英语助动词

英语助动词（共12篇）

英语助动词 篇1

英语是一种被广泛使用的国际性语言, 是最多国家使用的官方语言, 在很多场合人们都使用它作为沟通媒介。英语属于印欧语系中日耳曼语族下的西日耳曼语支, 是一种由多民族语言融合演变而来的语言。英文是用26个拉丁字母书写。回鹘语属于阿尔泰语系下的突厥语族, 是以粟特文为基础而创制 (张铁山2008) , 其文字在唐代到明代 (约公元8-15世纪) 成为高昌回鹘王国时期 (今新疆吐鲁番盆地) 和中亚地区被广泛使用的语文之一, 代替了在漠北时期所使用过的古代突厥文 (或称如尼文、或鄂尔浑文) (耿世民2010) 。但在这两种分处不同地域和语系中发展出来的语言里却均使用到了助动词。

1. 相同的定义和作用

助动词也属于动词的一类, 但它属于虚词。在回鹘语中, 李经纬等人 (2003) 给助动词作出了明确的定义:某些有人称、时、式等变化的 (有定) 动词和其他有定动词或者副动词进行搭配, 原有的词义发生虚化, 但具有语法意义或情态色彩, 被称之为助动词。它们通常和-a副动词或者-p副动词一起构成复合动词。这时, 副动词具有动作意义, 助动词则来表达各种情态、时间、人称等 (李增祥, 2011) 。相比来说, 英文中对助动词则有明确的定义。《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》对助动词的范围和作用作出了说明:“it is a verb such as be, do and have used with main verbs to show tense, etc.and to form questions and negatives.”《剑桥词典》 (网络版) 解释则更为详细, 说明助动词和实义动词各自在句中起到的作用:“A verb that gives grammatical information not given by the main verb of a sentence.Main verbs have meanings related to actions, events and states…There are three auxiliary verbs in English:be, do and have.”台湾学者简清国和林茂竹的观点也和剑桥词典中的定义类似, 也认为英文中的助动词包括be, do, have系列词等。国内语法大师薄冰认同“认为助动词本身无词汇意义, 不能单独用作谓语”的说法, 并在《剑桥词典》的基础上列举了为数更多的助动词:do, be, have, shall, should, will, would等。向二兰 (2012) 给出的助动词的范围更大且更清晰, 其认为除了be, do, have系列词之外, 还应包括情态动词 (如下表) 。

从以上的定义可以看出, 助动词在两种语言中的定义相差无几。

此外, 助动词和所依附的动词所充当的作用也无异:助动词为虚词, 只起到语法功能, 具有动作行为的动词才是语义的担负者。区别是英文中助动词不像回鹘语要依附于-a副动词或者-p副动词等少数一类词 (李增祥, 2011) , 它所依附的动词范围更大, 根据需要, 几乎可以和所有的实义动词进行组合搭配。它们在句中与实义动词一起构成各种以及否定和疑问结构。

2. 均有一词两用现象

尽管两种语言处于不同的语系, 但对助动词的使用却有着非常类似的用法。如:单词表示“是”或者“成为”时, 在某种情况下既可以充当句子的谓语动词 (实词) , 但在另一种情况下又可以和其他动词一起构成复合动词 (虚词) 。如:

例1回鹘文中:ar-“是”, bol-“是、成为”

例如:mn titsi bolurmn我要成为弟子。

例2英文中:am, is, are“是”和become“成为”

例如:She is a clever student.她是一个很聪明的学生。

在例句1中的bolurmn和例2中的is分别作相应句子中的谓语 (英文中为了区分和实义动词作谓语, 将之称为系动词) 。

但是在回鹘语中, 当它们和副动词结合构成复合动词时, 它们就变成了助动词。在复合动词中, 这些助动词就失去了原来独立作为一个词的意思, 只起到表达各种情态、时间、人称等作用, 而句中表示动作的主要意义就由副动词充当。

例3:turk bodun tabγacqa korur arti那时突厥人民隶属于中国。

同样, 在英语中也不乏这样的例子。这时和助动词一起出现的动词称之为实义动词 (或称为行为动词) 。如:

例4:He is surprised how relaxed you become doing this.他很惊讶你处理这件事时竟然这么放松。

多数情况下, 在这两种语言当中, 助动词作为虚词, 不能单独充当谓语, 如例3和例4一样, 常常要和一个实义动词搭配, 一起构成句子的谓语。

3. 句中的位置不同

英语中陈述句的语序为:主语+谓语+宾语。而回鹘语则为:主语+宾语+谓语。由于助动词在句子中的位置都是和实义动词搭配使用, 因此, 助动词在英语和回鹘语中的位置就不一样。

如图所示, 回鹘语中的助动词在实义动词之后, 而英语中的助动词在实义动词之前。它们的位置完全不一样。例如:

回鹘语:例5:man tukal oqiyu tukattim我全部读完了。

英语:例6:I have finished reading it.我全部读完了。

回鹘语和英语中的助动词都为虚词, 本身无词义, 均在句中起到语法功能。但由于语系的不同, 其在句中的位置也不一样, 这是两者在使用上的显著差异之处。

参考文献

[1]张铁山.回鹘文及其文献[J].文史知识, 2008 (12) :73—77.

[2]耿世民, 魏萃一.古代突厥语语法[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社, 2010.

[3]李经纬, 靳尚怡, 颜秀萍.高昌回鹘文献语言研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆大学出版社, 2003.

[4]李增祥.突厥语言学基础[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社, 2011.

[5]Sally Wehmeier.Oxford advanced learner’s English-Chinese dictionary.Oxford:Oxford University Press, 2006.

[6]薄冰.薄冰英语语法[M].北京:开明出版社, 2007.

[7]简清国, 林茂竹.英汉多功能词典[Z].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1997.

[8]向二兰.英汉助动词移位之比较[J].外语学刊, 2012 (01) :42—45.

英语助动词 篇2

1.be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been的用法。

1)后接-ing式动词构成进行时态

I am doing my homework.

我在做家庭作业。(在谓语动词中的第一位)

She will be sitting here.

她将会坐在这里。(在谓语动词中的第二位)

What have you been doing?

你刚才一直在干什么?(在谓语动词中的第二位)

2)后接过去分词构成被动语态

He is fired.

他被解雇了。

Jane was criticized at that moment.

珍妮那时受到了批评。

3)后接不定式代替将来时，表示即将发生、计划要做的事情

You are to meet them at theairport.

你去机场接他们。

2.have, has, had的用法

1)后接过去分词构成完成时态或者完成进行时态

We have received your letter.

我们已收到你的信。

He has been working for 18 hours.

他一直工作18个小时了。

2)后接不定式表示“必须或者不得不”

She has to give it up.

她必须放弃它。

They had to give in.

他们不得不屈服。

3.do, does, did的用法

1)构成疑问式和否定式

Do you love sports or music?

你喜欢体育还是音乐?(疑问式)

Jack does not speak Chinese.

杰克不会说中文。(否定式)

2)加强语气

I do have two kites.

我确实有两只风筝。

He did come very late.

他确实来得很晚。

3)替代前面的动词，以免重复

Do you want us to join you? ——Yes,I do.

