 众所周知美国发展历史比较短, 而且是移民国家, 文化发展多元化特征十分显著, 在独立之后, 美国在政治、历史等方面都没有历史遗留问题, 可以说美国的民主革命是十分成功的, 相应的在文学评论方面美国的文学评论就彰显个性和创新性。

(2) 文化历史差异对英美文学评论的影响

人本主义是英美两国共同宣扬与崇拜的, 但是英美两国的人本主义又存在着具体的差别:

1.人本主义是英国发展历史上很早便出现的, 但是在文学评论领域人本主义是十分保守的, 神权和禁欲主义依然处于主导地位, 我认为这是英国资产阶级革命不彻底的生动体现, 资产阶级的妥协性在文学领域的再现, 莎士比亚是英国最为伟大的文学家, 我认为没有之一, 莎士比亚不仅影响了英国一代人, 更影响了整个世界。他的作品可以说是英国文学创作的典型代表, 对其作品进行研究之后发现, 人文主义在其作品中有很多的体现。

2.相比英国的人本主义, 美国就十分创新、独特。当然这和美国发展的历史是密不可分的, 美国的独立是十分果断的, 没有历史遗留问题, 争取独立自由的观念理论深入人心, 美国的人本主义十分的激进而且在一定程度上还有对人本主义的创新理解。在这基础上美国的文学评论就显得更加激进、创新。

小结:

英美文学的改进 篇3

The Renaissance period(14世纪至十七世纪中叶)文艺复兴 1.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。

2.the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心,人是万物之灵。3.Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据,来赞美人性,并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命,人可以不断发展完善自己,而且世界是属于他们的,供他们怀疑,探索以及享受。

4.Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔,克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。

5.Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。

6.The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习模仿与同化的阶段。

7.The goals of humanistic poetry are: skillful handling of conventions, force of language, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief.人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的熟练运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是发展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚(式),组织结构,意象(比喻,描述)与议论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。

8.The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson.文艺复兴时期英国最著名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫.马洛,威廉.莎士比亚与本.约翰逊。9.Francis Bacon(1561-1626), the first important English essayist.费兰西斯.培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(I)Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞

10.the theme of Redcrosse is not “Arms and the man,” but something more romantic-“Fierce wars and faithful loves.”《仙后》的主题并非“男人与武器”,而是更富浪漫色彩的“残酷战争与忠贞爱情”。

11.It is Spenser‟s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody that make him known as “the poets‟ poet.”正是斯宾塞的理想主义,对美的热爱以及精美优雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人”。(II)Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫.马洛

12.As the most gifted of the “University Wits,” Marlowe composed six plays within his short lifetime.Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II.马洛是当时“大学才子”中最富才华的人,在他短暂的一生中,他完成了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是:《帖木尔》,《浮士德博士的悲剧》,《马耳他岛的犹太人》以及《爱德华二世》。13.Marlowe‟s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗,并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。

14.Marlowe‟s second achievement is his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.马洛的第二项贡献是他创造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。

15.His brilliant achievement as a whole raised him to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧发展的贡献是不可磨灭的,为此,它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。16.The passionate shepherd to his love激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘

This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最优美的抒情诗。

(III)William Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亚

17.The first period of his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, Richard III, and Titus Andronicus;and four comedies: The Comedy of Errors, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love‟s Labour‟s Lost.在他戏剧创作生涯的第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧:《亨利六世》,《理查三世》,《泰托斯.安东尼》以及四部喜剧:《错误的戏剧》,《维洛那二绅士》,《驯悍记》和《爱的徒劳》。18.In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II, and Henry V;six comedies: A Midsummer Night‟s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado About Nothing, As You Like It, Twelfth Night, and The Merry Wives of Windsor;and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Julius Caesar.在第二阶段,他写了五部历史剧:《理查三世》,《约翰王》,《亨利四世》,《亨利五世》以及六部喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》,《威尼斯商人》,《无事生非》,《皆大欢喜》,《第十二夜》,《温莎的风流娘儿们》,还有两部悲剧:《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《裘利斯.凯撒》。19.Shakespeare‟s third period includes his greatest tragedies and his so-called dark comedies.The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra, Troilus and Cressida, and Coriolanus.The two comedies are All‟s Well That Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段诞生了莎翁最伟大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧(或悲喜剧),悲剧有:《哈姆雷特》,《奥赛罗》,《李尔王》《麦克白》《安东尼与克利奥佩特拉》《特罗伊勒斯与克利西达》及《克里奥拉那斯》。两部喜剧是《终成眷属》和《一报还一报》。

20.The last period of Shakespeare‟s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter‟s Tale and The Tempest;and his two plays: Henry VIII and The Two Noble Kinsmen.最后一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧:《伯里克利》《辛白林》《冬天的故事》与《暴风雨》。他最后两部剧是《亨利八世》与《鲁克里斯受辱记》。21.Shakespeare‟s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet‟s own feelings.这些十四行诗都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。22.Shakespeare‟s history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题:在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是非常必要的。

23.In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对待爱情与青春,并将浪漫色彩渲染到极致。

24.The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.莎翁在其成功的浪漫主义悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》,颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。25.Shakespeare‟s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.They have some characteristics in common.Each portrays some noble hero.莎士比亚的四大悲剧是:《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》 26.“The King‟s government must be carried on”—but carried on for the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king.“国王的统治一定要万古不变”----但是这种流传百世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只为国王自己服务。

27.Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems.In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream.正因如此,他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药,最后,他作为人文主义所能做的唯一事情便是逃避现实,从梦幻中找安慰。

28.He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.他认为文学应该是真善美的结合,应该反映天性与现实。

29.Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time.古往今来,没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30.Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language.在他之后几乎所有的英国文学家都在艺术观点,文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。31.Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最出色的十四行诗。

(IV)Francis Bacon弗兰西斯.培根

32.The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learning, Written in English;Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类:第一类中最重要的作品有《学术的进展》(用英文著述)《新工具》(是《学术的进展》的拉丁文增补版)

33.One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge from the workings of human mind.他将知识分为两种:一种是通过神的启示获得的知识,另一种是通过人类用脑思考而获得的知识。

34.According to Bacon, man‟s understanding consists of three parts: history to man‟s memory, poetry to man‟s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man‟s reason.培根认为,人类的认识与学问分为三部分:基于人类回忆的历史学,基于人类想象力创造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。

35.Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitudes toward truth about nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist.作为人文主义者的培根展示了自己对于自然界真理的实验主义态度,并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。

36.Bacon‟s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulness.培根的散文以简洁,紧凑,有力度而著名。

37.The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaphors and cadence.这些散文不仅结构巧妙还大量使用了《圣经》的典故,隐喻和基调。

38.Of Studies 论学习

Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.读书使人充实,讨论使人机智。(V)John Donne约翰.邓恩

39.The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。

40.His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by exhibiting a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性,展示了看上去零散多样的经历与观念,以及漫无边际的情感与心境。

41.The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his early lyrics.《歌与短歌》是邓恩最有名的诗集,囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。

42.In his gloomy poem “Farewell to love,” we can see his disillusionment.在忧伤的诗作《告别爱情》中,我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。

43.With the brief, simple language, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.议论依附于一种简洁平白的语言,并贯穿于整首诗作。(VI)John Milton约翰.弥尔顿

44.he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑中充满了为人类自由而战的思想。45.Milton‟s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem.弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类:早期诗作,中期的散文小册子和后期的伟大诗作。

46.Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部伟大诗作:《失乐园》《复乐园》和《力士参孙》。47.The theme of Paradise Lost is the “Fall of Man”.In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity.失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中,亚当发现了自己身上的人性。

48.Milton held that God created all things out of Himself, including evil.他认为上帝是按照他自己的样子造出的世界,其中也包括罪恶。

49.It opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开辟了道路,这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪恶与苦难中拯救出来的同情心。50.In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton‟s passionate longing that he too could bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中,整首诗都强烈暗示着弥尔顿渴望他自己也能像参孙一样,以生命为代价,与敌人同归于尽。51.In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。

52.Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。

Chapter2

The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798)新古典主义

1.In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。2.The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。3.Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。

4.Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the final cause of any human thought and activities.They called for a reference to order, reason and rules.启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。

5.As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实,当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。

6.Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift, Daniel Defoe, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿,亚历山大.蒲柏,约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔(这两位是现代散文的先驱),乔纳森.斯威夫特,丹尼尔.迪福,理查.B.谢立丹,亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。

7.In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。8.They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序,逻辑,确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。

9.Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed.由此一种温文尔雅,充满灵性的知识分子文学艺术发展起来。

10.Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框。

11.Drama should be written in the heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines);the three unities of time, space and action should be strictly observed;regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必须用英雄体偶剧(抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗)写就;时间,地点,事件三要素必须要遵循;写作的规矩必须要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一类人,而不是个性化。12.But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature.(套话)但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。

13.The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarity and conciseness of language developed in this period have become a permanent heritage.在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序,优美的格式,统一的结构,简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。

14.The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form---the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people.十八世纪中叶,还兴起一种崭新的文学形式----英国现代小说,这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反,着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。

15.Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福,塞缪尔.理查德,亨利.费尔丁,劳伦斯.斯泰思,托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗.哥尔斯密。16.From the middle part to the end of the century there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classic literary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末,还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移,社会描写向个性描写的转移,说教向忏悔,鼓励及预示的转移。

17.Gothic novels---mostly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说----主要讲述恐怖神秘的故事。

18.Jonathan Swift‟s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森.斯威夫特的《一个小小的建议》被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。(I)John Bunyan约翰.班扬

19.As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggle.作为一个坚定的清教徒,他认真学习《圣经》,并深信人一定能通过精神上的奋斗得到拯救。20.he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experience of his characters.他的语言具体生动,情节鲜明真实,连没受过教育的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。

21.Bunyan‟s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim‟s Progress, Part II.班扬其他的作品还有《罪人头目的赦免》,《拜得门先生生死录》,《圣战》以及《天路历程》第二部

22.The Vanity Fair.名利场(节选《天路历程》第一部)

The Pilgrim‟s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language.Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils.《天路历程》是英文作品中最成功的宗教寓言。它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义,并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得拯救。(II)Alexander Pope 亚历山大.蒲伯

23.Pope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battles he developed a style of biting satire.蒲伯本身是个很敏感的人,自然要用笔墨来反击,在此期间,他发展了犀利的讽刺文体。24.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order, political order, social order, aesthetic order, and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.对他来说秩序有着至高无上的价值-----宇宙秩序,政治秩序,社会秩序,美学秩序。这种对秩序与理性的强调深入到了他各部作品中。

25.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711.The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.1711年,他出版了散文《论批评》,从此奠定了他在诗坛的地位。次年,他又出版了《夺发记》,一部极妙的讽刺史诗。26.Pope was the greatest poet of his time.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.蒲伯是当时最伟大的诗人,他大力提倡新古典主义,强调文学作品的优劣应由古典的秩序尺度,理性,逻辑,情感的克制,高雅的品位以及是否体面,正派来衡量。

27.He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and well-balanced style.他致力于诗歌创作,发展了讽刺,简练,通顺,优雅,平衡的风格。

(III)Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福

28.His quick mind, abundant energy and never-failing enthusiasm always brought him back on his feet after a fall.他过人的才智,充沛的精力,旺盛而持久的热情总是使他在失败后能重新站起。

29.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.《鲁宾逊漂流记》是一部体现时代精神的游记历险小说,是笛福的代表作。30.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, study middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.在他大部分作品中,他都表达了对勤劳,坚强的中产阶级的赞誉,以及对破落不幸的穷苦人的同情。31.Defoe was a very good story-teller.笛福很会讲故事。

32.His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration.他的语句时而短小干脆,朴素直白,时而又气势磅礴,泼墨如水,为读者留下了叙述自由悠闲的印象。

33.His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular.他的措辞简朴易懂又口语化,有时甚至是俗语方言。

34.There is nothing artificial in his language: it is common English at its beat.他的语言毫无造作,完全是大众英语。35.Robinson Crusoe: The novel consists actually of three parts.《鲁宾逊漂流记》:整部小说分为三个部分

The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man., the pioneer colonist.其中对鲁宾逊徒手与恶劣的大自然作斗争的描述是小说最精彩的部分。在此,鲁宾逊是真正的英雄:一个典型的英国十八世纪中产阶级人士。

(IV)Jonathan Swift乔纳森.斯威夫特

36.In 1704 he published two powerful satires on corruption in religion and learning, A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, which established his name as a satirist.1704年,他针对宗教和学术界的腐败出版了两篇犀利的讽刺小品,一为《桶的故事》,一为《书籍的战斗》。这两篇作品奠定了他在讽刺作品中的地位。

37.Even today Swift is still respected as a national hero in Ireland.直至今日,斯威夫特还被尊为爱尔兰的民族英雄。

38.In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed.To better human life, enlightenment is needed.他认为人性永远有着严重的瑕疵,为了使人的生活更美好,人们需要启蒙。

39.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve human nature and human institutions.在他的作品中,他提倡的不是谴责,而是采取行为改良人性与人为的机构。40.His “A Modest Proposal ” is generally taken as a perfect model.他的《一个温和的建议》被认为是一篇完善的典范。

41.Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose.斯威夫特是一名优秀的散文作家。

42.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.” Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings---essays, poems and novels.他创立了一种良好的文风,即“在恰当的地方用恰当的词”。无论是散文,诗歌,还是小说,简洁,具体,精确,没有复杂的句式永远是他的写作风格。

43.Swift‟s chief works are: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books, The Drapier‟s Letters(note:Drapier=Swift, alias), Gulliver‟s Travels and A Modest Proposal.斯威夫特的作品主要有《桶的故事》,《书籍的战斗》,《德拉皮尔的信》,《格列佛游记》和《一个温和的建议》。

44.Gulliver‟s Travels: Jonathan‟s best fictional work, the book contains four parts.Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.《格列佛游记》:是斯威夫特最精彩的一部小说,全书分为四卷,它具有重大的社会意义,同时对人性的探索与揭示也是深刻的。(V)Henry Fielding亨利.费尔丁

45.During his career as a dramatist, Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.在他戏剧创作生涯里,费尔丁曾尝试过许多不同的戏剧模式。

46.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the Year 1736.他的作品中最有名的要数《咖啡屋的政治家》,《悲剧中的悲剧》,《巴斯昆》,《1736历史年鉴》。

47.a “comic epic in prose,” whose subject is “the true ridiculous” in human nature.“散文体喜剧史诗”,主题是人类本性中的荒唐,对人性进行了真实的讽刺。

48.The dominating qualities of the novel are its excellent character-portrayal, timely entrances and exits, robustness of tone and hilarious, hearty humor.小说的突出特点是出色的人物刻画,及时的出场退场,笔调的遒劲及令人会心的幽默。

49.“The Great Man, properly considered, is no better than a great gangster”----The History of Jonathan Wild the Great从某种意义上说,伟大的人物无异于“伟大”的匪徒--------《伟大的乔纳森怀尔德》。50.The History of Tom Jones is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature.费尔丁的代表作《汤姆.琼斯:一个弃儿的故事》主题是对人性的讽刺。51.the purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct, the object of novel was to present a faithful picture of life, “the just copies of human manners,” with sound teaching woven into their texture, so as to teach men to know themselves, their proper-spheres and appropriate manners.,小说不仅供娱乐,而且更有教育意义,他的小说的主旨是要真实地展示生活,使之成为“人类态度的完整拷贝”,并将说教巧妙的引入作品,教导人们认识自己,寻求适宜的人生态度。

52.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel,” for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel.费尔丁被一些人尊为“英国小说之父”,因为他为现代小说模式的创立作出很大贡献。

53.he was the first to set out , both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.他第一个在理论与实践上创造了“散文体喜剧史诗”,并第一个为现代小说确立了结构和风格。

54.He “thinks the thought” of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviors but also the internal workings of their minds.作者以角色的口吻去“想”,因此不仅可以表述人物的外在行为,还可深入刻画其内心的思想活动。

55.Fielding „s language is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planed toward an inevitable ending.费尔丁的创作语言自然流畅,通俗易懂,同时又栩栩如生并富有活力,他的句子以逻辑性和韵律性见长,小说结尾总是水到渠成,顺理成章。

56.Tom Jones, the novel consists of 18 books.Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal, and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.《汤姆.琼斯》共18卷,汤姆曾一度成为全国人民心中的英雄,他----诚实,善良,高尚,忠诚,勇敢,同时也有着易冲动,鲁莽和野性难驯的缺点。

57.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home.” The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.《汤姆.琼斯》为费尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的盛名,小说为读者提供了一幅英国18世纪乡村与城市的宏伟的全景图。(VI)Samuel Johnson塞缪尔.约翰逊

58.The years between 1737 and 1755, he did translations, wrote poems, essays and so on.1737年至1755年这段时间对他来说充满了艰辛:他做过翻译,写过诗,为书商编书,编辑杂志。59.In his famous Literary Club, where he was surrounded with respect by the elite of the literary circles.在他的文学社里,周围围满了敬仰他的文学精英。

60.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer.He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.约翰逊精力充沛,多才多艺,他还涉足各种各样的文学领域。

61.His chief works include pomes: “London”, and “The Vanity of Human Wishes”;a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia;a tragedy: Irene.他的主要作品有诗歌:《伦敦》,《人类欲望的虚幻》骑士浪漫诗:《拉塞拉斯的历史》,《阿比西尼亚王子》;一部悲剧:《艾琳》。

62.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman----A Dictionary of the English Language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.作为词典编撰者,约翰逊是编撰英文词典的第一个英国人,作品为《英文大词典》,这部巨著是塞缪尔.约翰逊花了七年时间独自完成的。

63.Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the later eighteenth century.He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes.约翰逊是十八世纪下半叶最后一位新古典主义启蒙文学家,他十分关心人类欲望的虚幻,几乎他所有的作品都含有这样的主题。

64.His sentences are long and well structured, interwoven with parallel words and phrases.他使用的句子一般较长,但结构工整,包含有许多排比,对仗。

65.Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.读他的小说会给人一种感觉,他在与一位非常博学的人士对话。

(VII)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查.比.谢立丹

66.The year 1777 saw the appearance of his masterpiece The School for Scandal, which brought him quite a fortune.1777年,谢立丹的代表作《造谣学校》出版,使他大发其财。

67.His plays, especially The Rivals and The School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpiece of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.他的代表作《情敌》和《造谣学校》被认为是上承莎士比亚,下接萧伯纳的纽带,是真正的英国古典派喜剧。68.In his play, morality is the constant theme.他的作品永恒的主题是道德。

69.The School for Scandal is mainly a story about two brothers, the hypocritical Joseph Surface and the good-natured, imprudent, spendthrift Charles Surface.The play ends with great disgrace for Joseph and double bliss for Charles.It is a sharp satire on the moral degeneracy of the aristocratic-bourgeois society in the eighteenth-century England.No wonder, the play has been Regarded as the best comedy since Shakespeare.《造谣学校》主要讲述了两个兄弟的故事,一个是伪君子约瑟夫.萨尔菲斯,另一个是放荡不羁但心地善良的查尔斯.萨尔菲斯。戏剧的结尾约瑟夫名声扫地,而查尔斯既获得了美人的芳心,又获得了丰厚的遗产,而梯泽尔夫人在丈夫的感化下与其重归于好。《造谣学校》是对18世纪英国贵族资产阶级的道德败坏,对无聊的富人恶意的制造谣言,对上层社会骄奢淫逸的生活以及对在高贵生活方式和高尚道德准则的掩饰下的道德沦丧与虚伪假善的辛辣讽刺。毫无疑问,它被认为是自莎士比亚以来最出色的喜剧。(VII)Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷

70.he declined the Poet laureateship in 1757.1757年,他竟谢绝了授予他的诗人桂冠奖。

71.In contrast to those professional writers, Gray‟s literary output was small.与其余专职作家不同,格雷作品极少。72.His masterpiece, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was published in 1751.The poem once and for all established his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”.1757年,他的代表作《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》出版这首诗奠定了他在当时作为感伤主义诗歌创始人的地位,尤其是从此他便成为“墓地诗歌”流派的代表。

73.His other poems include “Ode on the Spring”, “Ode on the Death of a Favourite cat” and so on.(Ode:….赞,颂)他的其他作品还有《春之颂》,《伊顿公学展望》,《爱猫之死》等等。74.A conscientious artist of the first rate, Gray wrote slowly and carefully, painstakingly seeking perfection of form and phrase.格雷创作态度认真,作品诞生速度慢,却精益求精。75.“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” is regarded as Gray‟s best and most representative work.In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy.The poem abounds in images and arouses sentiment in the bosom of every reader, The poem has been ranked among the best of the eighteenth century English poetry.《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》是雷格最优秀的代表作,创作历时八年,诗中内容与格雷的知己理查.韦斯特的去世有关。其中,格雷揭示了生与死的愁苦与神秘,并略述了自己忧伤的心情。诗中富于比喻,并给读者带来深深的伤感。这首诗被列为英国十八世纪最优秀的诗歌之一。

Chapter3

The Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义

1.This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力:一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命,一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。2.In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。

3.The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动,无论是在英国,德国还是法国,都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。

4.The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers.Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性,新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物,而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。

5.Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此,我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。

6.The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。7.They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们(浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克,华兹华斯,科勒律治,拜伦,雪莱及济恩)认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药,可以净化人的灵魂。8.Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人,而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露,发乎情,止乎静。

9.Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。

10.The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象,还强调灵感与创作的自发性,认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。

11.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。

12.To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules.They would turn to the humble people and the common

everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律,他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。13.The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.14.Jane Austen‟s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.15.The major theme of Jane‟s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by self-control.She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships.简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.16.Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual.He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。

17.Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分,它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力,恐怖及对超自然力(鬼神)的描写。(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克

18.He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad.He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解,认为他是个天才,又是个疯子,他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。19.Childhood is central to Blake‟s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中,童年是布莱克主要描述的中心,这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。

20.Blake‟s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity.It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟,并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。

21.The “marriage,” to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和,而并非一方从属于另一方。

22.Blake felt bound to declare that “I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布:“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界,我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”

23.Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。

24.Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。

(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯

25.The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。

26.In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴,次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。

27.According to the subject, Wordsworth‟s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题,华的短诗可分为两大类:关于自然的和关于人类生活的。

28.Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。

29.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest.The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题,她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。30.His works contain “The Solitary Reaper”, “To a Highland Girl”, ”The Old Cumberland Beggar ” and “The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》,《致高地姑娘》,《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。31.In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题,同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度,“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论,这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。

32.Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past.华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。

33.Wordsworth‟s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求,对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。

34.he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源,他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历,普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。

35.William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英,是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。

36.The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌,开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路,并号召人们回归自然。(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治

37.In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which became a landmark in English poetry.1798年,他同华兹华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》,成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。38.In addition to “The Ancient Mariner,” he wrote “Kubla Khan,” began writing “Christabel” and composed “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,” “Frost at Midnight,” and “The Nightingale,” which are considered to be his best “conversational” poems.他创作了《古航海家之歌》,《忽必烈汗》,《子夜寒霜》,《夜莺》等名诗,这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。

39.Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲学与文学评论方面,科勒律治反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。

40.he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的诠释。41.He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.他认为艺术是唯一一种能永远揭示现实的形式。

42.Coleridge‟s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在诗歌方面的成就可分为不同的两大类,神祗诗与对话诗。

43.Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group.这些诗歌的显著特点,便是神秘与想象。44.“Christabel” uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式,创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。

45.He sings highly Wordsworth‟s “purity of language,” “deep and subtle thoughts,” “Perfect truth to nature” and his “imaginative power.” But he denies Wordsworth‟s claim that there is no essential difference between the language of poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”,“深邃的思想”,“对自然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不赞成华兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”。46.Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.科勒律治被同时期的诗界所尊崇,直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。

47.he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the 19th century.他是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。

(IV)George Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦

48.The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, brought Byron fame.拜伦早期代表作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》第一,第二章(1812)。

49.In Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold and the narrative poem The Prisoner of Chillon.在日内瓦,拜伦写下了《哈罗德游记》第三章及叙事诗《齐伦的囚犯》。

50.he produced the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of Don Juan.他创作了诗剧《曼弗雷德》,《唐璜》的前两章。

51.Don Juan is Byron‟s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.他的代表作《唐璜》是19世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。52.Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, are virtues neglected by the modern society.拜伦在唐璜身上开发出勇敢,慷慨,诚恳直白等优点。

53.the poet‟s true intention is, by making use of Juan‟s adventures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.诗人的创作意旨在于通过唐璜的游历来体现不同的社会情形。

54.Byron‟s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope‟s;and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope‟s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society.拜伦在诗的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美,有过之而无不及,因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨,而是整个社会的虚伪。

55.As a leading Romanticist, Byron‟s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,” a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Juan in different guises.作为浪漫主义的代表诗人,拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜伦式英雄”,高傲,神秘,反叛却带有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现在《哈罗德游记》,《东方故事集》,《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作品中。

56.Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.拜伦以丰富的思想,想象力,艺术形式和创新欧洲的诗歌得到了发展

(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱

57.He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公,强权与宗教,战争与剥削。

58.He realized that the evil was also in man‟s mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。

59.One of Shelley‟s greatest political lyrics is “Men of England.The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”,这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。

60.Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley‟s “Ode to the West Wind”;here Shelley‟s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”,这首诗语气狂热,宜于诵读。

61.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来临,春天还会远吗?”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。

62.Shelley‟s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound,The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind‟s potential, and Shelley himself recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》,它赞扬了人类自身的潜力,雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。

63.Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样,由于不同于其他人,他是个备受推崇的诗人,他的作品博学,具有深厚文化底蕴,含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。(VI)John Keats约翰.济慈

64.Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion and the moon goddess.1818年,济慈出版了长诗<安狄米恩>,该诗以希腊神话为素材,记述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。

65.It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and added a new dimension to his poetry.一连串挫折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟,并使他未来的创作更加丰满。

66.At the heart of these pomes lies Keats‟ concern with how the ideal can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.这些诗歌表达了济慈对如何将理想与现实,想象与实际,男人与女人结合起来的思考。

67.The volume also contain his four great odes: ”Ode on Melancholy,” “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” “Ode to a Nightingale,” “Ode a Psyche;” his lyric masterpiece “To Autumn” and the unfinished poem “Hyperion.”这部诗集包括他著名的四首“颂”:“忧郁颂”,“希腊古瓮颂”,“夜莺颂”,“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”。68.The odes are generally regarded as Keats‟s most important and mature works.颂诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。

69.In the great of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever question the visionary transcendence achieved by art.在这些作品中,他对资本主义社会现实又不满,他的诗歌却常常带有唯美主义色彩。

70.“Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.”夜莺颂”展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。

71.“Ode on an Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。72.Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience.将视,听,嗅,味,触等感觉都转化成绝美的文字,带来一个通透的体验。73.He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante.他在措词,风格和比喻上都参考了莎士比亚,弥尔顿和但丁的作品。

74.Keats‟s poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造句,有感描写为特色,通过想象,营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀

75.Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands;and Northanger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历;《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品,讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程;《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。

76.Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness;Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity;and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存;《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思;《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照。

77.She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles;and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位,而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感,责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。78.And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上,她提倡新古典主义,坚持理性,秩序,典雅的原则。79.Austen‟s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。

80.It is her conviction that a man‟s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子,儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业,信仰---同样重要。

81.plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题,角色,社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活,总是三,四口之家的日常生活。

82.Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as “First Impressions” in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen‟s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。

83.Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。84.The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.这部小说结构精致灵巧,人物描写令人难忘,讽刺出其不意。85.The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature.With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意,是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察,向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。

86.Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟,实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。

87.Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感,奥斯汀使英国小说走向成熟,众多评论家都认为她是英国最出色的小说家之一。

Chapter 4

The Victorian Period(1836-1901)维多利亚时期

1.Common sense and moral propriety, which were ignored by the Romanticists, again became the predominant preoccupation in literary work.道德和常理这些被浪漫主义时代遗弃多年的主题,又回到了文学主流中来。2.Oscar Wilde and Walter Pater, both notorious advocators of the theory of “art for art‟s sake.”唯美主义者奥斯卡.王尔德与沃尔特.培特都极力推崇“为了艺术而艺术”的观点。

3.Utilitarianism was widely accepted and practiced.实用主义大行其道。

4.The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and ways of expression.这个时期的诗歌具有风格标新,表达立异的特点。

5.Victorian literature, in general, truthfully represents the reality and spirit of the age.The high-spirited vitality, the down to earth earnestness, the good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all unprecedented.维多利亚时期文学,真实地反映了时代的现实与精神,其中体现出的高度的活力,脚踏实地的精神,善意的幽默与无羁无绊的丰富联想都是空前的。(I)Charles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯

6.Soon The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club appeared in monthly installments.It is once lifted him into a position of fame and fortune.很快《皮克威克外传》也出版了,这使狄更斯一度名利双收。7.Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writer of the Victorian Age.狄更斯是伟大的批判现实主义作家。8.The best he can do seems to try to retain an optimism with wishful thinking.他所能做的只是保持一种充满希望的乐观主义。9.Whatever his limitations, this man is loved and admired by the millions, not only for the practical reform his works have helped to bring about but also for that heart which is ready to love and sympathize.不管狄更斯有何局限性,他都深受人民大众喜爱,不仅因为他的作品促进社会改良,更因为他那颗善良博爱之心。10.In his works, Dickens sets out a full map and a Large-scale criticism of the nineteenth century England, particularly London.在他的作品中,狄更斯对19世纪的英国,特别是伦敦做出了全面地描绘及大量的批评。

11.His early works contain Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nickleby, The Pickwick Paper(legal fraud), David Copperfield and Martin Chuzzlewit.他的早期作品包括《雾都孤儿》,《尼古拉斯.尼克尔比》,《皮克威克外传》(合法欺骗),《大卫.科波菲尔》和《马丁.瞿述伟》等等。12.This youthful brightness and optimism is also manifest in the constant jokes and laughter.作者青年时期的这种明朗与乐观还体现在作品的幽默与笑料中。13.His later works contain A tale of two Cities, Bleak House, Little Dorrit, Hard Times and Great Expectations.后期作品包括《双城记》,《荒凉山庄》,《小多利特》,《艰难时世》和《远大前程》。14.Charles Dickens is a master story-teller.狄更斯具有惊人的讲故事能力。

15.Dickens‟ works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.狄更斯的作品还有一个特点,是将幽默与哀伤的泪水交汇起来。

16.Sometimes Dickens seems so anxious to wring an extra tear from the audience that he indulges himself in excessive sentimental melodrama and spoils the story.有时狄更斯会将作品写的令读者潸然泪下,但由于他过于注重悲情的渲染,有时会破坏故事的连贯性。

17.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers, and his name one of those to be remembered forever.狄更斯是英国文学史上能与莎士比亚齐名的文学巨人,他的作品与人格都将永远留在人民心中。

(II)The Bronte Sisters布朗蒂姐妹

18.Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, and their gifted sister Anne Bronte came from a large family of Irish origin.夏洛蒂.布朗蒂,艾米丽.布朗蒂,安妮.布朗蒂三姐妹出生于爱尔兰裔的大户人家。

19.Charlotte‟s second novel, Jane Eyre, won immediate success when it appeared in 1847.In the same year, Emily‟s single and unique work Wuthering Heights and Anne‟s Agnes Grey were also published.夏洛蒂的第二部小说《简爱》问世后立即大获成功。同年,艾米丽唯一的小说《呼啸山庄》与安妮的《阿格尼斯.格雷》也相继发行。

20.Charlotte‟s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life.夏洛蒂的作品主题几乎都是个人自觉地为实现自我价值而奋斗,都是有关一些孤独而卑微的少女对爱情,理解与完整幸福的生活的强烈渴求。

21.In her mind, man‟s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil.在她看来,人生就是一场永不停息的罪恶与美德的斗争。22.All her heroines‟ highest joy arises from some sacrifice of self or some human weakness overcome.她小说中的女主人公最大的快乐都来自一些自我牺牲后或个人弱点被战胜后获得的幸福。

23.She is a writer of realism combined with romanticism.On one hand, she presents a vivid realism picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor.On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and passion.她还是集现实主义与浪漫主义于一身的作家。一方面,她真实生动的再现了英国上流社会的残酷,虚伪及其他丑恶现象以及下层贫苦人民的不幸。另一方面,她的笔下充盈这美好的情与景。24.Jane Eyre: It is noted for its sharp criticism of the existing society.The success of the novel is also due to its introduction to the English novel the first governess heroine.《简爱》:它以对当时社会尖锐的批评而闻名于世。小说的成功在于它在英国小说史上第一次成功的塑造出了家庭教师的女主人公形象。

25.The vivid description of her intense feelings and her thought and inner conflicts brings her to the heart of the audience.小说通过对简热烈的情感,思想以及内心冲突的生动描写,向读者展示出了一幅心灵画卷。26.Wuthering Heights: It is the story about two families and an intruding stranger.《呼啸山庄》讲的是两个家庭与一个外来者的故事。(III)Alfred Tennyson阿尔弗雷德.丁尼生

27.He was appointed the Poet Laureate.丁尼生被授予“桂冠诗人”的荣誉。

28.Tennyson‟s poetic career is also marked out by Idylls of the King(the Celtic legends of King Arthur).丁尼生另一部代表作是《国王诗歌集》,故事源于凯尔特民族关于亚瑟王与他的圆桌骑士的传说。

29.For one thing, the moral standards and sentiments reflected in the poem belong to the Victorians rather than to the medieval royal people.For the other, the story of the rise and fall of King Arthur is, in fact, meant to represent a cyclic history of western civilization.其一是因为诗中道德标准及情感都属于维多利亚并非中世纪的贵族;其二是因为故事中亚瑟王的崛起与衰败其实就是西方文明周而复始的历史写照。(《国王诗集》并不是古代传奇简单的翻版,而是对古典神话的现代诠释?)