初一英语动词学习小结 篇3

一、“be”动词:有人称和数的变化,它共有“am, is, are”三种形式,应记住:I(我)用“am”,you(你)用“are”,“is”用于“他、她、它”,所有复数都用“are”这一规律。它们没有固定的中文意思,它们所表示的中文意思,可理解为“是,在(哪),有(几岁)”等。例如:

1.I’m eleven. 我有十一岁。

2.He isn’t a teacher. 他不是个老师。

3.Are you in Class 1? 你在一班吗?

注意:否定句在“be”动词后加“not”(例2);一般疑问句把“be”放到句首(例3)。

特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语序(中、英语序颠倒)。例如:

一般疑问句:助动词/be动词放在句首。例如:

1.Is he in Grade 1? 他在一年级吗?(句中有语气词“吗”,助动词放句首)

2.Are they your friends? 他们是你的朋友吗?

二、情态动词:can能、会;它没有人称和数的变化。在“can”后直接接动词原形。例如:

1.I can paint. 我会画画。

2.He can’t paint. 他不会画画。

注意:(陈述句中、英文语序相同)否定句在“can”后加not,缩写为:“can’t”。

3.“Can you/she sing?”“Yes, I/she can.”“你/她会唱歌吗?”“是的,我/她会。(一般疑问句把“can”放句首)

4.What can you/your sister do? 你/你姐妹会做什么?(特殊疑问句:疑问词+一般疑问句语序)

三、行为动词:have(有),like(喜欢),want(要、想要)等,它们有独自的意思,有人称和数的变化。例如:

1.I have a computer. 我有一台电脑。

2.You like tomatoes. 你喜欢西红柿。

3.I want to see an action movie. 我想看一场动作片。

4.He often watches TV. 他常看电视。

注意:肯定句中、英文语序相同,但单数第三人称“he, she, it”等作主语时,后面的行为动词词尾应加“s”或“es”,构成单数第三人称形式,其他人称后,动词用原形。

以上例句是行为动词的一般现在时,表示的是现在的状态,经常发生的动作或经常做的事称为“一般现在时”。它们的否定句和疑问句,与含动词“be”的句子不同,否定句不能在行为动词后直接加“not”,而应在助动词“do或does”后加“not”构成否定意义,第三人称用“doesn’t”,其他人称用“don’t”。一般疑问句把“do或does”放在句首。例如:

1.I don’t have a computer. (否定句)我没有电脑。

2.He doesn’t often watch TV. (否定句)他不常看电视。

3.“Do you like tomatoes?”“No, I don’t.”“(一般疑问句)你喜欢吃西红柿吗?”“不喜欢。”

4.“Does she get up at 7:00?”“Yes, she does.”(一般疑问句)“她是7点起床吗?”“是的。”

5.Where does Tom live? (特殊疑问句)Tom住在哪儿?

在英语中,动词的用法很灵活,动作发生的时间不同,动词的形式就不同。除上述行为动词表示经常性的动作外,初一上册中,还出现了表示正在发生的事或正在做的事,称为“现在进行时”。它的动词形式为be+v-ing。例如:

1.I am watching TV. (肯定句)我正在看电视。

2.He isn’t writing. (否定句)他没在写字。

3.Are they shopping? (一般疑问句)他们在购物吗?

4.What are you doing? (特殊疑问句)你在做什么?

这一时态的结构中既有动词“be”又有行为动词,但与现在时不同的是,句中行为动词不能用原形,而要用动词的现在分词形式v-ing(在动词后加“ing”)。否定句和疑问句的结构与含动词“be”的句子相同。

[小试牛刀]用所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. I ____ (like) tomatoes but I ____ (like) broccoli.

2. My brother ____ (have) a basketball but he ____ (have) a baseball.

3. “What ____ (be) these in English?”“They ____ (be) pencil sharpeners.”

4. “Where ____ you ____ (live)?”“I ____ (live) in Mexico City.”

5. Amy ____ (be) from America. She ____ (speak) English well. She ____ (learn) Chinese in

China now. She ____(like) action movies. But she ____ (like) thrillers. Look, she ____ (read) a book in the room. Her parents ____(watch) TV. Her dog ____(play) with a ball. She ____ (love) her parents. She ____ (have) a happy family.

英语助动词 篇4

Zhang Zhenbang[2]touches upon the complexity of English modals from morphological,syntactical and semantic perspectives,who observes that morphologically,modals have no-finite forms nor–s form for third person singular present tense;syntactically,modals must precede a finite verb in its bare infinitive form;and semantically,modals have lexical meanings and do not co-occur in a verb phrase.For these reasons,English modals are often described as inflectionally defective verbs.Zhang[2]also comments that"the tense distinctions of modals are not the chief markers of time reference"and as most modals are polysemous in nature,"they behave differently in affirmative,negative,and interrogative sentences".

In regard to the meanings modals express,Coates[3]makes a distinction between two types of modalities:epistemic and nonepistemic.There are scholars who argue that many of the occurrences of modals are ambiguous between the epistemic and the non-epistemic interpretations of modals,which gives rise to the semantic indeterminacy of modals[4,5].However,the discussion in this paper follows the traditional demarcation of English moda auxiliary verbs to the exclusion of the ambiguous occurrence o modals.At the same time,the constraints which shape the epistemic and non-epistemic interpretations of English modal auxiliary verbs will also be examined in the ensuing discussions.

1 Interpretations of English Modal Auxiliary Verbs

1.1 Epistemic

As is mentioned above,meanings of modal auxiliary verbs can be divided into two broad categories:epistemic(predictive and non-epistemic(non-predictive).The epistemic meaning o English modals is concerned with the speaker's assumption or assessment of probability,predictability,logical necessity,etc.A comprehensive definition is offered by Coates as"Epistemic modality expresses the speaker's reservations about asserting the truth of the proposition"[3].In most cases,it indicates the speaker's"confidence(or lack of confidence)in the truth of his statement"[3].For example:

(1)A:Who is making such a fuss around?

B:It might/may/could/can/should/ought to/would/will/must/be Tom.

In each answer,the speaker demonstrates a certain degree of certainty or uncertainty in his utterances.From"might"down to"must",the certainty with which the speaker makes his or her assertions intensifies from very being low to being very high.

As we have said earlier,the tense distinctions of modals are not the chief markers of time reference.That is to say,the past forms of modals do not necessarily refer to the past time,nor do the present forms denote the present time.This is a feature that all the modal auxiliary verbs in the epistemic use share,no matter what tense form they may take.For example:

(2)It might be colder here tomorrow.

(3)It might be colder here now.

(4)It might have been colder here yesterday.

"Might"in the above three utterances indicates the speaker's uncertainty about the weather conditions as he or she makes the assumptions.In each case,the word"might"expresses the speaker's present assumption instead of denoting past time.

1.2 Non-epistemic

Non-epistemic meanings of modal auxiliary verbs,on the other hand,are very heterogeneous in nature,that is,this category covers a variety of meanings,except"epistemic"[1].It is even acknowledged by Coates[3]that the epistemic modality or root modality is relatively hard to characterize.However,despite the range of meanings covered by epistemic modals,Coates does identify the essential unity of epistemic modals by the syntactic patterns associated with them,which distinguish them form their epistemic counterparts,such as the features of animate subject,agentive verb,passive voice,and stress and intonation patterns[3].Now,look at the following sentences where the syntactic distinction between the epistemic and non-epistemic use is clear:

(5)A:She can not have been here last night.

B:She could not be here last night.

The modals"can"and"could"in the above sentences involve quite different use.In sentence A,the modal"can"is used in an epistemic manner,which emphasizes the speaker's confidence in his or her assertion that it is impossible for her to have been here last night,referring to the speaker's present denial of possibility of a past event.While in sentence B,the modal auxiliary verb"could"is in non-epistemic use,which is marked for past tense,referring to the lack of ability in the past.

2 Constraints on Different Interpretations of English Modal Auxiliary Verbs

2.1 Aspects of main verbs

Generally speaking,the progressive aspect and perfective aspect of main verbs are in contradiction to the non-epistemic use of modal auxiliary verbs.Therefore,when applied to the progressive aspect and perfective aspect of the main verb,the modal auxiliary verbs ascertainably convey epistemic meanings.Try to compare the following sentences:

(6)She will be studying very hard.(epistemic:她学习得一定非常卖力。)

(7)She may have seen me yesterday.(epistemic:你明天可能看到我。)

(8)You may see me tomorrow.(non-epistemic:你明天可以见我。)

(9)Do not phone her yet–She will be eating her breakfast.(epistemic:别给她打电话她肯定在吃早饭。)

(10)She will eat her breakfast after phoning her secretary.(non-epistemic:她给秘书打电话后会吃早饭的。)

(11)He has to have passed Advanced Level in three subjects before he goes to university.(epistemic:他上大学前一定通过了三门课程的高级考试。)

(12)He has to pass Advanced Level in three subjects before he goes to university.(non-epistemic:他上大学前得通过三门课的高级考试。)

(13)You can't be working at this hour.(epistemic:你此时不可能在工作。)

From the examples illustrated above,we may see that modal auxiliary verbs have epistemic meanings if they are used with the progressive aspect and perfective aspect of main verbs.But if they are used with the general aspect of the main verb,modal auxiliary verbs usually express non-epistemic meanings.Here we use the word"usually";it is not arbitrary,but with special indications.Warnsby[6]notes that the fact that the progressive aspect is so strongly associated with epistemic interpretations should not be taken to prove the rule that aspect is associated with epistemic modality.It is possible to find examples when an utterance modified by the progressive aspect can be interpreted as nonepistemic,as in sentence(14).

(14)We must be leaving soon.[7]

Papafragou claims that this example is non-epistemic.However,put in different contexts,sentence(14)can be interpreted as either epistemic or non-epistemic.Warnsby offers the following two examples to testify to the contextual effects.

(15)I see that my husband has started packing,so we must be leaving soon.(epistemic:我看见我的老公已经开始打包,所以不久我们肯定要离开。)

(16)We must be leaving soon,if we are to catch the 9o'clock train.(non-epistemic:我们必须马上出发,如果想要赶上九点的火车。)

In sentence(15)for example,the speaker expresses a confident judgment on the basis of the evidence at hand,and thus"must"has epistemic interpretation.Sentence(16),on the other hand,is a conditional statement,carrying non-epistemic use,where the conditions are specified for the proposition.Here,we come to this deduction that,to utterances with progressive aspect in which conditions are neither explicitly expressed nor implicitly present,they may be adjudges as epistemic uses,such as the modal"must"in sentence(15),and vice versa,such as the modal"must"in sentence(16).

2.2 Semantic features of main verbs

Main verbs can be divided into two kinds:"stative"and"dynamic"in terms of semantics.Dynamic verbs(sometimes referred to as"action verbs")usually describe actions we can take,or things that happen;stative verbs usually refer to a state or condition which is not changing or likely to change[8].Generally speaking,modal auxiliary verbs carry epistemic meanings if they are used with stative verbs;nevertheless,when they are used with dynamic verbs,modal auxiliary verbs have non-epistemic meanings.Let us look at the following two sentences:

(17)She must live here.(epistemic:她肯定住在这里。)

(18)She must leave here.(non-epistemic:她必须离开这里。)

In the first sentence,"live"belongs to the category of stative verbs,so the whole sentence can be interpreted this way:It is most probable that she lives here.But"leave"in the second sentence is a dynamic verb.The meaning of this sentence is:She is obliged to leave here.

The distinction of the main verbs into stative and dynamic categories is not static.In general conditions,the verb"have"is stative and therefore,when it is used with modal auxiliary verbs,the modal auxiliary verbs have epistemic meanings.For example:She must have many pens.(她肯定有很多钢笔。)But under some circumstances,"have"may transfer into a dynamic verb.For example:You must have a bath.(你必须洗澡。)Here"have"is used with"a bath"and it is equivalent to the verb"bathe"in meaning;thus the modal auxiliary verb"must"carries the characteristics of being non-epistemic.But in the following sentences,due to the constraint of tense and aspect,"must"conveys epistemic meanings on the other hand.

(19)She must be having a bath.(epistemic:她肯定在洗澡。)

(20)She must have had a bath.(epistemic:她肯定洗过澡。)

Generally speaking,"be"is a typical stative verb,and when collocating with modal auxiliary verbs,it has epistemic meanings:

(21)He may be an Australian.(epistemic:她可能是澳大利亚人。)

(22)Those problems might be very difficult.(epistemic:这些问题可能是很难的。)

(23)No boy could be as clever as your son.(epistemic:哪个男孩也不会与你儿子一样聪明。)

(24)The woman would be a teacher.(epistemic:那个女人也许是个教师。)

(25)The boy must be taller than his father.(epistemic:那个男孩肯定比父亲高。)

(26)There has to be some mistakes.(epistemic:肯定存在某种错误。)

(27)She ought to be at home by now.(epistemic:她此时肯定在家。)

(28)They should be very unfamiliar with their new surrounding.(epistemic:他们对新的环境肯定不熟悉。)

However,what's interesting is that when modal auxiliary verbs"must,have to,ought to and should"are combined with SVC(Subject+Linking Verb+Complementation)sentence type that shows favorable or positive meanings,these modal auxiliary verbs carry non-epistemic meanings.The following are examples to illustrate this kind of non-epistemic use of modal auxiliary verbs:

(29)My son must be a good student.(non-epistemic:我儿子应成为好学生。)

(30)He has to be cooperative with his colleagues.(nonepistemic:他得与同事们合作。)

(31)They should be optimistic about our own future.(nonepistemic:他们对自己的前途应该乐观。)

(32)She ought to be sympathetic to the project.(non-epistemic:她应该赞成该项工程。)

Suppose we use words which carry unfavorable or negative meanings to substitute the words which show positive meanings italicized in the above sentences,the modal auxiliary verbs will have to be interpreted as being epistemic:

(33)My son must be a bad student.(epistemic:我儿子肯定是个坏学生。)

(34)He has to be uncooperative with his colleagues.(epistemic:他肯定与同事们合作地不好。)

(35)They should be pessimistic about our future.(epistemic:他们对自己的前途肯定是悲观的。)

(36)She ought to be apathetic to the project.(epistemic:她对该工程一定是无动于衷。)