30.Tennyson is a real artist.He has the natural power of linking visual picture with musical expressions.丁尼生是一位善于将可视的风景图画与极富乐感的表达语汇及多姿多彩的情感非常自然的糅合在一起的艺术家。31.The dreaminess of Spenser, the majesty of Milton, the natural simplicity of Wordsworth, the fantasy of Blake and Coleridge, the melody of Keats and Shelley, and the narrative vigor of Scott and Byron.丁尼生的创作不仅体现了他自身的天才,还体现了英国灿烂的诗歌传统,从斯宾塞的梦幻到弥尔顿的壮丽,从华兹华斯的自然简洁到布莱克与科勒律治的奇异诡谲,从雪莱与济慈的旋律美到司格特与拜伦的叙事天才,这一切丰富多彩的品质都在丁尼生笔下有所体现。(IV).Robert Browning罗伯特.布朗宁

32.Like Browning‟s other characters in their monologues, these people unconsciously reveal their own characters in the story.正像布朗宁其他独白作品种的人物,这些人也不自觉地通过讲述故事暴露了自己的性格特点。33.The name of Browning is often associated with the term: “ dramatic monologue.”《指环与书》一诗使布朗宁成为英国最伟大的诗人之一。

34.To Browning, the dramatic monologue is an ingenious means to exploit his literary gift without getting too personal.对布朗宁来说,戏剧独白是一种既能开发文才,又可与角色保持一定距离的灵活方式。(V)George Eliot乔治.艾略特

35.Then there came successively her three most popular novels, Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner.而后她的三部代表作相继问世:《亚当.贝德》、《费洛斯河上的磨房》以及《织工拉斯.马奈尔》 36.In1872,Middlemarch, a panoramic book considered today by many to be George Eliot‟s greatest achievement.1872年,《弥都玛持镇》问世,这部作品是她最好的作品。

37.By joining the worlds of inward propensity and outward circumstances and showing them both operating in the lives of her characters, she initiates a new type of realism and sets into motion a variety of developments, leading in the direction of both the naturalistic and psychological novel.通过将自己的内心世界与外在环境结合起来,并把两者注入对角色的塑造之中,艾略特开创了一种新型的现实主义,并进一步朝着自然主义与心理分析小说发展。

38.In her works, she seeks to present the inner struggle of a soul and to reveal the motives, impulses and hereditary influences which govern human action.在作品中,她努力的表现人们灵魂深处的斗争,揭示那种驾驭人类行为的动机,冲动及遗传影响。

39.George Eliot shows a particular concern for the destiny of women, especially those with great intelligence, potential and social aspirations.艾略特特别关心女性的命运,尤其是那些才华出众,渴望步入社会的女性。40.In her mind, the pathetic tragedy of women lies in their very birth.艾略特认为女人的不幸是出生时就随身带来的。

41.Middlemarch: but both fail in achieving their goals owing to the social environment as well as their own vulnerabilities.《弥都玛持镇》:小说的两个女性主角都具有潜在资质与雄雄野心,但都因为社会环境与自身弱点的限制没能达到人生目标。

(VI)Thomas Hardy托马斯.哈代

42.his last two novels: Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.他的最后两部小说是《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》。

43.His best local-colored works are his later ones, such as The Return of the Native, The Trumpet Major, The Mayor of Casterbridge, The Woodlanders, Tess of the D‟Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure.These works, known as “novels of character and environment,” are the most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical realist writer.他晚年的作品最富地方色彩,如《还乡》,《号兵长》,《卡斯特桥市长》,《林地居民》,《德伯家的苔丝》与《无名的裘德》这些作品便是著名的“角色与环境为纲的小说”,最好的代表了作者自然主义与批判主义的写作特点。

44.Tess, a simple, innocent and faithful country girl.She finally becomes a victim of the modern society.苔丝,一个单纯忠诚的乡村女孩,她最后成为了现代社会的牺牲品。

45.Hardy is often regarded as a transitional writer.哈代常被认为是一位承前启后的作家。

46.In his works, man is shown inevitably bound by his own inherent nature and hereditary traits which prompt him to go and search for some specific happiness or success and set him in conflict with the environment.哈代作品中的人物都不可避免的屈从于自身的天性或遗传的品质,促使他追求某一种幸福成功,从而又使自己陷入与环境的冲突中。

47.He is a meditative story-teller or romancer.他是个善于深入思考的故事家。

48.They are not only individual cases but also universal truth.他们不仅个别的例子,还是普遍的真理。

49.Their plight is not just their own;it applies to any one, any age.And finally, all the works of Hardy are noted for the rustic dialect and a poetic flavor which fits well into their perfectly designed architectural structures.他们(小说中的人物)的故事不仅是他们自身的经历,而且具有相当的普遍性。最后,哈代的作品结构完美,语言极富乡土气息与诗情画意。50.Tess of the D‟Urbervilles: There she meets Angel Clare, son of a clergyman.It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the bourgeois society and the capitalist invasion into the country and destruction of the English peasantry towards the end of the century.《德伯家的苔丝》:苔丝远离故土,外出谋生,与牧师之子安吉尔相识相爱。这部小说抨击了当时扭曲人性的虚伪道德,抨击了破坏乡村宁静的资本主义价值观。

Chapter 5

The Modern Period 现代时期

1.The once sun-never-set Empire finally collapsed.日不落帝国终于日薄西山了。

2.Arthur Schopenhauer, a pessimistic philosopher, started a rebellion against rationalism, stressing the importance of will and intuition.德国哲学家亚瑟.叔本华的悲观主义与反理性哲学强调了人的意愿与直觉的重要性。

3.Friedrich Nietzsche advocated the doctrines of power and superman and by completely rejecting the Christian morality.尼采继承了叔本华的理论后,更进一步的反叛理性主义与基督教精神,推崇强权与霸权。4.Henry Bergson established his irrational philosophy, which put the emphasis on creation, intuition, irrationality and unconsciousness.亨利.伯格森在前人基础上创立了非理性哲学,强调创造力,直觉,非理性与无意识。5.The appalling shock of the First World War severely destroyed people‟s faith in the Victorian values.一战的毁灭性灾难摧垮了人们对维多利亚道德标准的信奉。6.The French symbolism, appearing in the late 19th century, heralded modernism.19世纪晚期法国的象征主义预示了现代主义的诞生。7.literary trends of modernism: expressionism, surrealism, futurism, Dadaism, imagism and stream of consciousness.一战后,所有的现代主义文**流都产生了:表现主义(强调自我表现,反对艺术的目的性),超现实主义,未来主义,达达主义(颓废派文艺),意象主义以及意识流等等。8.The major figures were Kafka, Picasso, Pound, Webern, Ts Eliot, Joyce and Virginia Woolf.这场运动的杰出代表人物有卡夫卡,毕加索,庞德,韦伯恩,T.S.埃略特,乔伊斯及费洛尼亚.沃尔夫。

9.After the Second World War, a variety of modernism, or post-modernism, like existentialist literature, theater of the absurd, new novels and black humor, rose with the spur of the existentialist idea that “the world was absurd, and the human life was an agony.”二战后,另一种形式的现实主义,即后现代主义,比如存在主义文学,荒诞派戏剧,新小说及黑色幽默,如雨后春笋涌现出来,其理论基础便是存在主义所讲的“世界是荒谬的,人生则是巨大的痛苦”。

10.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base.现代主义以非理性哲学和精神分析原理作为理论基础。11.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.现代派文学的主题便是反映人与自然,人与社会,人与人,人与自我之间被扭曲的,渐渐疏远的,病态的关系。12.As a result, the works created by the modernist writers are often labeled as anti-novel, anti-poetry and anti-drama.这样一来,现代主义作品常被称为反小说,反诗歌与反戏剧。13.With the coming of the 1950s, there was a return of realistic poetry again.50年代,现实主义诗歌又开始回溯。14.D.H.Lawrence is regarded as revolutionary as Joyce in novel writing.His interest lay in his tracing of the psychological development of his characters and in his energetic criticism of the dehumanizing effect of the capitalist Industrialization on human nature.In his best novels like The Rainbow and Women in Love, he made a bold psychological exploration of various human relationships.D.H.劳伦斯被认为和乔伊斯一样大胆改革小说创作手法,与乔伊斯不同,劳伦斯对写作技巧的改革不感兴趣,依然沿袭传统的完整的故事情节,但他极力展现角色的心理发展,尖锐的批判了资本主义工业化对人性的非人道的扭曲。在他最优秀的作品中,如《虹》,《恋爱中的女人》,劳伦斯大胆的探索了各种人性心理,人际关系,尤其是男人与女人之间的关系。

15.by the whole capitalist mechanical civilization, which turned men into inhuman machines.资本主义机器工业文明将人变成了无性的机器。16.Oscar Wilde, his masterpiece, The importance of Being Earnest.奥斯卡.王尔德的代表作是《认真的重要性》。17.Shaw is considered to be the best-known English dramatist since Shakespeare.萧伯纳在戏剧方面被公认为自莎士比亚后,英国最优秀的戏剧大师。18.The Silver Box and Strife are such examples, in which Galsworthy presents not only realistic picture of social injustice, but also the workers‟ heroic struggles against their employers.《银盒》与《抗争》便是很好的例子,其中高尔斯华绥不仅真实地展示了社会的不公平,还生动描写了工人与资本家的英勇抗争。19.The 1930s witnessed a revival of poetic drama in England.One of the early experimenters was T.S.Eliot who regarded drama as the best medium of poetry.30年代,英国的戏剧复兴了,最早的改革试验者T.S.埃略特说,戏剧是诗歌传播与普及的最佳媒介。

20.This revolution developed in two directions: the working-class drama and the Theater of Absurd.(The English dramatic revolution)戏剧发展为两派:工人阶级戏剧与荒诞派戏剧。

21.The most original playwright of the Theater of Absurd is Samuel Beckett, who wrote about human beings living a meaningless life in an alien, decaying world.He first play, Waiting fro Godot.荒诞派戏剧代表人物是塞缪尔.贝克特。他擅长描写生活在孤立腐朽的世界里的人与毫无意义的人生。(I).George Bernard Shaw乔治..萧伯纳

22.Shaw held that art should serve social purposes by reflecting human life, revealing social contradictions and educating the common people.萧主张艺术应该为社会服务,应该反映人的生活与社会矛盾并教育广大人民。

23.The mission of his drama was to reveal the moral, political and economic truth from a radical reformist point of view.His works contain Widowers‟ House, Mrs.Warren‟s Profession, is a play about the economic oppression of women.他的剧作主要揭露当时的社会,经济,道德,宗教中的罪恶,表现了自己作为左翼社会主义改良派的观点。他的早期代表作品包括《鳏夫的房产》,《沃伦夫人的职业》的主题是对妇女们经济上的压迫。

24.Shaw also produced several plays, exploring his idea of “Life Force,” the power that would create superior beings to be equal to God and to solve all the social, moral, and metaphysical problems of human society.萧伯纳还创作了一系列话剧,探索了“生命的力量”---一种能够与上帝齐平,解决各种社会,道德及玄奥问题的超级力量。

25.Shaw wrote plays on miscellaneous subject.The Apple Cart is about politics;John Bull‟s Other Island is about racial problems.萧伯纳的作品还有关于政治的《苹果车》,关于种族问题的《约翰.布尔的另外岛屿》。26.Too True to be Good is a better play of the later period, with the author‟s almost nihilistic bitterness on the subjects of the cruelty and madness of World War I and the aimlessness and disillusion of the young.出色的作品《难以置信》,主题是对残忍疯狂的第一次世界大战近乎虚无主义的嘲讽和对幻灭失落的青年一代的忧伤。

27.One feature of Shaw‟s characterization is that he makes the trick of showing up one character vividly at the expense of another.萧伯纳人物塑造方面的特点是他经常不惜贬低另一些角色来极力生动形象地展示某一个角色。

28.Much of Shavian drama is constructed around the inversion of a conventional theatrical situation.萧伯纳的许多戏剧情节与角色都在传统的基础上发生倒转错位。29.The forward motion consists not in the unrolling of plot but in the operation of the spirit of discourse.动作的进行不仅体现在情节的铺展中,也体现在对白的内涵中。(情节丰富,但不以情节取胜,生动的对白超越了故事情节的光彩)

(II).John Galsworthy约翰.高尔斯华绥

30.The Forsyte Saga, his first trilogy: The Man of Property, In Chancery and To Let.His second Forsyte trilogy, A Modern Comedy, appeared in 1929, and the third, End of the chapter, posthumously in 1934.一战之后他完成了第一部费尔塞特世家三部曲,包括《财主》,《骑虎难下》,《出租》。第二部费尔塞特三部曲《现代喜剧》于1929年问世,第三部《篇章末尾》,则在他去世后的1934年出版。

31.Galsworthy was a conventional writer, having inherited the fine traditions of the great Victorian novelists of the critical realism such as Dickens and Thackeray.高尔斯华绥是传统型作家,继承了狄更斯,萨克雷等维多利亚时期文学家的优良风格。32.He wrote in a clear and unpretentious style with a clear and straightforward language.他的语言与风格都是同样的清晰,直白,毫无做作。33.The Man of Property: The theme of this novel is that of the predominant possessive instinct of the Forsytes and its effects upon the personal relationships.《财主》:这部小说展示了费尔塞特家族盛行的占有欲与唯利是图,这种占有欲深刻影响到家族内的人际关系。

(III).William Butler Yeats威廉.巴特勒.叶芝

34.In 1923, he was awarded Nobel Prize for literature.1923年他获得了诺贝尔文学奖。

35.He came to see that literature should not be an end in itself but the expression of conviction and the garment of noble emotion.他认为艺术的最终目的并非它本身,而是对社会成员的说教及对高尚情感的抒发。36.His poetic achievement stands at the center of modern literature.他是最优秀的英文诗人之一,是现代文学的中流砥柱。

37.Yeats has achieved suggestive patterns of meaning by a careful counterpointing of contrasting ideas or images.叶芝还实现了意义的深邃暗含,因为他将反差极大的意象对应起来。38.“The Lake Isle of Innisfree” is just a popular representative of such poems.“伊尼斯弗利的湖中沙洲”一诗便是这样的典范。

39.Yeats came to realize that eternal beauty could only live in the realm of art.他渐渐意识到永恒的美只存在于艺术王国。

(IV).T.S.Eliot T.S.埃略特

40.His first important poem, “The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock,” appeared in 1915.他的第一首重要诗作“J.A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”于1915年问世。

41.He won various awards, including the Nobel Prize and the Order of Merit in 1948.他一生荣获许多大奖,包括1948年的诺贝尔文学奖与功绩勋位。42.As a young man with bitter disillusionment and with boldness in the handling of language, Eliot had explore in his early poetry various aspects of decay of culture in the modern Western world, expressing a sense of the disintegration of life.作为一个经历过幻灭痛苦的青年,凭借着灵活运用语言的勇气,埃略特在早期诗歌中探索了现代化西方文明在各方个面的衰败,传达出一种生命崩溃的悲观。