2.3 Subjects of sentences

In sentences introduced by"there,it,that etc."or sentences with inanimate nouns(or nouns with[-animate]as their semantic features)as the subject,the modal auxiliary verbs in such sentences all convey epistemic meanings.This kind of sentences shows the speaker's judgment about the stated proposition,not the speaker's attitude,not even the attitudes of the subjects in the sentences.Because on the one hand,the subjects of these sentences are[-animate],they can't exhibit any attitudes;or on the other hand,the sentences are introduced by"there,it,that etc.",but they're only the pseudo-subjects not the real subjects of sentences.Look at the following sentences:

(37)There must be many people in the room.(epistemic:房子里一定有很多人。)

(38)There has to be some reasons for his absurd behavior.(epistemic:他那荒唐的行为肯定有某种理由。)

(39)There may still exist some doubt about it.(epistemic:对此可能存在怀疑。)

(40)It can be very difficult for you to do so.(epistemic:这样做肯定是为难的。)

(41)That will be the milkman.(epistemic:那可能是送牛奶的人。)

(42)That should be a misunderstanding to the problem.(epistemic:那一定是对该问题的误解。)

(43)These problems could be answered by any student.(epistemic:这些问题可能任何学生都湖会回答。)

(44)The whole situation might deteriorate.(epistemic:整个形势可能恶化。)

(45)The passage may or may not answer these questions.(epistemic:这段文字可能解答也可能没解答这些问题。)

In the last three sentences,the subjects are all nouns with[-animate]semantic features.Hence,the modal auxiliary verbs in these three sentences have epistemic meanings.Granted that the first sentence is changed from passive sentence type into active sentence type as Any student could answer these questions,the modal auxiliary verb"could"then can be either epistemic or non-epistemic,because the subject"student"is a noun with[+animate]semantic features.Similarly,if the subject"passage"in the last sentence is substituted by a noun or a pronoun with[+animate]semantic features,the modal auxiliary verb in the sentence will have either epistemic interpretation or non-epistemic interpretation correspondingly.

3 Other Constraints Involved

We have discussed the syntactic and semantic criteria which distinguish the modal auxiliary verb's epistemic and non-epistemic usages.Still,additional explanations need to be made here.These criteria,however in the writer's view,do not exclude that modal auxiliary verbs have other semantic constraints.For example,in oral English,the word"may",when interpreted as"possibility",is accentuated in pronunciation,but when interpreted as"allowance",it is unstressed.Therefore,the sentence"He may leave tomorrow."may cause ambiguity in written English,but is clear in meaning in oral English:

(46)He may leave tomorrow.(stressed&epistemic:他可能明天离开。)

(47)He may leave tomorrow.(unstressed&non-epistemic:他明天可以走。)

It is evident that the sentence stress pattern comprises the major element in restricting the semantic interpretation of"may".Yet,whether or not this criterion can be generalized as the semantic features which could distinguish the interpretations of all modal auxiliary verbs?Obviously,it can not.Because generally speaking,modal auxiliary verbs in sentences are unstressed,and their semantic meanings are not affected by the stress pattern.From the above mentioned,there do exist some other semantic constraints on the interpretation of modal auxiliary verbs under exceptional circumstances,but they can not constitute the general semantic criteria.

4 Conclusion

English modal auxiliary verbs are used to express modality,and they have epistemic and non-epistemic interpretations under different circumstances.We have examined the major constraints on which the interpretation of English modals depends.Still,we would like to clarify that the criteria listed above are not equally applicable to all the modal auxiliary verbs.This is due to the fact that the frequency of the application of these modal auxiliary verbs varies.For instance,in modern English the occasions for using"shall"are comparatively limited.Especially in American English,when the subject of a sentence is the first person pronoun,"shall"is substituted by"will"in almost all occasions and even when"shall"is used after the second person and third person pronoun,it just demonstrates the willingness of the speaker,thus displaying non-epistemic meaning,as in You shall(will)be punished if you violate the law.Therefore,in real language use situations,one needs to pay special attention to the various constraints on the interpretations of English modal auxiliary verbs so as to strive for accuracy in the modality one seeks to convey.

摘要：英语中的情态助动词是个封闭的系统,数量虽然有限,但其意义和用法有时相当复杂。情态助动词在语义上通常可以划分为两大类:推测性的和非推测性的。把情态助动词划分为这两类是很有必要的。某个情态助动词在什么情况下作这样一种划分,而不作那样一种划分,也就是说,区别其推测性用法和非推测性用法是否存在着客观的判断标准,似乎更为重要。主动词的时体、语义特征以及句子的主语等对情态动词的正确释义均起到一定的制约作用。理解这些制约因素将有助于对情态动词进行正确的释义。

关键词：情态助动词,推测性,非推测性,制约

参考文献

[1] 李基安 . 现代英语语法 [M]. 北京 : 外语教学与研究出版社 , 2000:161-187.

[2] 章振邦.新编英语语法教程 (教师用书 )[M].3 版.上海:上海 外语教育出版社,2000:153-168.

[3] Coates J.The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries [M].London: Croom Helm,1983:18-21.

[4] Leech G,Coates J.Semantic Indeterminacy and the Modals[C]// Greenbaum S.Studies in English Linguistics.London:Longman Group Ltd,1980:79-90.

[5] 王清杰.英语情态动词意义的不确定性[J].哈尔滨学院学报, 2009,30(6):136-139.

[6] Warnsby A.Decoding epistemic modality in English and Swedish [EB/OL]. [2011 -09 -2].http://www.sol.lu.se/fileadmin/ media/forskning/workingpapers/engelska/vol03/Warnsby -de-codingepistemicmodality.pdf.

[7] Papafragou A.Modality: Issues in the Semantics -Pragmatics Interface [M].Amsterdam/New York:Elsevier Science,2000: 101-102.

英语助动词 篇5

------动词及动词短语

a、b、c、d四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

1.do you mind if i ______with my work while you are getting tea ready?

a.carry out b.come on c.carry on d.go over

2.old memories are often ____ when you hear a particular song or a piece of music.

a.called in b.called on c.called out d.called up

3.―― that’s a lovely dress.

―― do you think so? my aunt gave it to me for my birthday, but i don’t __the color.

a.interest in b.care for c.please with d.fond of

4.the folk song concert was so well ____that all the tickets had been sold out on the first day.

a.accepted b.recognized c.received d.promised

5.the college is planning to offer more english courses to ___the needs of beginners of english.

a.meet with b.meet c.supply d.satisfy with

6.he looked through as many daily newspapers as he could to ______ what they said about his latest book.

a.hear of b.see to c.look up d.find out

7.nowadays too many people are__their eyes __trade.

a.turning ...on b.fixing ...to c.turning ...to d.fixed ...on

8.we had a good many anxious mom but everything __all right in the end.

a.turned down b.turned on c.turned out d.turned to

9.twenty people were expected, but only ten ______.

a.turned round b.turned up c.turned out d.turned to

10.some eighty years ago three-quarters of american production ____family farms or from business employing fewer than six people.

中考英语动词时态考查热点 篇6

一､ 考查一般现在时的用法

考点说明:一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作或现在存在的状态,常以 now, at present 以及 often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, every day 等表示频度的副词或副词性短语为时态标志;一般现在时也可以表示不受任何时间制约的客观事实或普遍真理｡

典型考例:

1. —Is your father a doctor?

—Yes, he is. He_______ in Town Hospital.

A. has workedB. had worked

C. worksD. worked(武汉市)

答案与简析:题干问句中的 Is 和答句中的 is 均暗示该空中的谓语动词应用一般现在时,又因主语为第三人称单数形式,空白处应填 works,故答案为C｡

2. Every year many foreigners_______ to China to learn Chinese.

A. have comeB. comesC. cameD. come(陕西省)

答案与简析:题干中的时间状语 Every year 暗示该空的谓语动词应用一般现在时,表示经常性､习惯性的动作,又因主语为可数名词复数,谓语动词应用复数形式与之呼应,故答案为D｡

二､ 考查一般过去时的用法

考点说明:一般过去时可以表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,多以 last week, an hour ago, just now, in 1995 等单纯表示过去时间的状语为时态标志;一般过去时也可以表示过去经常性､习惯性的动作或存在的状态,此时句中除了有表示过去时间的状语外,还常有 always, usually, often, seldom, sometimes, never, every day 等表示频度的副词或短语为时态标志｡

典型考例:

1. —Have you mended your shoes, Bob?

—Yes, I_______ them twenty minutes ago.

A. have mendedB. mend

C. had mendedD. mended(天津市)

答案与简析:题干应答语中的 twenty minutes ago 为纯粹的过去时间作状语,暗示该空应填谓语动词 mend 的过去式 mended,故答案为D｡

2. —The office was broken into last night. Someone thinks you did it.

—But I_______ the whole night with my best friend, John.

A. spendB. am spending

C. spentD. had spent(威海市)

答案与简析:题干第一句中的 last night 表示纯粹的过去时间,暗示应答句中的谓语动词应为一般过去时,空白处应填 spent,故答案为C｡

3. —Where’s the cake I made this morning?

—We_______ it, Mom. Can you make another one for us?

A. ateB. eat

C. will eatD. were eating(江西省)

答案与简析:分析语境可知,蛋糕没有了,而“吃蛋糕”这一动作发生在过去,因此该空应填谓语动词 eat 的过去式 ate,故答案为A｡

4. —Look! The girl is swimming so fast.

—I_______ she_______ swim.

A. know; can’tB. knew; can’t

C. don’t know; canD. didn’t know; could(无锡市)

答案与简析:题干第二句的意思应为“我不知道她会游泳”,但说这话的时候“我”(刚刚)才知道了这一点,因此主从句的谓语动词均应用一般过去时,故答案为D｡

三､ 考查现在进行时的用法

考点说明:现在进行时可以表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作,常以 now 为时态标志｡现在进行时还可以与 always 等副词连用,表示反复性､一贯性的动作,含有赞扬或批评的感情色彩｡

典型考例:

1. —What’s your brother doing in his room now?

—He_______ a kite.

A. makesB. madeC. is makingD. will make(北京市)

答案与简析:问句中的时间状语 now 暗示应答句中谓语动词表示的动作“正在进行”,因此空白处应填 is making,故答案为C｡

2. —Are you a baby-sister here?

—No. I_______ after the baby instead of Ms Green. She is away for shopping.

A. lookB. am looking

C. have lookedD. looked(威海市 )

答案与简析:分析语境可知,因为看见对方此刻正在照看婴儿,问话人才会询问对方是不是保姆,因此,答句的谓语动词应为现在进行时,该空应填 am looking,故答案为B｡

四､ 考查过去进行时的用法

考点说明:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作,常以 just now, then, at that time, at this time yesterday 等表示特定的过去时间点为时态标志｡

典型考例:

1. I_______ on the computer when Jim came to see me yesterday evening.

A. drawB. drew

C. was drawingD. am drawing(河北省)

答案与简析:题干的句意应为,“昨晚吉姆来看我时,我正在电脑上画画”｡ when 从句的谓语动词为一般过去时,主句的谓语动词应为过去进行时,因此该空应填 was drawing,故答案为C｡

2. I_______ my homework while my parents_______ TV last night.

A. did; have watchedB. was doing; were watching

C. had done; were watchingD. would do; were watching(南京市)

答案与简析:题干的句意应为“昨天晚上当父母正在看电视时,我正在做家庭作业”｡ while 引导时间状语从句时,主句和从句的谓语动词均应为过去进行时形式,因此两空应分别填 was doing 和 were watching,故答案为B｡

3. —I called you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.

—Oh， I’m sorry. I_______ dinner at my friend’s home.

A. hadB. was havingC. have had(青海省)

答案与简析:分析语境可知,题干第二句的意思应为“昨天晚上你给我打电话时,我正在朋友家吃饭”,因此空白处应填谓语动词的过去进行时形式 was having,故答案为B｡

4. What_______ when your mother called you up?

A. are you doingB. did you do

C. you were doingD. were you doing(呼和浩特市)

答案与简析:题干的句意为“当你妈妈给你打电话时,你正在做什么”｡“打电话”这一动作发生在过去,主句的谓语动词应用过去进行时,因此该空应填 were you doing,故答案为D｡

5. My sister_______ her book in the classroom when her teacher came in.

A. readB. reads

C. was readingD. is reading(长春市)

答案与简析:题干的句意应为“当老师进来时我姐姐正在教室里看书”, when 从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句谓语动词应为 was reading,表示过去正在进行的动作,故答案为C｡

五､ 考查一般将来时的用法

考点说明:一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及按计划或安排将要进行的动作,一般将来时有 be going to do， will/shall do， be about to do 等多种表达形式｡在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的主从复合句中,若主句谓语动词用一般将来时,从句谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间｡ come， go， leave， arrive 等表示位置移动的动词可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的动作｡

典型考例:

1. —You’ve left with the light on.

—Oh, sorry._______ and turn it off.

A. I’ve goneB. I’ll goC. I wentD. I’m going(河南省)

答案与简析:分析语境可知,答句的意思是“我将要去把灯关掉”,因此空白处应填 I’ll go,表示将要发生的动作｡故答案为B｡

2. Don’t worry. I_______ you as soon as I finish my work.

A. helpB. will helpC. helpedD. was helping(锦州市)

答案与简析:由 as soon as 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词用一般现在时可以推知,主句谓语动词应用一般将来时,空白处应填 will help,故答案为B｡

3. He doesn’t tell me when he_______. I’ll call you up as soon as he_______.

A. will come, arrivesB. comes, arrives

C. will come, will arrive(厦门市)

答案与简析:题干第一句的意思是“他没有告诉我他什么时候会来”, when 引导宾语从句,因此第一空应填 will come,表示他“将要来”｡第二句的意思是“他一到,我将给你打电话”｡主句谓语动词用了一般将来时, as soon as 引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间,故答案为A｡

4. If it_______ tomorrow, we_______ travel outside.

A. will rain; willB. rains; won’t

C. will rain; won’t(常德市)

答案与简析:题干的意思应为“如果明天下雨,我们将不外出旅游”｡ If 引导条件状语从句,谓语动词应用一般现在时表示将来时间,因此该空应填 rains;主句谓语动词应用一般将来时,空白处应填否定式 won’t｡故答案为B｡

5. —Jim, can you help me to wash the dishes?

—Sorry, Dad. I_______ to the shop.