43.The poem is heavily indebted to James Joyce in terms of the stream-of-consciousness technique.《衰老》一诗很大程度上效仿了乔伊斯的意识流手法,而且埃略特在以后的创作中也大量运用了意识流。44.The Hollow Men, which bears a strong thematic resemblance to The Waste Land, is generally regarded as the darkest of Eliot‟s poems.《空洞的人》在主题上十分近似《荒原》,是埃略特最黑暗的诗。45.“The Waste Land” not only presents a panorama of physical disorder and spiritual desolation in the modern Western world, but also reflects the prevalent mood of disillusionment and despair of a whole post-war generation.《荒原》不仅全面展现了现代西方社会物质上的错乱和精神上的颓败,而且也反映出战后一代人中盛行的幻灭与绝望。

46.The Waste Land is a poem concerned with the spiritual breakup of a modern civilization in which human life has lost its meaning, significance and purpose.《荒原》一诗的主题是表现现代文明中人们精神的堕落与崩溃,人生已失去了意义与目的。

47.In his famous essay, “Tradition and individual Talent,” Eliot put great emphasis on the importance of tradition both in creative writing and in criticism.在著名散文“传统与个人天才”中,他强调传统对创作与评论两方面的重要作用。

48.Eliot came to believe that the illness of the modern world was of the sum of individual souls, and that the cure could only be obtained by the change of the individual souls through the religious salvation.埃略特认为现代社会的弊病是每个社会成员灵魂深处弊病的总合,只有通过宗教救赎人的灵魂才能救治整个社会。49.The Love Song of J.Alfred Prufrock :The poem is in a form of dramatic monologue, suggesting an ironic contrast between a pretended love song and a confession of the speaker‟ s incapability of facing up to love and to life a sterile upper-class world.“J.A.布鲁富克劳的情歌”:全诗的形式是戏剧独白,暗示了虚假的“情歌”与主人公自己承认的无法直面爱情及无聊得上流社会生活之间的讽刺性对照。(V).D.H.Lawrence戴维.伯特.劳伦斯

50.His autobiographical novel, Sons and Lovers.《儿子与情人》是他的自传体作品。该作品出版后,他才确立了杰出小说家的地位。51.The following two novels, The Rainbow and Women in Love, are generally regarded as his masterpieces.接下来的两部小说《虹》和《恋爱中的女人》被认为是他的代表作。

52.In Lawrence‟s opinion, the mechanical civilization is responsible for the unhealthy development of human personalities, the perversion of love and the failure of human fulfillment in marital relationships.劳伦斯认为工业机械化的文明是人类个性病态发展,爱情扭曲,婚姻不幸的罪魁祸首。

53.Gerald Crich, representing the whole set of bourgeois ethics.Whereas Birkin, a self-portrait of Lawrence, is presented as a symbolic figure of human warmth, standing for the spontaneous Life Force.《恋爱中的女人》中杰拉德象征着精神的死亡,代表了整个资产阶级的伦理观。而勃金则是劳伦斯的一幅自画像,他反抗着工业机械化带来的种种压抑以及任何一种丧失了生命力的形式与教条,代表了人情温暖及生命原始的冲动。

54.By portraying, in Aaron‟s Rod, a disillusioned man who attempts to save his integrity by running away again and again from his wife and children,Lawrence tries to show that every man is a sacred and holy individual whose integrity should never be violated or dominated.在《亚伦神杖》中,劳伦斯塑造了一个幻想破灭的男人,为了维护美德与尊严一次次逃离妻儿,表现了每个人都是神圣的,独立的,其人格与尊严不得侵犯。

55.Irony, humour and wit are the characteristic features of many of the stories.讽刺,幽默,机智都是他短篇小说的特点。56.Lawrence is also a proficient poet.劳伦斯还是个天才多产的诗人。

57.Lawrence was discovered to be an important playwright in 1968 with the efforts of Peter Gill who staged three plays known as “the Lawrence trilogy” at the Royal Court.These three plays: A Collier‟s Friday Night, The Daughter-in-law and The Widowing of Mrs.Holroyed, have in common the typical working-class environments set in Nottinghamshire.1968年,劳伦斯的三部戏剧作品,称为“劳伦斯三部曲”,在彼得.吉尔的帮助下,在皇家剧院登台演出,从而劳伦斯又成为重要的剧作家,这三部戏是《矿工的周五夜晚》,《儿媳》以及《守寡的霍尔罗伊德夫人》,这三部作品的背景都是诺丁汉姆郡的工人阶级。58.Lawrence was one of the first novelists to introduce themes of psychology into his works.He believed that the healthy way of the individual „s psychological development lay in the primacy of the life impulse, or in another term, the sexual impulse.Human sexuality was, to Lawrence, a symbol of Life Force.劳伦斯是首先将心理透析引入作品的小说家之一,他认为人类心理的健康主要在于生命的冲动,或曰性冲动,性行为是生命活力的体现。

59.Lawrence‟s artistic tendency is mainly realism, which combines dramatic scenes with an authoritative commentary.劳伦斯继承了现实主义创作手法,将戏剧化情节与权威性的评说结合起来。60.Lawrence endows the traditional realism with a fresh psychological meaning.Through a combination of traditional realism and the innovating elements of symbolism and poetic imagination, Lawrence has managed to bring out the subtle ebb and flow of his characters‟ subconscious life.劳伦斯通过将传统的现实主义手法与改革后的象征主义与诗化联想结合为一体,劳伦斯成功的展示了角色潜意识的跌宕起伏,赋予传统现实主义新的意义。(VI).James Joyce詹姆斯.乔伊斯

61.Joyce published his first novel A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.The title of the novel suggests a character study with strong autobiographical elements.The novel can be read as a naturalistic account of the hero‟s bitter experiences and final artistic and spiritual liberation.1916年,乔伊斯第一部长篇小说《艺术家年轻时代的肖像》出版。小说的题目暗示着角色塑造有自传成分。这部作品可以说是自然主义的,描述了主人公痛苦的生活经历及最后艺术与精神上的解放。

62.Ulysses, Joyce‟s masterpiece, has became a prime example of modernism in literature.The three major characters are: Leopold Bloom, an Irish Jew, his wife, Marion Tweedy Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus, the protagonist in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.乔伊斯真正的代表作是《尤利西斯》,这部小说是现代主义文学的首要典范。只有三个主要角色:爱尔兰的犹太人利奥普尔德.布鲁姆,他的妻子马丽翁.T.布鲁姆以及史蒂芬.德达拉斯,也就是《艺术家年轻时代的画像》中的主人公。

63.In Ulysses, the events of the day seem to be trivial, insignificant or even banal.But below the surface of the events, the natural flow of mental reflections, the shifting moods and impulses in the characters‟ inner world are richly presented in an unprecedentedly frank and penetrating way.在《尤利西斯》小说中,这一天内发生的事情极为琐碎,毫无意义,甚至非常陈腐。但在这平庸的表面下陷藏着自然的意识流,反映了角色内心的思想活动及心情与冲动的变化转移,表达空前直白,极富穿透力。

64.This literary approach to the presentation of psychological aspects of characters is usually termed as “stream of consciousness.” And Joyce is regarded as the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist, concentrating on revealing in his novels the psychic being of the characters.这种表达角色心理状态的文学手法便是“意识流”。而乔伊斯则是最伟大的意识流小说家。65.Another remarkable feature of Joyce‟s writings is his style.His own style is a straightforward one, lucid, logical and leisurely;subtlety, economy and exactness are his standards.But when he tries to render the so-called stream of consciousness, the style changes: incomplete, rapid, broken wording and fragmentary sentences are the typical features, which reflect the shifting, flirting, disorderly flow of thoughts in the major characters‟ mind.乔伊斯小说的另一个特点是他的文体风格,他本身的文风直白,清晰,富于逻辑而游刃有余;细微,简洁,精确也是他的语言标准。然而一旦进入“意识流”,他的文风便陡转急变:处处可见不完整,短促,支离破碎的语句和措辞,这些都如实反映出角色的思想意识的怪异多变,闪烁不定及杂乱无章。66.“Araby” from Dubliners This tale of the frustrated quest for beauty in the midst of drabness is both meticulously realistic in its handling of details of Dublin Life and the Dublin scene and highly symbolic in that almost every image and incident suggests some particular aspect of the theme.《都柏林人》:这则故事主题是在单调乏味的环境包围下对美的追求的挫败,故事既富于现实主义又富于象征主义,现实主义在于它细致入微的描述了都柏林的景观与生活,象征主义在于每一个意象每一件事都暗示着主题的某个方面。

Part two: American Literature Chapter 1

The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期

1.From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War.It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。(也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”)

2.The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会,回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。

3.The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产,对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。

4.Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers.在霍桑,麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。

5.The most clearly defined Romantic literary movement in this period is New England Transcendentalism.美国浪漫主义文学运动足能标炳的是新英格兰的超验主义运动。6.This Transcendentalist group includes two of the most significant writers America has produced so far, Emerson and his young friend, Henry David Thoreau, whose writing has a strong impact on American literature.超验主义文学的主要代表是爱默生和梭罗,他们的作品对美国文学产生了很大的影响。7.Basically, Transcendentalism has been defined philosophically as “the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.”超验主义承认“人类具有本能了解或认识真理的能力,能够超过感官获取知识”。8.Emerson once proclaimed in a speech, “Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of you own mind.” Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant.爱默生曾说过:“只有人心灵的尊严才是最神圣的”。超验主义还认为自然是高尚的,个人是神圣的,因此人必须自助。

9.It ranges from the comic fables of Washington Irving to the Gothic tales of Edgar Allen Poe, from the frontier adventures of James Fenimore Cooper to the narrative quests of Herman Melville, from the psychological romances of Nathaniel Hawthorne to the social realism of Rebecca Harding.美国浪漫主义时期的小说富有独创性,多样性,与华盛顿.欧文的喜剧性寓言体小说,有艾伦.坡的哥特式惊险故事,有库柏的边疆历险故事,有麦尔维尔的长篇叙事,有霍桑的心理罗曼史,有戴维斯的社会现实小说。10.To Hawthorne and Melyille, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature.霍桑和麦尔维尔认为人们在内心上都是罪人,因此需要道德力量来改善人性。

(I).Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文

11.He is regarded as Father of the American short stories.他是美国浪漫主义文学代表作家之一,美国短篇小说之父。

12.With the publication of The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Irving won a measure of international fame on both sides of the Atlantic.1819年至1820年,欧文出版了《见闻札记》,该书为欧文获得了欧美两大洲的文学荣誉。

13.A History of New York---He parodies or imitates Homer.《纽约史》在多方面模仿了荷马。

14.Like the two famous personae he created, Diedrich Knickerbocker and Geoffrey Crayon, Irving remained a conservative and always exalted a disappearing past.他所创造的两个人物Diedrich Knickerbocker和Geoffrey Crayon和他一样,都停留在对过去的事情的津津乐道上。

15.We hear rather than read, for there is musicality in almost every line of his prose.We seldom learn a moral lesson because he wants us amused and relaxed.他的作品行文优美流畅,犹如音乐。他的作品寓教于乐,给人以轻松安逸之感,如入梦境。

16.He is worth the honor of being “the American Goldsmith” for his literary craftsmanship.在创作艺术方面他堪称是“美国的近匠”。

17.“rip van winkle”—Here, Irving‟s pervasive theme of nostalgia for the unrecoverable past is at once made unforgettable.“瑞普.凡.温克尔”---欧文在此表达了对一去不复返的东西十分依恋,笔触生动,令人难忘。

(II).Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫.华尔多.爱默生

18.New England Transcendentalism, which is unanimously agreed to be the summit of the Romantic period in the history of American literature.在美国浪漫主义时期的文学中,新英格兰的超验主义是不可或缺的。19.Emersonian Transcendentalism is actually a philosophical school which absorbed some ideological concerns of American Puritanism and European Romanticism, with its focus on the intuitive knowledge of human beings to grasp the absolute in the universe and the divinity of man.爱默生的超验主义实际上是在吸收美国清教思想,强调人类具有本能的掌握宇宙绝对真理和人的神性而形成的一个哲学流派。20.In his essays, Emerson put forward his philosophy of the over-soul, the importance of the individual, and Nature.爱默生的文章提出了超灵哲学,个人及自然的重要性。21.Emerson id affirmative about man‟s intuitive knowledge, with which a man can trust himself to decide what is right and to act accordingly.爱默生相信人的直觉知识。人类可以利用自己的直觉决定是非并采取相应得行动。

22.The ideal individual should be a self-reliant man.一个理想的个人应是自助自立的人。

23.“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you‟ll become spiritually whole again.”“回到自然中去吧,沉浸在自然的影响中吧,你将重新获得精神的完整。” 24.In 1845, a great transcendentalist work Walden was born.1845年,写成了超验主义的伟大作品《沃尔登》。25.In general, Emerson was showing to the world a distinctive American style, as he called for in The American Scholar in 1837.总的说来,爱默生的散文表现出明显的美国风格,堪称“美国学者”。

26.“Nature”-the essay discuss the love of nature, the uses of nature, the idealist philosophy in relation to nature evidences of spirit in the material universe, and the potential expansion of human souls and works that will result from a general return to direct, immediate contact with the natural environment.In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature.“论自然”----全书讨论对自然的爱,对自然的利用,对自然的理性主义哲学,物质宇宙里的精神证据,人类灵魂的潜在扩展。在文章中爱默生表达了超验主义的思想原则及对自然的热爱。

(III)Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔。霍桑

27.The Scarlet Letter(1850), always regarded as the best of his works, tells a simple but very moving story in which four people living in a Puritan community.《红字》是霍桑的代表作,讲述的是四个生活在清教社区以不同方式犯有通奸罪的故事,情节简单,但内容感人。

28.According to Hawthorne, “There is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life;but circumstances may rouse it to activity.”霍桑认为,人人内心都有邪恶,这种邪恶也许一生都潜藏在内心,但在一定的条件下就表现出来。

29.“The Birthmark” drives home symbolically Hawthorne‟s point that evil is man‟s birthmark, something he is born with.在《胎记》中他一针见血地指出邪恶就是人类与生俱来的胎记。

30.One source of evil that Hawthorne is concerned most is overreaching intellect, which usually refers to someone who is too proud, too sure of himself.霍桑最关注的一个罪恶之源是一个人过于自尊自负。31.Calvinistic belief that human beings are basically depraved and corrupted, hence, they should obey God to atone for their sins.加尔文思想认为人类本质是邪恶的,必然向上帝赎罪。32.Hawthorne is also a great allegorist and almost every story can be read allegorically, as is the case in “Young Goodman Brown.”霍桑擅长隐喻,像《小伙子布朗》一样,他几乎每个故事都可以当作隐喻来读。33.The scarlet letter A is ambiguous.And the ambiguity is one of the Salient characteristics of Hawthorne‟s art.人们对A字究竟是什么意思搞不清楚。这种多重含义和象征意义的模糊性正是霍桑小说的艺术所在。(IV)Walt Whitman华尔特.惠特曼

34.His aim was nothing less than to express some new poetical feelings and to initiate a poetic tradition in which difference should be recognized.他的目的就是要表达新的诗情,开创一种新的诗歌传统,抒发独特的自我。

35.the poet‟s essential purpose was to identify his ego with the world, and more specifically with the democratic “en-masse” of America, which is established in the opening lines of “Song of Myself.”诗人的主要目的就是在世界上确定自我,更具体的说就是要在整个美国确定自我。《自我之歌》的开头几行就表现了这种思想。

36.As Whitman saw it, poetry could play a vital part in the process of creating a new nation.惠特曼认为,诗歌可以塑造一个新的民族精神。37.In celebrating the self, Whitman gives emphasis to the physical dimension of the self and openly and joyously celebrates sexuality.在歌颂自我的同时,惠特曼强调子我的物理存在和性爱。

38.Whitman‟s poetic style is marked, first of all, by the use of the poetic “I”.他的诗总用第一人称。39.“Song of Myself”-In this poem Whitman sets forth two principal belief: the theory of universality, and the belief in the singularity and equality of all beings in value.《自我之歌》---诗中表明了两大信仰:一是普遍性信仰,二是人类个别性和平等性。(V)Herman Melville赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

40.Moby-Dick was published in 1851.《白鲸》在1851年出版。

41.Of all these sea adventure stories, Moby-Dick proves to be the best.这些有关航海历险的书中,《白鲸》最好,达到了麦尔维尔创作的高峰。

42.Moby-Dick is regarded as the first American prose epic.《白鲸》是美国第一部散文体史诗。43.It turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man‟s deep reality and psychology.《白鲸》不仅仅是海上生活的生动描述,而且也象征追求宇宙真理的心路历程。

44.the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage become a search for truth.The white whale, Moby Dick, symbolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.For the character Ahab, however, the whale represents only evil.这条船皮跨德成了人类社会和追求真理历程的缩影。白鲸则象征着自然,复杂,深不可测,也很美丽。但对埃哈布,白鲸则代表着邪恶。白鲸像一堵墙,隐藏着未知和神秘。

45.Melville‟s great gifts of language, invention, psychological analysis, speculative agility, and narrative power are fused to make Moby-Dick a world classic.麦尔维尔的语言才华,创造才华,心理分析能力,观察的敏捷及生动地描述都使该书成为世界名著。

Chapter 2 The Realistic Period现实主义时期

1.This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life.由于对现实生活产生了浓厚的兴趣,产生了新的创作灵感。

2.The three dominant figures of the period are William Dean Howells, Mark Twain, and Henry James.这一时期的三个代表作家是豪威尔斯,亨利.詹姆斯和马克.吐温。3.In short, they set the example and charted the future course for the subjects, themes, techniques and styles of fiction we still call modern.总之,他们为后来的现实文学在题材,技巧和风格上都树立了典范。

4.Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories.豪威尔斯讨论上升的中产阶级及其生活方式,而马克.吐温则喜欢把他自己家乡的人放在故事的最前沿。

5.In a word, naturalism is evolved from realism when the author‟s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic.总之,自然主义产生现实主义,只是在创作上更富讽刺,更加悲观。自然主义只有另一种哲学途径的现实主义。(I)Mark Twain马克.吐温

6.Mark Twain is considered as “the true father of American national literature.”马克.吐温被认为是“我们真正的民族文学之父”。7.Two of the best books during this period are The adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.The former is usually regarded as a classic book written for boys about their particular horrors and joys, while the latter, being a boy‟s book specially written for the adults, is Twain‟s most representative work, describing a journey down the Mississippi undertaken by two fugitives, Huck and Jim.这一期间他最伟大的作品是《汤姆.索亚历险记》和《哈克贝里.芬历险记》。前者是就儿童的恐惧和高兴的事儿写的一部儿童经典。而后者虽然是儿童故事,却为大人而写。这是马克.吐温最有代表性的小说,描写两个流浪儿童哈克和吉姆沿密西西比河而下历险的旅程。8.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and, especially, its sequence Adventures of Huckleberry Finn proved themselves to be the mile stone in American literature.《汤姆.索亚历险记》,尤其是《哈克贝里.芬历险记》是美国文学的里程碑。

9.The childhood of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn in the Mississippi is a record of a vanished way of life in the pre-Civil War Mississippi valley and it has moved millions of people of different ages and conditions all over the world;and the books are noted for their unpretentious, colloquial yet poetic style, their wide-ranging humor, and their universally shared dream of perfect innocence and freedom.汤姆.索亚和哈克.芬在密西西比河上度过的童年是内战前该条河谷生活方式的实录,感动了数以万计的各种年龄的人。书中的率直,口语化而又不失诗意的语言风格,广泛的幽默,天真和自由的梦想都是令人难忘的。

10.Hemingway once described the novel the one book from which “all modern American literature comes.”

The profound portrait of Huckleberry Finn is another great contribution of the book to the legacy of American literature.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》----海明威曾把该书看作是”所有现代美国文学之源”.。哈克贝里的深刻形象是该书给美国文学做出的又一贡献。

11.The climax arises with Huck‟s inner struggle on the Mississippi, when Huck is polarized by the two opposing and the laws of the society against those who help slaves escapes哈克在密西西比河的内心争斗室小说的高潮。哈克在理想与现实,对吉姆的感情与社会反对奴隶逃跑的法律之间被抛到了巅峰。

12.Huck‟s final decision---to follow his own good-hearted moral impulse rather than conventional village morality.哈克最后决定:遵循自己内心的良知,而非世俗的道德。

13.Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of local characters of his regions, including people living in that area, the landscape, and other peculiarities like the customs, dialects, costumes and so on.马克.吐温善于描绘地方风物,包括地方任务,风光,风俗,方言和服饰等等。

14.Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular.His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language.马克.吐温独特的另一个方面是他乡土气息的语言风格。他的用词口语化,具体可感,直率有力。句子结构简单,不合语法。15.Mark Twain‟s humor is remarkable.马克.吐温的幽默是突出的。

16.Twain‟s works, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks, etc., and some of them are actually tall tales.他的作品生动有趣,充盈着实用的笑话,喜剧情节,智慧的语言以及动听的故事。17.His humor is a kind of artistic style used to criticize the social injustice and satirize the decayed romanticism.他的幽默是对社会不公正和沦丧的浪漫主义的讽刺和批判。

18.Adventures of Huckleberry: “Huck”, a typical American can Boy whom its creator described as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”.Through the eyes of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed and at the same time we are deeply impressed by Mark Twain‟s thematic contrasts between innocence and experience, nature and culture, wilderness and civilization.《哈克贝里.芬历险记》---该小说最精彩的形象是哈克,他是被作者称为一个“有正常心理和畸形良知”的美国男孩。通过天真又叛逆的哈克的眼睛,我们看到内战的美国社会的真正面目,同时,通过马克.吐温对比性的描写,我们还看到了率真与世故,自然与文化,野蛮与文明的对立。

(II)

Henry James亨利.詹姆斯

19.While Mark Twain and William Dean Howells satirized European manners at times, Henry James was an admirer of ancient European civilization.马克.吐温和豪威尔斯不时的讽刺欧洲传统,而詹姆斯却羡慕欧洲文明。

20.In the first period of his, James took great interest in international themes.James treated with great care the clashes between two different cultures and the emotional and moral problems of Americans in Europe, or Europeans in America.The works include “The American”, “Daisy miller”, “The Europeans”, “The Portrait of Lady”.在詹姆斯的早期作品中,他对国际主题很感兴趣。这一时期几乎他的每一部小说都有关欧美在文化,情感和道德方面的冲突,每篇作品都处理了重要的问题。著作有《美国人》,《黛西.米勒》,《欧洲人》,《贵妇人的画像》。

21.In his middle period, the works contain “The Bostonians”, “The Princess Casamassima”, and so on.中期创作包括《波士顿人》,《卡撒玛西玛公主》等等。

22.In his last and major period, James returned to his “international theme”.后期他又回到了“国际主题”。23.These novels are always set against a larger international background, usually between Europe and America, and centered on the confrontation of the two different cultures with two different groups of people representing two different value systems.(国际主题的小说)这些小说以国际,主要是欧美为大背景,集中表现两种人群的两种价值观在两种文化制度中的冲突。

24.The theme of his essay “The Art of Fiction” clearly indicates that the aim of the novel is to present life.《小说的艺术》一文明确指出,小说的目的是现实生活。25.The artist should be able to “feel” the life, to understand human nature, and then to record them in his own art form.艺术家应能够“感受”生活,理解人性,然后忠实地将这些录入作品。

26.James‟s realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter.詹姆斯的现实主义还具有分析方法的倾向。

27.One of James‟s literary techniques innovated to cater for this psychological emphasis is his narrative “point of view”.詹姆斯文学创作技巧的一个方面就是强调这种心理分析,以叙述着的视角为线索。28.As to his language, James is not so easy to understand.He is often highly refined and insightful.詹姆斯的文学语言不易读懂。29.“Daisy Miller”: Miller has ever since become the American Girl in Europe, a celebrated cultural type who embodies the spirit of the New World.《黛西.米勒》---黛西.米勒从此成为在欧洲的美国姑娘的形象,是美国精神的代表。

(III).Emily Dickinson艾米莉.狄金森

30.Dickinson‟s poems are usually based on her own experience, her sorrows and joys.狄金森的诗都是根据自己的经历和悲欢而创作的。31.Within her little lyrics Dickinson addresses those issues that concern the whole human beings, which include religion, death, immortality, love, and nature.In some of her poems she wrote about her double and belief about religious subjects.在她的短篇抒情诗里所涉及到的问题却是有关人类的,包括宗教,死亡,不朽,爱情和自然。她的一些诗还怀疑宗教信仰。

32.Although she believed in God, she sometimes doubted His benevolence.Closely related to Dickinson‟s religious poetry are her poems concerning death and immortality, ranging over the physical as well as the psychological and emotional aspects of death.虽然她相信上帝但有时却怀疑它的善。狄金森与宗教有关的诗是关于死亡和不朽,包括身体,心理和情感三个方面。

33.One group of her love poems are clearly the reflection of her own unhappy experience.她的一组爱情诗明确地反映了她自己不幸的经历。

34.More than five hundred poems Dickinson wrote are about nature, in which her general skepticism about the relationship between man and nature is well-expressed.狄金森有500多首诗是关于自然的,诗中表达了作者对人与自然关系得怀疑。

35.her acute observations, her concern for precise details and her interest in nature are pervasive.她对自然的观察敏锐,描写细致,兴趣丰饶。

36.Her poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first lines.In her poetry there is a particular stress pattern.eg.Capital letters as a means of emphasis.The form of her poetry is more or less like that of the hymns in community churches, familiar, communal, and sometimes, irregular.她的诗大多无题,常以首句引用,诗中节奏特别,例如用大写表示强调。她的诗形式上多少有点像教堂的圣歌,不讲规则,为人喜闻乐见。

37.Her poetic idiom is noted for its laconic brevity, directness and plainness.她用词简洁,直率,平易。38.Dickinson‟s poetry, despite its ostensible formal simplicity, is remarkable for its variety, subtlety and richness.狄金森的诗虽然表面浅显,但内容多样化,微妙而又深刻。(IV)Theodore Dreiser西奥多.德莱塞

39.In 1911, Jennie Gerhardt came out, followed by two volumes of his “Trilogy of Desire”, The Financier and The Titan, the third, The Stoic, being published posthumously in 1947.1911年,Jennie Gerhardt出版,随后他的《欲望》三部曲头两部《金融家》,《巨头》相继出版,第三部《斯多葛》是死后出版。

40.In his words, man is a “victim of forces over which he has no control”.用他的话来说,人类是“各种力量交织在一起得受害者,这些力量人类是无法控制的”。

41.From the first novel Sister Carrie on, Dreiser set himself to project the American values for what he had found them to be---materialistic to the core.在第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》出版过后,德莱塞一直把美国的价值观推向彻底的物质享受主义。

42.For lack of concision, his writings appear more inclusive and less selective, and the readers are sometimes burdened with massive detailed descriptions of characters and events.由于不够简洁,他的作品包容有余,选择不足。读者深受他冗繁的描写之累。

43.His style is not polished but very serious and well calculated to achieve the thematic ends he sough.他的写作风格虽显粗糙,但内容严肃,与表现主题十分相符。

Chapter 3 The Modern Period现代时期

1.The idea of “seize the day” or “enjoy the present ” was pervasive, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.“及时行乐”的思想十分横行,他们不把希望寄托在将来。2.The most recognizable literary movement that gave rise to the twentieth century American literature, or we may say, the second American Renaissance, is the expatriate movement.美国20世纪的文学运动,也可说是美国第二次文艺复兴,就是移居国外的运动。

3.These writers were later named by an American writer, Gertrude Stein, also an expatriate, “The Lost Generation”.(why)---Disillusioned and disgusted by the frivolous greedy, and heedless way of life in America, they began to write and they wrote from their own experiences in the war.这些作家后来被美国作家斯坦恩称为“迷惘的一代”(原因)--由于他们已厌倦美国那种轻浮,贪婪的生活,于是开始动手写下他们的战争经历。4.Ezra Pound‟s role as a leading spokesman of famous Imagist Movement in the history of American literature.庞德在美国文学史上意象派运动中是个重要的人物。5.F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner are considered to be the masters in the field of American fiction.费兹杰拉德,海明威和福克纳被认为是美国小说大师。

6.O‟Neill is remembered for his tragic view of life and most of his plays are about the root, the truth of human desires and human frustrations.奥尼尔以对生活的悲剧性观点而著称。他的大多数剧本都是有关人类欲望和挫折根本原因的。

7.J.D.Salinger‟s The Catcher in the Rye is regarded as a students‟ classic.塞林杰的《麦田里的守望者》被认为是学生的经典作品。

8.In general terms, much serious literature written from 1912 onwards attempted to convey a vision of social breakdown and moral decay and the writer‟s task was to develop techniques that could represent a break with the past.Thus, the defining formal characteristics of the modernistic works are discontinuity and fragmentation.总之,1912年以后许多严肃文学都力图表达社会崩溃,道德沦丧的观点,作家也使用新技巧,告别老传统。9.A typical modern work will seem to begin arbitrarily, to advance without explanation, and to end without resolution.现代文学的典型特征是开端任意,发展不做解释以及没有结果的收场。

10.There are shifts in perspective, voice, and tone, but the biggest shift is from the external to internal, from the public to the private, from the chronological to the psychic, from the objective description to the subjective projection.作品在现实,语气上较前有变化,其中最大的变化是从描写外部世界转到内部世界,从公众生活转到私生活描写,从时间线索转到以心理感觉为线索,从客观描述转到主观渲染。

11.Traditional fiction featured an authoritative narrator in telling a story, while modern fiction tended to employ the first person narration or limit the reader to the “central consciousness” or one character‟s point of view.传统小说强调叙述的人物的权威性和可信性,而现代小说叙述的总是用第一人称,或者把读者限制到“中心的意识”上或以一个人物的视线进行叙述。(I)

Ezra Pound埃兹拉.庞德

12.Before graduating from university, he had mastered nine language.大学毕业前已掌握了九门语言。

13.Pound‟s poetic works include twelve volumes of verse which were later collected and published in Collected Early Poems of Ezra Pound, and Personae.庞德的诗作包括十二卷诗集,后以《埃兹拉.庞德早期诗集》,《人物》的书名出版。

14.Pound‟s earlier poetry is saturated with the familiar poetic subjects that characterize the 19th century Romanticism: songs in praise of a lady, songs concerning the poet‟s craft, love and friendship, death, the transience of beauty and the permanence of art.庞德的早期诗歌充满表现19世纪浪漫主义特色的为人熟知的诗题:歌颂女性,有关诗人自己的诗,爱情与友谊,死亡,美丽的易逝和艺术的常青。

15.Later he is more concerned about the problems of the modern culture: the contemporary cultural decay and the possible sources of cultural renewal as well.Take his epic poem, The Cantos, for example.Pound traces the rise and fall of eastern and western empires, the moral and social chaos of the modern world, especially the corruption of America after the heroic time of Jefferson.后来,他更关注现代文化问题:当代文化的堕落以及文化更新的可能途径。以《诗章》为例,庞德追溯东西方帝国的兴亡,现代世界道德和社会的混乱,尤其是美国自杰斐逊后的腐败。

16.Pound‟s artistic talents are on full display in the history of the Imagist Movement, which flourished from 1909 to 1917.庞德的艺术才华在意象主义运动中得到了充分发挥,这场运动从1909年到1917年发展得如火如荼。17.This is a movement that advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson‟s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.这一运动推动了现代派艺术的发展。在诗歌中,反对精工细琢夸夸其谈的语言,主张改革诗歌的媒体。

18.Pound endorsed the group‟s three main principles, which include direct treatment of poetic subjects, elimination of merely ornamental or superfluous words, and rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of a metronome.庞德提出诗歌改革的三个原则:一。直接处理诗歌主题;二。舍去装饰浮华的词藻;三/诗歌应有有机节奏,不要单词重复。19.“The point of Imagism” , Pound wrote in 1914, “is that it does not use images as ornaments.The image itself is the speech.The image is the word beyond formulated language”.庞德曾于1914年写道:“意象主义的实质是意象不是装饰,意象本身就是语言。意象是超语言形式的词汇”。20.The poet, he argued, cannot relate a delightful psychic experience by speaking out directly in the first person: he must “screen himself” and speak indirectly through an impersonal and objective story, which is usually a myth or a piece of the earlier literature, or a “mask”, that is, a persona.他认为,诗人不能直接用第一人称叙述心理感受,必须“把自己笼罩起来”,通过客观的非人格化的故事间接说话,那就是神话或文学典故。(II)Robert Lee Frost罗伯特.弗洛斯特