A. goB. wentC. am goingD. have been(江西省)

答案与简析:答句的意思应为“我将要去商店”,可用 go 的现在进行时表示将要发生的动作,故答案为C｡

六､ 考查现在完成时的用法

考点说明:现在完成时可以表示发生在过去的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果,它常与 already, just， yet， before， ever， never， before 等词连用;现在完成时也可以表示发生在过去的某一动作一直延续到现在, 并且有可能继续延续下去,此时常与“for + 一段时间 ”或“since + 过去时间点/谓语动词为一般过去时的从句”连用｡但在肯定句中谓语动词须用持续性动词｡现在完成时还可以用在“It is the + 序数词 + time + that...”句式中的 that 从句中,表示到现在为止动作已经发生的次数｡

典型考例:

1. —They say there’s a new restaurant nearby.

—Yes, and it_______ for no more than a week.

A. has been openB. opens

C. is openingD. is opened(河南省)

答案与简析:题干第一句的意思应为“他们说附近有一家新饭店”｡第二句的意思应为“饭店开业才仅仅一个星期”,根据 for no more than a week 这一时间状语可以确定谓语动词应为现在完成时,因此空白处应填 has been open， 故答案为A｡

2. —Kitty, will you go to see the film Cold Mountain this evening?

—No, I won’t. I_______ it already.

A. sawB. have seen

C. seeD. will see(南京市)

答案与简析:由应答语的否定回答和第二句中的副词 already 可知,“我已经看过这部电影了”,因此谓语动词应为现在完成时,空白处应填 have seen,故答案为B｡

3. —How long_______ the film King Kong_______?

—For just several minutes.

A. did, beginB. has, begunC. has, been on(哈尔滨市)

答案与简析:由题干答句可以推知问句的意思应为“《金刚》这部电影开演多长时间了”｡用 How long 提问,谓语动词一般为延续性动词,begin 不是延续性动词,可排除A､B两项｡因此第一空应填 has,第二空应填 been on,故答案为C｡

七､ 考查过去完成时的用法

考点说明:过去完成时表示到过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即指“过去的过去”｡此时常与 by， when 等引导的时间状语连用｡过去完成时也可以表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间,此时常与 for 或 since 引起的时间状语连用｡

典型考例:

When I arrived at the office, the meeting_______ for ten minutes.

A. has begunB. had been onC. began(贵阳市)

英语中非谓语动词用法小议 篇7

一、动词不定式: (to) +do, 具有名词、形容词、副词的特征

1. 不定式的形式 (以动词write为例)

否定式:not+ (to) do

(1) 一般式:

不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后, 例如:

I'm glad to meet you.

He seems to know a lot.

(2) 进行式:

不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生, 例如:

The boy pretended to be working hard.

2. 不定式的句法功能

(1) 作主语:

To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.

(2) 作表语:

Her job is to clean the hall.

(3) 作宾语:

常与不定式作宾语连用的动词有:want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式 (宾语) 后面有宾语补足语, 则用it作形式宾语, 真正的宾语 (不定式) 后置, 放在宾语补足语后面, 例如:

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

(4) 作宾语补足语:

在复合宾语中, 动词不定式可充当宾语补足语, 如下动词常跟这种复合宾语:want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.

此外, 介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用, 如:

With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema.

二、动名词

动名词既具有动词的一些特征, 又具有名词的句法功能。

1.动名词的形式

否定式:not+动名词

(1) 一般式:

Seeing is believing.眼见为实。

(2) 被动式:

He came to the party without being invited.

他未被邀请就来到了晚会。

(3) 完成式:

We remembered having seen the film.

我们记得看过这部电影。

(4) 完成被动式:

He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。

(5) 否定式:not+动名词

I regret not following his advice.

我后悔没听他的劝告。

2.动名词的句法功能

(1) 作主语:

Reading aloud is very helpful.朗读是很有好处的。

当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语。

It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的。

(2) 作表语:

In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.

在蚂蚁王国, 蚁后的工作是产卵。

(3) 作宾语:

They haven't finished building the dam.

他们还没有建好大坝。

三、现在分词

现在分词既具有动词的一些特征, 又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。

1. 现在分词的形式

否定式:not+现在分词

(1) 现在分词的主动语态:

现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生, 完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生, 常作状语。例如:

They went to the park, singing and talking.

他们边唱边说向公园走去。

(2) 现在分词的被动语态:

一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作, 完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作。

The problem being discussed is very important.

正在被讨论的问题很重要。

2. 现在分词的句法功能

(1) 作定语:

现在分词作定语, 当分词单独做定语时, 放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。

In the following years he worked even harder.

在后来的几年中, 他学习更努力了。

The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.

正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲。

现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能, 如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed;the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.

(2) 现在分词作表语:

The film being shown in the cinema is exciting.

正在这家上演的电影很棒。

The present situation is inspiring.

当前的形势鼓舞人心。

be+doing既可能表示现在进行时, 也可能是现在分词作表语, 它们的区别在于be+doing表示进行的动作是进行时, 而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。

(3) 作宾语补足语:

如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语:

see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如:

Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?

(4) 现在分词作状语:

(1) 作时间状语:

(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.

在工厂工作时, 他是一名先进工人。

(2) 作原因状语:

Being a League member, he is always helping others.由于是共青团员, 他经常帮助他人。

(3) 作方式状语, 表示伴随:

He stayed at home, cleaning and washing.

他呆在家里, 又擦又洗。

(4) 作条件状语:

(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.

要是整天玩, 你就会浪费宝贵的时间。作结果状语:

He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces.

他把杯子掉了, 结果摔得粉碎。

(5) 作目的状语:

He went swimming the other day.

几天前他去游泳了。

(6) 作让步状语:

Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.

虽然雨下得很大, 但不久天就晴了。

四、过去分词

过去分词只有一种形式:规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求, 要一一记住。

过去分词的句法功能:

1. 过去分词作定语

Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。

Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.

当选为委员的人将出席这次会。

注意当过去分词是单词时, 一般用于名词前, 如果是过去分词短语, 就放在名词的后面。过去分词作定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。

2. 过去分词作表语

The window is broken.窗户破了。

They were frightened at the sad sight.

他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。

注意:be+过去分词, 如果表示状态是系表结构, 如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别:

The window is broken. (系表)

The window was broken by the boy. (被动)

有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的, 不表示被动, 只表示完成。如:

boiled water (开水) , fallen leaves (落叶)

newly arrived goods (新到的货) , the risen sun (升起的太阳)

the changed world (变了的世界)

这类过去分词有:gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。

关于英语情态动词的应用 篇8

第一, can/could。 (1) 表示能力的时候, can多用于指现在或将来, could多用于指过去。be able to也可以表示可能, 但是它表示的是具备了做某事的能力并成功地做了某事。 (2) 表示可能性的时候, could表示推测的可能性比can小。 (3) 表示推测的时候, could表示的语气更加委婉。

第二, can/could+have done sth.是对过去的推测, could have done sth.还可以表示过去可以完成而实际上未完成的动作或与过去事实相反, 也就是实际上并没有发生的动作。

第三, may/might表示许可或可能性, might表示的可能性比may小。

第四, may/might+have done sth.表示对过去行为的推测, 是也许是的含义, 可能性较大时用may, 可能性较小是用might。

第五, will/would。 (1) 表示意志意愿的时候, would用于过去的情况。 (2) 表示请求建议的时候, would比will语气委婉客气。 (3) will表示规律性, 过去时中用would。

第六, would have done sth.是虚拟语气, 表示对过去事情的假设, 意思是本来会做某事。例如:Had you left home earlier yesterday, you would have caught the bus at the last minute.