21.Though he is generally considered a regional poet whose subject matters mainly focus on the landscape and people in New England, he wrote many poems that investigate the basic themes of man‟s life in his long poetic career: the individual‟s relationships to himself, to his fellow-man, to his world, and to his God.虽然他总的来说是一位地方诗人,他的诗主要写的是新英格兰的风光和人物,但他在长期的做诗生涯中对人类生活的基本主题有所探索,探讨了个人对自己,对别人,对世界以及对上帝的关系。

22.His pomes contains “Mending the Wall”, “The Road Not Taken”, “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”(speaker‟s choice between safety and the unknown),and “After Apple-Picking”.他的诗包括《补墙》,《未选择的路》,《雪夜林边停》(作者在安全和未知之中留下了朦胧的诗味)和《摘苹果后》。(III)Eugene O’Neill尤金.奥尼尔

23.He is widely acclaimed “founder of the American drama”.他被广泛誉为“美国戏剧之父”。

24.O‟Neill‟s first full-length play, Beyond the Horizon made a great hit and won him the first Pulitzer Prize.奥尼尔第一部全剧〈天外边〉上演,这部作品轰动一时并为他赢得了普利莱奖。

25.Between 1920 and 1924 came his prominent achievements in symbolic expressionism: eg.The Hairy Ape.These plays are daring forays into race relations, class conflicts, sexual bondage, social critiques, and American tragedies on the Greek model.1920至1924年期间他的象征表现主义获得了空前的成就:如〈毛猿〉,这些作品中大胆涉猎了种族关系,阶级冲突,性的束缚,社会批评及希腊模式的美国悲剧。

26.Such as The Great God Brown, which fuses symbolism, poetry, and the affirmation of a pagan idealism to show how materialistic civilization denies the life-giving impulses and destroys the genuine artist.如〈伟大的布朗〉,它将象征主义,诗歌和异教徒理想主义的证实融合到一起来表现物质文明是如何否认给予生命的冲动和摧毁天才艺术家的。

27.The Iceman Cometh proves to be a masterpiece in the way it is a complex, ironic, deeply moving exploration of human existence, written out of a profound insight into human nature and constructed with tremendous skill and logic.〈冰人来了〉以其复杂,讽刺,对人类生存的深刻感人的探讨,以及用深邃的洞察力对人性的探讨,并应用了大量的技巧和逻辑证实了这部作品是部杰作。

28.Of all the plays O‟Neill wrote most of them are tragedies, dealing with the basic issues of human existence and predicament: life and death, illusion and disillusion, alienation and communication, dream and reality, self and society.在奥尼尔所有的作品重,多数是悲剧,处理的是人类生存和困境这些基本论点:生与死,幻觉和幻灭,疏远和交流,梦想和现实,自我和社会,欲望和挫折。

29.“The Hairy Ape”----Yank-brutal, stupid, and profane is the recognized leader of the stokers, who are the ultimate products of a society subservient to machines.This is a play that concerns the problem of modern man‟s identity.In his sympathy, he opens the cage and liberates it, only to be killed by the real big hairy ape.“毛猿”----扬克,残忍,愚蠢并且猥亵,被认为是采矿工人的头,他是社会屈从于机器后的最终产物。这部剧本涉及到现代人的归属问题。

(IV)F.Scott Fitzgerald司格特.菲兹杰拉德

30.Thus he is often acclaimed literary spokesman of the Jazz Age.他被认为是早期爵士乐时代的文学代言人。31.His masterpiece The Great Gatsby, which made him one of the greatest American novelists.他的巨著《了不起的盖茨比》是他成为杰出的美国小说家。32.He drank and did crazy things after he got drunk, whereas staying sober enough to see the corruptive nature of the society and the vanity fair that everyone, including himself, was infatuated with.他酗酒,并且酒后做出许多出轨的事,但又能沉静的看出包括他自己在内的那个时代社会的本质和虚荣。

33.Fitzgerald‟s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of the Jazz Age, in which he shows a particular interest in the upper-class society.菲兹杰拉德的小说世界是爵士时代精神的最佳体现。34.But beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality there was only sterility, meaninglessness and futility, and amid the grandeur and extravagance a spiritual wasteland and a hint of decadence and moral decay.但在轻松享乐后留下的只是颓废和一无所取。在物质的奢华后是一片精神的荒原和道德沦丧。

35.“The Great Gatsby”----At the end of the story, Nick broods over Gatsby‟s dream and decides to go back home to the West.Gatsby is a mythical figure whose intensity of dream partakes of a state of mind that embodies America itself.Gatsby‟s failure magnifies to a great extent the end of the American Dream.《了不起的盖茨比》----小说在结束时,尼克对盖茨比的梦想进行了沉思后决定回到西部老家去。盖茨比是个神话般人物,他的强烈的梦想是整个美国当时心态的反映。盖茨比的失败表明了美国之梦的破灭。(V)Ernest Hemingway欧内斯特.海明威

36.In Our Time is the first book to present a Hemingway hero—Nick Adams.《在我们的时代里》这部小说集塑造了尼克.亚当斯的形象。

37.The Sun Also Rises is Hemingway‟s first true novel.It casts light on a whole generation after the First World War and the effects of the war by way of a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation,” a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences.《太阳照样升起》是海明威成熟的作品,通过“迷惘的一代”人的形象塑造,表现了一战后整个一代人的精神面貌以及一战给人们带来的影响。(迷惘的一代:一群离开祖国,参加战争的美国青年,战后开始动手写下他们的战争经历)

38.Hemingway‟s second big success is A Farewell Arms.Frederick Henry, who is wounded in war and disillusioned with insanity and futility of the universe.In this novel, Hemingway not only emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature as an expression of either God‟s design or his beneficence and to suggest that man is doomed to be entrapped.《永别了.武器》是海明威第二步成名作。Frederick Henry在战争中受了伤,对世界的非理性无法理解。在这部小说里,作者不但强调了人类在肉体和精神上都受难的观点,而且驳斥了自然和上帝的善,表明人类被命运投入了火坑。39.For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea tell more about the later Hemingway.《丧钟为谁敲响》和《老人与海》是反映海明威后期思想的作品。

40.Those who survive in the process of seeking to master the code with the honesty, the discipline, and the restraint are Hemingway Code heroes.他的典型人物就是用诚实,纪律和控制来实现抗争(海明威式英雄)。

41.However, though life is but a losing battle, it is a struggle man can dominate in such a way that loss becomes dignity;man can be physically destroyed but never defeated spiritually.虽然打败仗,但吃败仗也是有尊严的,人类的肉体可以消亡,但精神永远不可战胜。

42.Hemingway himself once said, “The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.”海明威曾说过“冰山运动的尊严在于只有八分之一露出水面”。

43.No wonder Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for “his powerful style-forming mastery of the art” of creating modern fiction.诺贝尔文学奖评委会是这样评价他的:他的简短有力的艺术风格开创了现代小说。

44.“Indian Camp”----The first and the typical of the seven Nick stories is “Indian Camp.” 《印第安营地》----是尼克故事中的第一个,也是很典型的故事。

(VI)William Faulkner威廉.福克纳

45.Faulkner has managed successfully to show a panorama of the experience and consciousness of the whole Southern society.福克纳成功的表现了整个南方社会的历史意识。46.Of Faulkner‟s literary works, four novels are masterpieces by any standards: The Sound and the Fury, Light in August, Absalom, Absalam!And Go Down, Moses.福克纳最有影响的是这四部小说:《喧嚣与骚动》,《八月之光》,《押沙龙,押沙龙!》和《摩西,走下去》。47.The best story to highlight Faulkner‟s concern is “The Bear,” in which the view of the moral abomination of slavery and the human entanglements which result from it goes beyond history, to the beginnings, to the mythic time.典型反映福克纳对此事关注的小说是《熊》,在这部小说里,对奴隶制的道德观以被超历史地追溯到了它的起源阶段。

48.To him, the primary duty of a writer was to explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life.他认为,作家的主要职责就是探索并重视人类生活所秉承的各种可能性。

49.The modern stream-of-consciousness technique was also frequently and skillfully exploited by Faulkner emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator.现代意识流法也为福克纳所娴熟的运用来强调叙述的反映和内心深思。

50.Moreover,Faulkner was good at presenting multiple points of view.福克纳还善于从多视角来描述。

51.The other narrative techniques Faulkner used to construct his stories include symbolism and mythological and biblical allusions.他还运用了象征主义手法,并且大量引用了神话和圣经典故。

英美文学的改进 篇4

一、英美文学的发展

英国文学相较于美国文学来说发展的时间较长, 经历了长期复杂的演变之后, 现实、历史、政治和文化等力量都对英国文学产生了影响。美国文学虽然在十九世纪末之前作为英国文学的分支, 但是进入到二十世纪后, 美国文学的发展也变得越来越成熟, 成为独立的、具有强大生命力的民族文学。

1. 英国文学的发展

英国文学的发展大致经历了盎格鲁-萨克逊、文艺复习、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等几个不同的阶段。

(1) 中世纪时期

在中世纪时期, 盎格鲁、萨克逊和朱特从北欧侵入到英国, 人们从《贝奥武甫》这部史诗可以了解贝奥武甫为了人民的安全杀巨魔、斗毒龙, 在征服自然界恶势力的过程中牺牲了自己。这部文学作品中诗的结构比较完整, 描述的画面生动形象, 人们在阅读的过程中不难发现古英语诗歌的特色[1]。六世纪末, 基督教传入英国, 从比德所写的《英国人民宗教史》因为内容具有一定的史实性且富有哲理, 被人们广泛诵读。虽然丹麦人的入侵在一定程度上使得这类学术遭到破坏, 但是九世纪末维塞克斯国王在抗丹的情况下不忘振兴学术, 从此英语当地文学史开始产生。

(2) 新古典主义文学时期

新古典主义时期的英国文学是在十八世纪前半叶开始备受推崇, 代表诗人蒲柏的作品通常比较具有讽刺性, 多以发泄私怨居多。新古典主义时期的散文作家通常具有一定的启蒙主义精神, 他们开拓了期刊随笔和现实主义小说这两个文学新领域。相较于期刊来说, 具有英国特色的散文小说对欧洲大陆产生重大的影响, 如笛福的《鲁宾逊漂流记》为英国现实主义小说奠定了发展的基础, 斯威夫特的《格利佛游记》在英国小说中也大大激发了人们的想象力。[2]

(3) 浪漫主义文学时期

浪漫主义时期的英国文学以布莱克作为代表, 他写的诗《天真之歌》、《经验之歌》、《四天神》都体现了他对法国革命的拥护。这些诗不同于十八世纪文学作品的含蓄, 更加注重在想象力和宗教感方面对人们的启发。在众多作家的努力下, 浪漫主义文学时期的英国文学达到了发展的巅峰, 这些文学作品反映了英国的特征, 对后世世界文学的影响也具有深远的意义。

(4) 现实主义文学时期

现实主义是法国的画家库尔贝和作家下夫列里在十九世纪五十年代共同提出, 现实主义作为文学艺术的基础创作方法之一, 与浪漫主义处于并列的地位。正如它的名称, 现实主义时期的文学作品通常比较现实, 不会凭着猜想、想象和理想去影响文学作品的客观过程。对于不切实际的想法和空想, 都是予以反对的态度。[3]

(5) 后现实主义文学时期

二十世纪英国文学作品的成就在于戏剧创作方面的突破。爱尔兰人萧的剧评特点通常比较泼辣, 这为易卜生所代表的欧洲现实主义新戏剧打开了局面。在他自己所创作的作品中, 萧将前者与阿里斯托芬以来的欧洲古典戏剧传统进行了巧妙的融合, 如《人与超人》、《苹果车》、《华伦夫人的职业》等, 这些作品所表达的思想比较新颖, 且能反映出社会的问题, 为百年来不曾改变的英国戏剧注入了活力。

2. 美国文学的发展

美国文学比较富有阳刚之气, 表达的内容比较多元化且贴近民声。在美国文学的发展过程中总共出现过三次繁荣, 在美国文学发展的过程中, 大概有十位作家获得过诺贝尔文学奖。

(1) 殖民时期

殖民时期的美国文学在一定程度上受到了英国文学的影响, 从迈克尔·威格尔斯沃斯、安妮·布拉兹特里特、爱德华·泰勒的文学作品中都可以看出一点英国文学的痕迹。

(2) 独立革命

在独立革命时期产生了大量的革命诗歌, 美国民族文学就此产生。这样的变化和发展不仅造就了美国的散文家和诗人, 政治上的独立也在一定程度上促进了文化上的独立。

(3) 南北战争

南北战争的结束让美国文学向现实主义的方向进行发展, 浪漫主义随之衰落。由于资本主义在南北战争之后处于自由竞争的阶段, 这在一定程度上让人民和作家的思想也变得自由, 这个时期的文学作品也具有一定的乐观性。然而在八九十年代之后, 由于人们对民主制度的怀疑导致批判现实的作品增多, 其中种族歧视、政府与大企业勾结的内容占有大部分, 空想社会主义的思想融入其中。[4]

(4) 两战期间

两战期间的美国文学发展比较繁荣, 各个流派的文学作品也相继出现, 但是总的来说, 这些文学作品都对资本主义社会的矛盾和精神世界进行一定的描述, 并反映了其中的问题, 现代派文学与左翼文学作为两战期间最大的文学思潮, 对世界文学的发展产生了重要的影响

(5) 二战后期

二战后期的美国文学出现了比较多的评传且内容详细, 文学家传记的发展比较繁荣, 其中里·爱迪尔所写的《亨利·詹姆斯》具有典型的代表性。由于二战中有过多的犹太人被日本人残酷的杀害, 加上原子弹在广岛爆炸的事件, 这让美国的文学作家和评论家感到震惊, 信念也随之发生了动摇。这样背景下, 战争题材的小说被广泛的传阅。

二、文化差异对英美文学评论的影响

1. 语言差异带来的影响

语言是一个民族文化的根基, 在人们生活的方方面面都会产生深远的影响。在一部文学作品中, 如果说思想是作品的灵魂, 那么语言就是构成文学作品的躯干, 语言是表达作者思想的基础, 两者相互依存, 不可分割。在对英美文学进行评价的过程中, 语言的差异在一定程度上影响了评价的内容, 不同种族的评论家评价文学作品的角度也不一样。虽然都是说英语, 但是因为所处的环境不同、宗教信仰的差异和历史背景的不同, 造成了英式英语和美式英语在习俗、谚语、典故等方面的差异。对于不同种族的评论家, 如果不能了解这些差异, 那么就无法深刻的理解英美文学作品的内涵。英式英语通常比较严谨, 评论家在评论文学作品的时候对于语言的使用也不是很随意, 处于语言习惯的原因, 这些评论家对于文学作品的评论都比较具有尊重和崇敬的心理, 这也恰恰反映出英式英语的庄严和沉稳的特点。而相对于美式英语来说, 美式英语是在英式英语的基础上发展的, 其评论特点没有英式英语那么传统正轨, 在英式英语的基础上进行了一定的革新和发展。由于美式英语发展时间较短, 历史背景比较单薄, 导致美国的文学作品大多比较创新, 不受传统的束缚。在文学评价方面, 美式英语语言的使用也比较开放, 用词自由, 且个性鲜明, 这与美国自由的文化氛围息息相关。文学的评价往往在一定程度上也会影响文学作品的风格, 英国文学评价的传统和理性让英国的文学作品也比较“中规中矩”, 这并不代表英国的文学作品比较死板, 而是英国文学作品在语言使用的方面要严谨很多, 且具有一定的历史厚重感。与之相反的美国文学评价则会让美国的文学作品具有一定的创新性, 且对人们有所启发, 有利于掀起文学思潮, 人们的思想的开放度和容纳度也在一定程度上也促进了国家的发展。美国文学虽然发展的时间没有英国文学发展的时间长, 但是因为文学评价的创新性和自由性, 让美国文学作品的发展也变得越来越具有独到性, 这也是美国文学在世界文坛上迅速崛起的一个重要原因。

2. 文化内涵带来的影响

受历史因素的影响, 英国的文学评论通常在传统文化的传统和挣脱中挣扎。十七世纪、十八世纪的英国文学评论特点就体现了这一矛盾, 这段时期的文学作品具有明显的宗教色彩, 创造手法比较荒诞。然而到了二十世纪, 英国文学的评论发生了重大的转变, 评论家开始重新对之前的理论进行审视和思考, 英国文学评论也开始朝着后现代主义和女权主义的方向开始发展。这些评论的方向的转变在一定程度上对构建当今社会的文学理论具有重要的意义。特里·伊戈尔顿作为英国著名的评论家, 他对一些文学作品的评论都是比较注重天主教马克思主义和社会主义的思想, 有较高的政治热情, 评论的角度比较独到[5]。可以说, 在伊戈尔顿之后英国文学作品的评论家没有谁的影响力可以比得上他。对于美国文学作品的评论则需要从美国的文化背景开始理解, 美国作为一个殖民地国家, 其文学作品受到欧洲大陆文学的影响, 英国文学和印第安文学就包含在其中。但是这并不代表美国文学就是这两种文学的复制品, 否则美国文学也不会在世界文坛上后来居上, 更不会有数十部美国文学作品获得诺贝尔文学奖。美国文学的发展时间并不长, 其文学作为英国为学的衍伸在一定程度上进行了创新, 作为独立的个体, 美国文学评论也具有比较独特的特点[6]。美国文学作品评论不需要考虑传统文化的传承, 它在一定程度上更加重视人们的创新能力和独到的见解。

3. 人道主义差异带来的影响

从十五世纪开始, 人道主义作为资产阶级建立和巩固资本主义制度的基础, 随着历史的发展和时间的推移, 人道主义的内涵也变得越来越完整。从广义上来说, 人道主义就是为了维护人类的一切权利而存在。受基督教的影响, 英美国家的人道主义通常把上帝作为信仰, 具有一定的人文重点指向, 这也在一定程度上影响了英美文学评论的发展。但是受到英美文化差异的影响, 英国文学和美国文学上对于人道主义的理解却不尽相同。从英国文学评论家的角度来说, 他们对于人道主义的理解通常比较成熟保守。美国文学评论家则与之相反, 具有更多的创新精神。莎士比亚作为文艺复兴时期英国接触的思想家、作家、戏剧家、诗人, 他的作品《李尔王》、《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《威尼斯商人》等都体现了人文主义文学的特点, 他的作品对于后世的影响重大。就拿《哈姆雷特》这部著作来说, 其中的名句“To be or not to be, that’s a problem”广为流传, 人们也不难从侧面看出哈姆雷特优柔寡断的性格特征。可以说莎士比亚的作品在一定程度上影响了英国文学的评价。然而人道主义在英国文学评价中的运用并没有持续太久, 随着时间的推移, 人们对于这一观点越来越怀疑。保守的人道主义作为社会发展和完善的必要条件, 但却不是唯一的条件, 只有保持一定的活力在原有人道主义的基础上进行创新, 才能够为社会的发展起到一定的催化作用。美国文学评论对于人道主义的解释比较具有独创性的特征并且对人道主义的态度比较激进。产生这一状况的原因是由于美国并没有英国厚重的历史包袱, 在争取独立的战争过程中也取得了胜利, 对于文学作品的评论也就没有什么顾忌, 评论家的思想观点也比较自由。比如马克·吐温所写的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》就真实的反映了美国的历史。在文章的结尾, 黑奴吉姆获得了自由, 但是马克·吐温却没有说美国奴隶制度的问题, 有的评论家就认为这样具有一定的社会意识形态的欺骗性。有的文学评论家认为, 从本质上来说黑奴吉姆就算是个自由人, 但是对于哈克和汤姆来说仍然是个玩物。更多的评论家认为, 马克·吐温写这本书的目的就是为了讽刺美国种族歧视的现状。由此我们可以看出, 美国评论家对于文学作品的评论都比较自由, 人们可以根据自己的理解来看待作品, 褒贬不一, 具有一定的创新性。

4. 文化历史差异对英美文学评论的影响

英国文学在文化历史发展上, 其文化历史传统有着明显的人本主义, 其人本主义是相对于神权主义和禁欲主义而言的, 在英国的文学评论中, 对人本主义的观点比较保守, 这和英国资产阶级革命在历史中进行的不彻底和其妥协性相关的。随着社会文明的发展和进步, 英国文学评论中的这一人本主义观点收到了大多数人的质疑甚至否定。美国文学评论对于人本主义观点, 显得非常激进, 同时还具有明显的独创性。这是因为美国是一个年轻的国家, 身上没有和英国一样沉重的包袱, 没有文化传统上遗留下来的充满争议的问题, 加之美国在独立战争和后期发展中形成的独立、自由、民主的文化气氛, 使得美国文学评论更加激进, 更加有创造力。

结束语

在影响英美文学评论的诸多因素中, 文化差异是比较重要的因素, 通过对英美文化发展载体的差异、文化内涵差异、文化历史差异比较, 我们可以得出结论, 英美文化差异在英美文学评论中发挥着重要的支配作用。要想对英美文学作品进行正确的评论, 则需要评论家结合历史的溯源和两国之间发展的背景所产生的文化差异来进行适当的点评。英国文学评论相对于美国文学评论来说要成熟很多, 且具有一定的理性色彩, 而美国文学在创新方面和表达思想的自由度方面要比英国好很多。英美文学作品都有各自的特点, 两者无法取代, 对人们生存的环境、国家文化的氛围和社会的发展都具有重要的意义。

摘要:受文化差异的影响, 不同种族的人们对待同一部作品会从不同的角度进行理解, 这就导致人们对于同一部作品的文学评论也会不尽相同。本文就英美文化差异对英美文学评论的影响这个话题展开研究, 通过对英美文学的特点和英美文学的评论进行相应的描述, 并对文化差异对英美文学评论的影响进行分析, 从而让人们了解文化差异对英美文学评论影响的重要性。

关键词:英美文化差异,英美文学评论,影响分析

参考文献

[1]高丽.浅析英美文化差异对英美文学评论的影响[J].作家, 2012, 22:210-211.

[2]肖书珍.文化差异对英美文学评论的影响[J].芒种, 2013, 04:36-37.

[3]艾晶.解析文化差异对英美文学评论的影响[J].芒种, 2013, 22:28-29.

英美文学的改进 篇5

希腊神话故事和圣经故事可以说是英美国家生活的一部分, 圣经故事既是宗教故事, 更是生活中的寓言, 成为人们创作的灵感来源。文学是一种艺术, 艺术本就来源于生活而高于生活, 两希文学已经渗透在生活的各个方面, 所以, 自然就成为文学的基石, 为人们提供了无限的创作源泉。古希腊的神话文艺理论和中世纪的基督教文学以及文艺理论自然就是英美文学的“两大源头”。

1 两希文学自身的成就以及对英美文学的影响

1.1 古希腊文学的成就及影响

古希腊文学的发展历程分为早期、盛期和衰期, 整个希腊文化绵延了公元前12世纪至公元前2世纪, 取得了斐然的文学成就, 诞生了为世人称颂的神话、史诗、寓言、戏剧。

希腊神话没有专门的书籍流传, 神话故事在《荷马史诗》、《神谱》和奴隶制的古典时期创作的历史和哲学著作中。现代所能见到的古希腊神话就是后人根据古籍中的记载整理成书的, 古希腊神话是整个古希腊文学的土壤, 古希腊文学的其他形式都是在神话上的延伸。

《荷马史诗》是古希腊文学在诗歌上的巨大成就, 成为了后代欧洲史诗的典范之作, 其艺术生命力长盛不衰。其中的《奥德修记》是欧洲以个人遭遇为主要内容的文学形式的开山之作, 这篇对奥德修生平描述的文章, 充分的肯定了个人的力量和坚持的信念;同时在文学中开始表现人类的理想。在文学的表现手法上来看, 史诗这种文学形式已经具备了现实主义和浪漫主义文学的一些基本因素。《荷马史诗》将那个时代的苦难史诗、复杂史诗、性格史诗的特点融为一体, 产生了集艺术和各种文学手法于一体的英雄史诗。

希腊文学中的寓言和戏剧也是文学的集大成者。寓言将民间的语言和题材进行了充分发挥, 为以后英美文学创作时语言的选择提供了可借鉴的方式, 其中很多短小的寓言和比喻被后来的英美文学常常引用。戏剧无论是悲剧还是戏剧都有经典的代表作, 悲剧中宣扬的反抗精神成为后来文艺复兴和启蒙运动的指导思想。

古希腊文学由神话到史诗, 在到寓言和戏剧, 文学的形式在不断的创新, 涵义不断丰富, 艺术技巧日趋成熟, 可以说, 古希腊的文学成就为以后整个欧洲的文学创作提供了原始的创作模板, 以人为本的思想更是后世文学创作思想的基石。由此可以看出, 古希腊文学无论是在艺术上还是创作主体上, 都为英美文学提供了源源不断的创作源流。

1.2 古希伯来文学的成就及影响

古希伯来文学和古希腊文学的文学表现形式有较大的区别, 古希伯来文学是一种宗教性质的文学, 主要的表现形式就是由《旧约全书》和《新约全书》共同构成的《圣经》除此之外就没有其他的作品了。但是不能小看这一本《圣经》, 它被赞誉为书中之书。古希伯来文学, 主要讲述了希伯来民族对于上帝的信仰, 认为时间万物都来自于上帝之手, 将神置于至高无上的地位, 这种宇宙观和宗教自然观为基督教做接受才有了《旧约全书》, 可见, 希伯来文学主要是成就就是基督教的文学成就。《新约全书》就是基督教文学的最高成就, 主要叙述了耶稣的生平, 将所有的宗教文件进行了汇编。

《圣经》对英美等国家的文学影响主要是在哲学、社会、伦理的思想上, 在文学上主要是《圣经》中诗歌、小说和戏剧的体裁带给后世文学的创作灵感。

古希伯来文学像一位隐藏的老师, 将后世文学的创作在形式上和细想内容上以及文学的创作母题上给予大量的引导, 现代研究西方文学都可以看到《旧约》在文学作品中的影子, 《旧约》为西方文学创作塑造好了一种独特的精神气质, 将西方文学的发展推向一个有一个高峰。

以上是古希腊和古希伯来文学对英美文学影响的宏观概括, 当然, 仅仅是宏观上的把握是不足以发现两希文学对英美文学的深远影响和奠基作用, 这里可以换一个角度, 从英美的具体文学去探寻两希文学。

2 英美文学中的两希文学

2.1 英美文学中的希腊神话故事

文艺复兴时期开始, 希腊神话在欧洲引起了不小的轰动, 人们对它产生了浓厚的兴趣, 很多文学创造家都从神户故事中寻找题材。这里以英国的文学创作为例。

文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家和诗人莎士比亚创作的两篇悲剧《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》、《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》就是直接从古希腊神话故事中寻找的原始题材。处在同一时期的弥尔顿将三十多个希腊神话的人去和故事都集中在一篇小篇幅的《科玛斯》中, 展示了他从神话故事中得到灵感后的丰富想象。十九世纪英美诞生了浪漫主义文学流派, 其中的浪漫主义诗人们特别推崇希腊和罗马神话, 对神话绚丽多彩的故事赞不绝口。美国浪漫主义诗人惠特曼曾经感叹“神话真是伟大”。18世纪末期英国浪漫主义诗人济慈在一首《初读贾莆曼英译的荷马史诗有感》中表达了他读到荷马史诗后的激动和震撼, 济慈在神话故事的强大魅力吸引之下, 还创作了《恩底弥翁》、《许配里翁》等传世之作。

希腊神话故事对英美浪漫主义文学流派的作家影响很大, 神话中神或者是人对命运的不屈服和顽强抗争, 激励了一代浪漫主义诗人们的无限遐想, 而浪漫主义诗歌又赋予了希腊神话故事新的生命力。比如雪莱、拜伦、朗费罗都曾经在诗歌中讴歌为人类带来温暖火种的普罗米修斯, 将这位英雄的形象结合自身所处的时代, 显示出强烈的时代气息, 雪莱创作的诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》就表现出一种强烈的革命愿望。

古希腊文学是西方文学的第一源泉, 它和基督教的文明支撑起整个西方文学擎天大厦, 这里举得的例子只是希望透过一滴水看见整个太阳。

2.2 英美文学中的希伯来《圣经》文学

著名学者诺弗莱对《圣经》在英国文学中的影响是这样来评价的:讲授英国文学必须同时讲解《圣经》。学习英国文学的人, 如果不了解《圣经》就不能对其作品的中心思想和内在含义进行透彻深入的理解。可以看出, 《圣经》和古希腊文学合二为一, 交相辉映。纵观英美文学的发展, 可以看出, 任何作品走能直接或者间接找到《圣经》的痕迹。

享有英国诗歌之父美誉的诗人乔叟在其巅峰之作《坎特伯雷故事》里, 主题是暗示人生是一个灵魂长途跋涉的过程, 最终归于上帝的怀抱, 故事的结构采用的是朝圣之旅的形式, 这就从故事的形式和主题细想都统一于《圣经》所具有的精神内涵。剧作家莎士比亚在《哈姆雷特》中挖苦波洛涅斯, 称他“以色列的土师耶弗他”就是借用了《旧约·土师记》中用少女献祭得到上帝帮助打败敌人的耶弗他的形象。

17世纪英美文学创作中出现的大量优秀作品都是从《圣经》取材, 这些作品将圣经中的任务和故事赋予了新的含义, 将圣经的故事和人物发展成为文学中的一种象征手段。弥尔顿的《失乐园》和《复乐园》就是直接从圣经中取材, 《复乐园》是以《旧约》为基础, 《失乐园》则以《新约》为基础。伟大的浪漫主义诗人拜伦创作的诗剧《该隐》就是依据圣经中该隐杀死弟弟的故事来改写, 侧重表现自己中心思想。文学名著《白鲸》中的主人公就是作者梅尔维尔从《旧约·列王记》中的以色列亚哈国王为原型进行创作的, 这之中亚哈的性格和《白鲸》中艾哈伯的性格同出一辙, 更明显的是, 这篇小说中的生还者伊希梅尔, 其名字是直接使用的圣经中的人物名称。此外, 美国诗人朗费罗在抒情小诗《人生颂》中使用了圣经中的原句:“你本是尘土, 仍要回归尘土”, 他的诗歌中, 上帝也是最常用到的词语。

到了20世纪, 美国的文学创作中经常将基督受难的形象作为作品中个人为众人受苦的象征手段。伟大的作家海明威在《老人与海》的结尾将耶稣殉难的形象转化为老人背着桅杆的形象。其实现代很多文学作品中, 圣经的影响更加突出了, 很多现代英美作家的作品题目都直接取自《圣经》美国戏剧家米勒在《堕落之后》中表现了现代人的生存问题, 斯坦贝克的《伊甸园之东》抒发人间没有伊甸园的感慨, 海明威也有一篇直接从圣经中取名的著作《太阳照样升起》。这样的例子都是举不胜举的, 可见《圣经》在整个英美文学的发展历程中影响力一直没有衰减。

3 结束语

两希文学中, 希腊文学注重理性和现实, 希伯来文学则是感性和精神, 二者的黄金时期虽然早已消逝, 但是在整个西方的文学发展中, 依然占据着不可替代的位置——西方文学的基石。英美文学是在这块基石上搭建起来的文学世界, 如果不了解他们的基石, 也就不能清楚这座文学城堡的具体构造, 只有在对两希文学完全了解的情况下, 才能在真正意义上体会英美文学作品中包含的深层意蕴。

摘要:诞生公元前12世纪的希腊和希伯来这两个小岛的希腊文学和希伯来文学简称“两希”文学, 二者是世界文学奇迹, 也是西方文学的源头, 更是英美文学的基石。该文就将结合具体的文学作品, 通过“两希”文学对英美文学中小说、诗歌、散文等的影响, 剖析“两希”文学和英美文学之间的内在关联。

关键词:古希腊文学,古希伯来文学,英美文学

参考文献

[1]覃承华.希腊文学与希伯来文学:英美文学的基石——基于英美文学作品中的”两希”情结解析[J].河南广播电视大学学报, 2010, 23 (3) :49-50.