第七, shall/should。 (1) shall用于第一和第三人称疑问句中, 表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。 (2) 用于第二、三人称, 表一种强烈的感情, 如“命令, 禁止, 威胁, 允诺”等。例如:One of our rules is that every student shall wear school uniform while at school. (3) should表示劝告, 建议, 命令等, 与ought to是同意, 在疑问句中, 通常用should代替ought to。

第八, should/ought to have done sth.表示过去应该做某事, 而实际上并没有做, 往往表示惋惜遗憾。例如:There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party.You ought to have come, but why didn’t you?

第九, dare/need (1) 做情态动词时, need表示需要, 必须, 通常放在否定句或疑问句中。做情态动词时, 表示敢, 敢于, 后跟不带to的不定式, 主要用于否定句和疑问句中。 (2) dare/need也常用作实意动词, 有时态, 人称和数的变化, 后面可接带to的不定式。

第十, needn’t+have done sth.表示做了本来不需要做的事。

第十一, must/have to, must表示必须, 应该, have to也表示必须, 不得不, 但must侧重于说话人的想法、思想, 强调的是说话人自己的意愿和决心, 而have to侧重于客观上的必要, 强调外部条件作用的结果, 表示因外在的原因而不得不做, 带有不情愿的感情色彩。

第十二, must have done sth.表示对过去事情的肯定推测, 表达的是一定做过某事, 只能用于肯定句中。

英语情态动词是一个十分复杂的系统, 虽然数量不多, 但用途广泛, 是英语学习过程中的一个“问题领域”。在英语教学中, 应充分重视情态动词的语义范畴, 引导学生准确地把握情态动词的多层含义, 既重视其语法形式的准确性, 又强调其语用意义的恰当性, 以提高学生的语言交际能力。因此, 本文结合情态动词的语义特征, 从情态动词的易考知识点出发, 对情态动词的薄弱环节进行了练习, 能增强学生关于情态动词这一语法点的应试技巧。

参考文献

[1]高等学校外语专业教学指导委员会英语组.高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2000

英语介词动词化的现象 篇9

请同学们翻译下列句子, 注意句中介词的用法。

He isout ofwork.

What’s the toolfor?

How many metres do I needforthe overcoat?

We can make winefromgrapes.

Don’t beout ofpatience.

Don’t drivethroughthe red light.

Now I am independentofmy parents.

They are talkingovertea.

I amatyour service.

Radio Anhui isonthe air.

参考答案:

他失业了。

这工具是做什么用的?

做这件大衣要多少米 (衣料) ?

我们可以用葡萄酿酒。

不要失去耐心。

不要闯红灯。

我现在独立生活, 不依赖父母了。

他们一边喝茶, 一边交谈。

我随时都愿为你效劳。

浅析七年级英语动词的用法 篇10

一、实义动词动词

A) 第三人称单数 (现单三形式)

当主语是第三人称单数时, 动词应该使用第三人称单数形式。动词现单三形式变化规则如下:

一) 一般在词后加s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dances, trains

二) 在以x, sh, ch, s, tch结尾的单词后加es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes

三) 1) 以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try-tries

2) 以元音字母加y结尾的则直接加s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys

四) 以o结尾加es。如:does, goes

五) 特殊的有:are-is, have-has

B) 现在分词

当我们说某人正在做什么事时, 动词要使用现在分词形式 (即V+ing形式) , 动词现在分词变化规则如下:

一) 直接加ing。

如:spell-spelling, sing-singing, see-seeing, traintraining, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing

二) 以不发音e的结尾的, 去掉e, 再加ing。

如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicing, write-writing, have-having

三) 以重读闭音节结尾 (一个元音字母+一个辅音字母) , 要双写最后的辅音字母再加ing。如:put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning (注意除开字母组合如:show-showing, draw-drawing)

四) 以ie结尾的变ie为y再加ing。

如:tie-tying系die-dying死lie-lying位于

二、Be动词

从接触英语的第一句"What's your name?"就已经展开了对be动词的认识。is作为助动词充当谓语, 如:"What is it?"、"It is a pen."、"That is a banana."这样is就逐步熟悉了。由此再展开am和are。同样表达"是"的意思, "我是am你是are, is跟着他、她、它"、"单数is, 复数are"。

Be动词提前形成疑问语气。"Is this a pen?""Is that an apple?"

三、助动词Do和Does!

紧接着be动词以后, do就出现了。

句子里面没有出现的词语, 将如何去发现?

I like apples.这样的句子, 如何找到助动词是Do?其实就是I do like apples.

一般疑问句助动词提前。“Do you like apples?”“Yes, I do.”“No, I don't."也就由此引出。

而面对第三人称单数, 这里则需要特别注意。

He likes our pigs.实际上就是He does like our pigs.很明显, does已经出现了。一般疑问句助动词提前。"Does he like our pigs?"

四、情态动词Can

Can I help you?

Can是情态动词, 直接接动词原形。如:

I can eat breakfast.

I can do my homework.

把Can置于句首, 构成疑问形式。如:Can you find bananas on the tree?

“小小擂台”

1.Please______ (tell) me about your favorite subject.

2.Where______Michael Owen______ (come) from.

3.Sometimes the boy_______ (be) late for school.

4.He______ (want) a job in town.

5.She can't______ (find) work in this town.

6.Mary often______ (go) to school on Monday.

7.Would you like______ (be) a professional football player?

8.They______ (pass) the ball from one to another.

9.Let us______ (give) them our best wishes.

10.What is she doing?She______ (wash) dishes.

11.I am afraid of______ (swim) , but Tom______ (swim) a lot.

12.Hui Fang often______ (arrive) at school early.

13.Here______ (be) the flowers for Mom.

答案:

英语非谓语动词的用法 篇11

关键词：不定式 动词的-ing形式 过去分词

非谓语动词，顾名思义就是在句子中不能充当谓语的动词，但是，可以充当其它的句子成分，也有时态和语态的变化。这类动词包括不定式（to do）、动词的-ing 形式（分为动名词和动词的现在分词两种形式，书写形式都是doing）和过去分词（done）。

▲▲一、做主语

不定式和动名词形式都可以做主语，但过去分词不可以。如：To do such things is foolish. （做这样的事是愚蠢的。），Seeing is believing.（眼见为实）。在这一用法中，需要注意的是：1）动名词可以做主语，但动词的现在分词不可以做主语。2）不定式和动名词做主语时，谓语要用第三人称单数。3）不定式做主语时，如果主语较长，为了避免句子头重脚轻，往往用形式主语it做主语，把真正的不定式主语放在句子的后边，同时，用of或for引导出不定式的逻辑主语，置于不定式前。如：It is kind of you to stay with me in such a difficult situation.（在这样的困境中，你还能陪在我身边，真是太有爱心了。）

▲▲二、做表语

非谓语动词的这三种形式都可以用做表语。如：Her job is to clean the hall.（她的工作是清扫大厅。），Her job is washing and cooking. （她的工作就是洗衣服、做饭。），His good days is gone. （他的好日子一去不复返了。）。过去分词做表语时，要注意和句子的被动语态相区别。过去分词做表语表示主语的状态，而被动语态强调动作。例如：The glass is broken.（玻璃杯是破的。），broken 做句子的表语，表示玻璃杯的状态。The glass is broken by me .（玻璃杯被我打碎了。），这个句子属于被动语态，强调动作“被打碎了”。