[2]覃承华.略论英美文学中的”两希”情结[J].宿州教育学院学报, 2007, 10 (4) :149-150.

[3]樊嫒.两希文学的成就和影响浅析[J].中国科技博览, 2009, (22) :230-230.

[4]姜岳斌.古希伯来文学的美学贡献[J].黄石理工学院学报:人文社会科学版, 2010, 27 (1) :37-41.

[5]赵静, 李莹, 袁超.浅谈希腊神话对英文文学的影响[J].海外英语, 2010 (9) .

英美文学作品的语境解读 篇6

关键词:《阿拉比》,语境论,英美教学

1、文学作品的特殊性

文学作品不同于其他文体, 不是通过逻辑推理去表达一个现象, 而是以丰富的艺术感染力和生动的语言, 塑造不同的人物形象和情景, 是以作家的感受、体验和理解反映社会生活的。阅读英文原作既要阅读其内容, 而且还要着力体会原作的感情和意境, 所以, 了解语境、做好语境分析是文学作品课堂中的一个重要环节, 也是最具难度的问题之一。

《阿拉比》是短篇小说集《都柏林人》的第三篇, 属于乔伊斯的早期作品。笔者发现在教授这篇文章时, 发现学生初略阅读之后, 对其作为名篇质疑声一片。但在教师借助语境分析后, 学生再次上交的短评有了很多令人意想不到的惊喜。

2、语境补充的重要性

对语境的理解, 不同语言学家观点各异。Lewis (1981) 认为语境就是说话人与听话人共同拥有的背景知识, 这种背景知识对听话人理解说话人说出的具体一句话能起到推波助澜的作用。Dijk把语境理解为语言环境, 即上下文, 发生言语行为时的实际情况, 文化, 社会和政治。 (白解红, 2000) 。意义受语境的制约, 同一个词语, 同一个句子用在不同的语境中会体现不同的意义。语境理论有助于我们有效地赏析复杂的文学作品。

钱冠连 (1997) 指出语境是指言语行为赖以表现的物质和社会环境。他进一步指出, 这个环境有语言上下文和非语言性环境两个大部分组成。前者为语言符号内因素, 而后者是语言符号外因素, 它可以包括语言之外的显性的, 可见的现场, 如地点, 对象, 场合, 意外出现的人和物 (意外符号) 等等, 也可以是隐性的, 不可见的背景, 如社会文化, 风俗习惯, 价值观念和历史事件等等。如下图所示:

本文所讨论的“语境”都基于此, 而不考虑认知是一种语境等看法。

2.1、语言符号内:通过上下文和上下语构建语境

利用语言语境补足, 就是利用上下文, 前后语列信息, 语音, 词汇, 语法等语言要素, 把内部信息的提示线索, 扩展成丰富的语用信息。

《阿拉比》描写的是一个男孩青春期的爱情幻想曲, 他经历了守候、希望到绝望的过程。看上去挺美, 最终却是不堪一击。出于青春期的躁动, 男孩迷上了曼根的姐姐, 喜欢打量着她, Her dress swung as she moved her body and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side. (她的裙子随着身体的移动来回的摇摆着, 柔软的发辫也随之左右摆动) 。When she came out, my heart leaped.I kept her brown figure always in my eye.…But my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires.… (当她出来走到台阶上, 我的心就砰砰地跳。我总让她棕褐色的身影保留在我的视线里……但我的身体就像一架竖琴, 她的话语和姿势就像在琴弦上拨弄的手指。) 而后, 男孩终于和曼根姐姐说上了话, 女孩告诉他将有一个阿拉比集市, 男孩答应去集市给她捎件礼物。周六晚上, 男孩终于等到健忘的叔父回到家才拿到一点钱乘火车去阿拉比集市。到了阿拉比, 集市已临近打烊, 男孩忽然“发觉自己是受虚荣驱动又受虚荣愚弄的可怜虫;我的双眼中燃烧着痛苦和愤怒。”

当语句零碎时, 学生们的阅读体验远没有经过引导联系上下文, 跟随着作品情节的发展, 时间推移和感情的加深而来得更强烈真挚。但如果教师的引导就此为止, 而无视一个貌似简单的青春萌动背后的故事, 那么世界名篇的魅力也会褪色不少。语境符号外的因素不可小觑。

2.2、语言符号外构建语境

广义的语境是指社会文化语境, 也就是语言形式赖以生存的社会文化形态, 它涉及人类生活的各个方面, 从衣食住行、风俗习惯到价值观念等等。人们一旦接受了熏陶以后便潜移默化, 成为某种内在的东西。由此, 文学就源于生活, 又高于生活, 浓缩了那个时代, 这也解释了为什么即使有些英语水平相当高深的学者, 感到要完全真正地理解作品也并非易事。

如果学生不了解作者所处的那个时代和他本人的生活背景这个广义语境, 赏析无从谈起, 兴致也不高。但当教师逐渐构建起爱尔兰当时宗教信仰逐渐世俗化、宗教势力逐渐衰微的现象, 普通人在压抑的现实环境中理想幻灭, 弥漫在整个爱尔兰的瘫痪气氛, 人们的生存困境时, 学生从现实世界出发, 由自身经历出发, 重写一篇《阿拉比》, 效果显著提升。

3、结语:

借助语境理解英美文学作品一方面赏析了语言本身具有弹性美和意蕴美, 另一方面, 也开始逐渐窥见巨大文化背景后所蕴藏的广阔天地。这般优秀的作品不胜枚举。对任何一个教师来说, 运用和开拓构建语境的能力是不可或缺的, 它需要我们更广更好地探索并加以利用。

参考文献

[1]、Lewis, D.1981, Index, context, content, in Stig Kangerand Sven Oham, eds, Philosophy and Grammar.Boston D.Reidel.Pp79-101.

[2]、Sydney Bolt.乔伊斯导读[M].北京:北京大学出版社, 2005.

[3]、白解红.性别语言文化与语用研究[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社, 2000.

[4]、刘晓燕.宗教的世俗化和理想的幻灭——《阿拉比》主题研究[J]《.皖西学院学报, 2007.06,

英美文学的改进 篇7

一、英美文学中文学批评的类型

针对英美文学中文学批评的类型来说,可以分成以下几方面进行分析:

1.英美文学中新批评理论。新批评的模式就是英美文学活动中最为普遍的一种文学批评模式,这种模式的建立就是由美国的学者进行展现的,在英美文学作品中得到了进一步的展现。新批评的内容主要就是按照文学本体论进行分析,这种文学本体论认为在文学作品的内容中就自身而言本身就存在着不可磨灭的价值,主体论自身主张对于文学作品进行正面客观的科学评价。并且,这种新批评在使用的过程中十分重视对文学自身语言含义上的表述,对于作品的语言内容进行语义上的分析。在分析的过程中,应该将文学作品的语境问题进行充分的融合,这种语境的融合,就是将文字的上下文、当时的写作环境以及历史的积累进行了进一步的综合展现。在文学分析的过程中,还应该将英美文学中常见的关键词进行进一步的分析。

2.英美文学中社会历史批评理论。在英美文学中批评强调的就是将文学内容中进行价值方面的衡量,对于作品的真实性、倾向性以及社会效果进行合理的比对与划分。文学作品就是按照生活的形式进行文字内容的展现,艺术形象以及情感表述可以与文学中的生活场景进行情况的融合。在英美文学作品中,应该将作者当时的生活状态进行全面的评价,准确的表述作者在当时的社会模式下拥有的立场以及观点,这种立场以及观点在现有的文学分析中对于社会的文学发展会产生一定程度的影响。这种批评的模式在英美文学作品中被十分广泛的运用。

3.英美文学中的文化学批评。在英美文学中进行文化学的批评,就是文学批评的核心内容。文学学的批评就是将文化整体上的关系与现实文化与其他人类社会的各项层次进行进一步的比较。这种文学的批评形式也在英美文学中得到了进一步的落实与完善。

二、英美文学作品中文学批评的多元化特点

针对英美文学作品中文学批评的多元化特点来说,可以进行以下几方面的分析和讨论:

1.批评文学与多种学科的紧密联系。在英美文学作品中,在文学内容的展现下,最突出的特点内容就是文学的知识与其多种学科内容进行了充分的联系。英美文学中文学批评包含了哲学、心理学、人类学等多方面的学科内容,并且,在这种学科内容中,还有了进一步的细化,将各个知识层面进行了进一步的分析与处理。除了以上的学科知识以外,还将专业性文化术语进行了进一步的结合,这种结合的形式使得批评文学在阅读的过程中更加具有耐人寻味的感觉。

2.提高了文学与读者之间的关注。在英美文学作品中有一项十分关键的特点内容就是在以往得批评过程中十分关注作者的分析方法,这种现象的产生就是在作品分析的过程中极大程度上将作品的本身以及读者进行了进一步的关注。作品对于文章语言文字的分析也将会变得更加的深入。在之前的社会历史批评的过程中,对于评判作品的标准就是按照社会的效果尽心进一步的展现,重视文学内容中相关内容的联系与构建,作品在要求下就是将文学的内容面向大众,对于人们的价值观以及人生观进行正面的引导。

3.先进的批评方法以及理论。在英美文学作品中很关键的一项内容就是先进批评方法以及理论的完善,这种全新内容的展现直接关系着一部作品的好与坏。全新的批评方式就是按照现实的英美文学内容进行全面的细读,这种根据文本的形式进行逐步的操作,具有十分强大的操作力量,这种新批评内容的实施,采取了全新的概念以及理论,将文学作品的语言以及要素进行了进一步的归类,将文学作品进行了集合性的统一构建。在该基础上,还应该将文学相关的结构模式进行广泛的展现,这种结构的落实就是将读者对于英美文学的兴趣程度进行进一步的提升,为人们展现更加全方位的新鲜感。

三、结语

使用这种批评的形式,将英美文学作品进行文学批评的渗透,按照多方面的内容进行广泛性的分析,这种批评形式不仅仅包含着各种文学知识以及方法,还将其他的学科知识进行了进一步的展现,为英美文学的发展奠定扎实的基础保障,将英美文学的内容进行进一步的完善。

参考文献

[1]赵平.对英美文学中文学批评的多元化探讨[J].当代教育实践与教学研究,2015,09:32.

[2]赵平.对英美文学中文学批评的多元化探讨[J].当代教育实践与教学研究,2015,09:32.

英美文学的改进 篇8

关键词:英美文学,研究现代化,启示

文学研究现代化是信息化过程中的必然趋势。正如每一次的历史变革, 我国的文学研究在现代化的步伐中也有很多错误, 走了很多弯路。英美文学研究在现代化方面走在世界前端, 有很多值得我们借鉴的地方。所以, 研究分析英美文学研究的发展, 不仅是扩展文学范围, 帮助我们理解新一代的英美文学, 使外国文学和中国文学更加的水乳交融, 也是学习其中的思想和精髓, 为今后我国的文学发展提供多样化的参考和指导。

一、英美文学研究的现代化发展

1. 计算机和互联网与文学现代化

英美文学研究方法的现代化主要是指现代科技的加入, 20世纪60年代, 计算机和互联网的普及, 打开了文学研究者运用计算机来分析文学的新篇章。从事文学研究时, 以计算机为介质, 探讨文学现代化和文学研究现代化之间相辅相成的关系, 并建立与文学、科技、计算机等相关的杂志等宣传读物。随着计算机技术和文学研究的深入发展, 计算机作为文学研究手段的流程越来越成熟, 越来越多的文学研究者利用计算机软件来研究作者的文笔和在语言方面的个人风格, 而文学和科技的交融也越来越成为主流。接着, 网络的发展更是将其推上了另一个高度, 不仅是方法现代化程度提高, 而且给文学创作提供了更多的题材和思路。首先, 网络改变了人们的阅读方式, 因此文学创作和文学研究的方式也会随之改变, 更加的依赖计算机和科技的发展。另一方面, 网络将文学研究淡化, 可以说更加的趋向于文化研究, 即对文学创作的背景及其中涉及到的时政大事、风土人情的褒贬。最后, 网络的全球性、虚拟性不但为文学传播提供了质变的提升, 以网络为文学主题的和载体的新文学形式更是层出不穷, 这几乎形成了一类研究。事实上, 虽然文学研究的现代化并不等同于文学研究的网络化, 但是我们经常会把两者联系起来, 不管是学者还是教授, 都会把其网络化当做研究和教学的侧重点。

2. 社会价值与文学现代化

英美文学研究现代化的另一个表现形式是, 在评估过程中, 进一步淡化其艺术性及故事性的重要性, 而是更侧重于作者的思想深度, 以及作品所反映的社会现实、社会发展中的问题, 可以说, 一个作品是否具有社会前瞻性在一定程度上标榜了其文学价值。比如《飞蛾:象征的创造性力量——论佛吉尼亚伍尔夫的 (海浪) 中飞蛾的象征意义》和《大众的反叛》两本书, 虽然一个是对社会现象的剖析和对现代理论进行补充, 一个是对西方现代化历史的反思, 但都是通过对一件小事或一段时期的分析, 来对社会发展提出值得借鉴的建议, 故而受到了专家的充分肯定与褒扬, 在社会舆论上也引起了广泛关注, 就连各种奖项也对其抛出了橄榄枝。

二、英美文学研究现代化对我国文学的启示

1. 研究英美文学现代化的原因

从五四时期开始, 我国现代文学就涌现了大量的新作品, 这些作品符合大众口味, 不再像过去那样生涩难懂, 同时, 出现了职业作家、明星作家、业余写手等各种身份, 这促进了我国文学和文学研究的现代化, 文学的发展孕育了新的体裁和思想方式, 以及文学研究的变化, 而知识分子的身份地位转变又反过来衍生出更新颖多样的文学形式。而中国文学研究的现代化又是与这一系列的变化相辅相成的, 文学的现代化为文学的现代化研究提供新的材料, 促进着后者的发展, 而文学研究的现代化成果则可以给新文学更多的思想、手段, 纠正文学发展中的错误, 促进文学更好的发展。从胡适提出以白话文代替文言文开始, 我国社会变革的步伐就一再体现在文学作品上, 改良社会、教育人心的作品成了主流, 又加之文学创作人一般也身兼这研究者的身份, 对于文学研究现代化的要求就更高。分析借鉴英美文化研究现代化的方法和成果, 是加快我国文学研究发展的重要途径之一、也是我国文学发展的重要任务。

2. 英美文学现代化的启示

自John教授因图书馆管理使用繁琐, 而提出了以网络远距科技来解决始, 文字的计算机化就开始深远的影响着英美文学的发展。让图书馆走进网络, 不但使图书馆的存储空间无限扩增, 也解决了它的取放问题。由此衍生的是, 整个学术研究中的数据取放问题都得以解决, 新形式的出现, 也改变着文学研究的方法和习惯, 可以说, 以网络分析类化为主的科学思想主导了文学研究的现代化发展。这一时期的文学作品无一不反映出人们的理性思考和科技发展对世界的巨大影响力。这表明作者更多的注意到了一种人文关怀, 并且充分认识到了科技对文学研究的重要作用, 进而更是将计算机和网络及其相关技术全面运用到文学研究中, 这些发展和对科技的敏感反映都是值得我国借鉴的, 文字从文言文变为白话文, 再变成数字化的文字, 这才是应有的变革。我国学者一则对计算机网络运用到文学研究中这一点的反映不够敏感, 二则对运用方法也处于摸索之中, 故而, 发展空间还很大, 一方面要培养懂技术的相关人才, 另一方面就是要借鉴学习英美文学研究的成果, 利用网络加强文学和科学的关系。同时最重要的是从根本上认识到文学与科学相联系对社会发展和进步的重要性, 只有将这个思想深植脑中, 才能令我国的文学研究获得长足的发展。

结语

综上所述, 文学是一种重要的社会表达, 而灵活的运用计算机和网络去进行文学研究则是对这种表达的检测、管理和促进, 同时文学的国际化也是重要的发展趋势。

参考文献

[1]曹振华.中国文学现代化起点的独特考察——“全球化背景下的中国近代小说转型”学术研讨会评述[J].东岳论丛, 2007 (06) .

[2]梁悦瑶.英美文学研究与网络文化:理论与实务的前景与盲点[J].厦门广播电视大学学报, 2007 (01) .

上一篇:补偿设备下一篇:牛津小学英语句型教学