▲▲三、做定语

不定式、动词的-ing形式、过去分词都可以做定语，但所表示的意义并不相同。例如：I have a lot of work to do.（我还有许多工作要做。），She is a sleeping beauty.（她是个睡美人。），He takes sleeping pills every day.（他每天吃安眠药。）The stolen book is as same as his.（偷来的那本书和他的一模一样。）。1）不定式做定语表示将来的动作。例句中的不定式表明将要做的工作还有很多。2）动名词做定语时，表示作用和用途，如例句中的“sleeping pill”（安眠药），pill 的作用是to sleep。现在分词做定语表示动词和被修饰的词之间是主动关系，或正在进行的动作，如例句中的“sleeping beauty”（睡美人），表明“Beauty is sleeping”.3）过去分词做定语表示动词和被修饰词之间是被动的关系，或已经完成的动作，如例句中的“the stolen book”表明 “The book is stolen”.这一用法要注意和现在分词做定语相区别。

▲▲四、做宾语

不定式和动词的-ing形式可以做宾语，过去分词不能做宾语。一般，一次性的动作用不定式做宾语，如：I like to swim.（我想去游泳。）。动词的-ing形式做宾语，表示习惯性或经常性的动作，如：I like swimming.（我喜欢游泳）。常用不定式做宾语的动词有：want， hope， wish， offer， fail， plan， learn， pretend， refuse， manage， help， agree， promise， prefer 等，用动词的-ing 形式做宾语的动词和动词词组有：enjoy， finish， suggest， avoid， excuse ，delay， imagine， keep， miss， consider， admit，deny， mind， permit， forbid， practise， risk， appreciate， be busy， be worth， feel like， can't stand， can't help， think of， dream of， be fond of， prevent…（from），keep …from， stop…（from），protect…from， set about， be engaged in， spend…（in）， succeed in， be used to， look forward to， object to， pay attention to， insist on， feel like.

▲▲五、做狀语

非谓语动词的三种形式都可以做状语。1）现在分词做状语时，动词所表示的动作和逻辑主语之间是主动关系。如果逻辑主语和主句主语相一致，则逻辑主语省略，否则，逻辑主语要写在现在分词的前面。如：He stayed at home ，washing and cooking.（他呆在家里，洗衣服做饭），表示wash＼cook的执行者是he， The sun shining in the sky， I worked on the farm happily.（艳阳高照，我快乐的在田间干活），因为shine的逻辑主语the sun与主句主语I不一致，所以补出来。2）过去分词做状语，动词所表示的动作与逻辑主语之间是被动的关系。如果逻辑主语和主句主语相一致，则逻辑主语省略，否则，逻辑主语要写在过去分词的前面。如：Seen from the hill， our town looks beautiful.（从山上看，我们的城镇很漂亮）。

▲▲六、做宾语补足语

非谓语动词的三种形式都可以做宾补。1）不定式做宾补时，需要注意，如果谓语动词是感官动词或使役动词，不定式要去掉“to”。如：I heard him cry last night.（昨天晚上，我听到他哭了），但在被动句中，“to”不能省略。如：He was heard to cry last night.（昨天晚上，有人听到他哭了）。2）现在分词做宾补，表示动词所表示的动作与宾语之间是主动关系，或正在进行的动作。如：He kept the car waiting at the gate.（他让小汽车在门口等着）。3）过去分词做宾补，表示动词所表示的动作与宾语之间是被动关系，或已经完成的动作。如：I heard the song sung several times last week.（上周，我听到这首歌被唱了好多遍）。

以上是笔者在实际教学中，总结出的非谓语动词的几点用法，希望能够帮助英语学习者区分非谓语动词三种形式。

参考文献：

[1]薄冰.薄冰英语语法[M].开明出版社，2012

高考英语动词时态的解题策略 篇12

一、根据题干中直接给出的时间状语来判定相应的时态

通过对题干中所提供的时间状语及其在语境中对动词时态限制的分析来做出正确的判断, 主要考查对动词时态基本用法的掌握情况。如:

1.—Have you known Dr Jackson for a long time?

—Yes, since he_____ the Chinese Society. (NMET 2008)

A.has joined B.joins C.had joined D.joined

析:根据题干, 答语since从句是一个省略了主句的时间状语从句, 完整的句子应为:I have known Dr Jackson since he joined the Chinese Society.即:从他加入了中国学社至今, 应用一般过去时。故选D项。

2.His sister left home in 1998, and _____ since. (NMET 2009)

A.had not been heard of B.has not been heard of

C.had not heard of D.has not heard of

析:分析题干, and分句的时间状语为since省略句, 补全为since 1998, 表示从1998年到现在为止一直在进行的动作, 而且还有可能要继续下去, 应用现在完成时。故选B项。

应试策略:

解答该类题时, 应注意:首先, 要扎实运用动词时态的基本功, 能正确认识不同的时间状语在不同时态中的运用;其次, 在解题时, 应充分利用题干中所给的时间状语及所提供的语境, 并正确区分同一时间状语在多种时态中的用法, 最终做出正确选择。

二、题干中虽给出时间状语, 但并不能根据所提供的时间状语直接作答

解答时应排除时间状语的干扰性及迷惑性, 根据上下文语境来正确判断。此类题主要考查对某些时间状语在特定语境中动词时态特殊运用的掌握情况。如:

1.Eliza remembers everything exactly as if it _____ yesterday. (NMET 2006)

A.was happening B.happens

C.has happened D.happened

析:题干中虽有时间状语yesterday, 但不决定动词的时态。做题应着眼于as if引导的从句的用法, 其从句通常用虚拟语气, 再结合前面的remembers可知与现在事实相反, 因此用一般过去时。故选D项。

2.The wet weather will continue tomorrow when a cold front_______ to arrive. (NMET 2008)

A.is expected B.is expecting

C.expects D.will be expected

析:一般来说, 当主句为一般将来时时, 通常从句中谓语动词要用一般将来时。但本题是用when引导从句, 在这种从句中通常要用一般现在时表示将来时且根据语境, 应用被动结构。故选A项。

应试策略:

解答该类题时, 考生要特别注意不能受题干中所给时间状语的迷惑, 应充分利用题干中所暗示的条件, 排除干扰, 并根据上下文语境做出正确判断。

三、题干中不直接给出时间状语, 句中动词时态的确定必须完全根据上下文的语境来判断

此类题主要考查对动词时态在语境中灵活运用的能力。如:

1.Mary, ___ here———everybody else, stay where you are. (NMET 2006)

A.come B.comes C.to come D.coming

析:根据句子的结构, 破折号连接的是两个完整的祈使句, 所以, 应用动词原形。故选A项。

2.Edward, you play so well.But I_______ you played the piano. (NMET 2009)

A.didn’t know B.hadn’t known

C.don’t know D.haven’t known

析:根据题干中的语境, 考生仅能通过说话人的意图所指的动作发生的时间来判断该动作。虽然第一个分句描述现在的事实, 但第二句旨在说明以前的情况, 故应用一般过去时。故选A项。

应试策略: