中西饮食文化论文

2024-11-22

中西饮食文化论文（精选8篇）

中西饮食文化论文篇1

比较中西饮食文化

摘要：餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。

关键词：不同的饮食观念

不同的饮食礼仪与方式

中西饮食对象的差异

目

录中国饮食文化特征……………………………………………………..1

1.1风味多样………………………………………………………………1.2四季有别………………………………………………………………1

1.3讲究美感………………………………………………………………1 2 中西饮食文化比较……………………………………………………1 2.1不同的饮食观念.…………………………………………………1 2.2不同的饮食礼仪与方式..………………………………………2 3 结论..………………………………………………………………………….5 参考文献..……………………………………………………………………..5 1中国饮食文化特征

中国是文明古国，亦是悠久饮食文化之境地。将饮食文化归纳出以下几个特点：

1.1风味多样

由于中国幅员辽阔，地大物博，各地气候、物产、风俗习惯都存在着差异，长期以来，在饮食上也就形成了许多风味。中国一直就有“南米北面”的说法，口味上有“南甜北咸东酸西辣”之分，主要是巴蜀、齐鲁、淮扬、粤闽四大风味。

1.2四季有别

一年四季，按季节而吃，是中国烹饪又一大特征。自古以来，中国一直按季节变化来调味、配菜，冬天味醇浓厚，夏天清淡凉爽；冬天多炖焖煨，夏天多凉拌冷冻。

1.3讲究美感

中国的烹饪，不仅技术精湛，而且有讲究菜肴美感的传统，注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。对菜肴美感的表现是多方面的，无论是个红萝卜，还是一个白菜心，都可以雕出各种造型，独树一帜，达到色、香、味、形、美的和谐统一，给人以精神和物质高度统一的特殊享受。

2中西饮食文化比较

2.1不同的饮食观念

2.1.1饮食结构

在中国，人们的传统饮食习俗是靠以植物性食料为主。主食是五谷杂粮，然后辅以蔬菜，外加少量肉食而形成的餐饮形式。中国人也习惯于以热食、熟食为主，这也是中国人饮食习俗的一大特点。这点就和中国古老的文明和发达的烹调技术有关。而在西方，其人民秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统，以渔猎、养殖为生，传统的饮食习俗靠以动物性食料为主，并辅以采集、种植，肉食较多，吃、穿、用都取之于动物。这是由于高热量、高脂肪类的饮食结构比较适合高纬度的地理和气候。这样就

中西饮食文化论文篇2

关键词：中西医学,中西文化

一切从一部电影说起.电影《刮痧》中讲述了男主人公因其爸爸为其儿子刮痧而被告虐儿展开的一系列故事, 而在这部电影中, 反映了以解剖学为基础的西医理论和口耳相传的经验中医学的矛盾, 揭示出中西文化的冲突, 同时也说明的中华文化的博大精深与中国医术的精湛.由此引发了我的思考:文化是无处不在的, 它影响着人们的思维和活动, 影响着健康, 也影响着医学科学的形成与发展.中西医学的许多差异都与相异的文化土壤有关, 是文化选择的结果。

首先, 从中西语言文字来看中西医学.语言文字是最基本、最重要的人类文化现象, 是思维和社会发展的基础, 也是医学体系生存发展的必要条件。中西方的文字差异是显而易见的, 对医学的影响也不难理解。中国的象形文字是视觉文字, 而其他国家的文字多为视觉文字。视觉文字比听觉文字稳定, 易于流传和继承。这种稳定性使中医易于继承和统一, 使中医理论高度稳定的原因之一。西方文字使拼音文字、听觉文字, 稳定性较差, 它的集约性较差, 抽象性突出, 表义相对单一, 这些特征对西医发展的跳跃性、理论的抽象性和学科的科学性都有一定的影响。

语意的差异对中西医学的影响是显而易见的。由于中西方的科学发展状态及过程不同, 中西方的历史与文化背景不同, 故语意的理性的意义存在着差异, 这一点在中西医学中的表现十分明显。中医之“气”不同于西医之“air”, 中医之“脾”不同于西医之“spleen”, 中医之脏腑也不同于西医之器官。还有中医是文学语体, 而西医是科学语体。语体建构的不同对两种医学体系的建构具有不可小视的影响。

哲学作为文化的核心, 作为最高层次的理论思维, 一直指导着医学和其他科学的发展。中西医学从来没有脱离各自的哲学而存在。所以, 从中西哲学的角度来分析中西医学的差异尤为重要。

中医将中国哲学与医学融为一体, 当代的孙思邈说过不知《易》, 便不足以言太医。而明代的张介宾也说过, “是以《易》之书, 一言一字, 皆藏医学之指南;一象一爻, 咸寓尊生之心鉴。”中医的阴阳理论来自《易》的“太极生两仪”。五行学说源于“太极一气产生阴阳, 阴阳化合生无形, 五行既荫随含万物。”中医的基础理论几乎都可以在太极图中找到渊源。儒家和道家都源于《易》, 儒以“仁术”规定着医学的方向和实用理性, 影响着重义轻利、重人伦的医德原则。道以“道法自然”、“一分为二”、自然无为和辩证法等理论影响者着中医的理论基础和防病治病思想。

至于西方, 从古希腊的留基伯、德谟克利特、伊壁鸠鲁和亚里士多德的原子论开始, 西方的主流哲学都坚持着“实物中心论”, 这种理论引导着西医把关注的目光放在构成人体的实体物质和器官等方面。近代西方形成的还原论思路认为, 整体由部分构成, 应当而且可以把整体分解为部分来认识, 生命的整体性能, 可以从它组成部分的性能完全解释清楚在这种思路下西医的研究从整体、器官、细胞, 一直深入到分子和亚分子水平, 并建构一系列基础医学学科。由此可见, 中西医学在各自哲学运行的轨道上是朝着不同的方向发展的。

最后, 不得不提的是, 中国的农耕文化强化了人们的无务实精神, 中国人重安宁稳定而不愿涉险探索, 重人伦而轻自然, 重现世而轻未来, 重求同而轻异议, 重仕途而轻科技的文化特征对中医的影响十分明显, 从医者多是仕途不顺才退而求其次, 舍儒而向道者。而西方的航海及商业文化既有掠夺、利己、拜金等负面影响, 又给人以战胜自然, 敢于标新立异和藐视权威的精神。西医的发展与这些精神密切相关。

人是追求价值并按自觉目的进行活动的实体, 任何对人无价值和不符合人预期目的的东西都会受到蔑视和抛弃。科学之所以能受到人的追捧, 就是因为科学能使人正确认识和运用自然规律, 使人能利用科学来能动地让自然界服务于人, 满足人们物质与精神需要。医学, 作为一门科学, 它的一切成果必须为人的健康、幸福和发展服务。医学的主体和对象都使人, 人文精神不仅是推动医学发展的动力, 而且是医学研究和医学服务的重要方法。

谈到科学精神, 医学既然作为一门科学, 如何能不体现科学精神呢?科学精神, 它是一种实事求是、彻底的唯物主义, 它是一种求真、至善、臻美的理性精神和人文精神的结合。它还是一种执着追求真理和捍卫真理的伟大的理性力量, 是一种为真理而敢于蔑视和反对神权、迷信、歪理邪说和一切强权的正义力量。纵贯几千年的中西医学史, 从张仲景立足临床建立临证医学, 金元四大家的学术争鸣, 到李时珍历时30年, 不畏艰苦的亲自栽培和收集各种药物标本, 写出药学巨著《本草纲目》;从希波克拉底、盖仑、到巴斯德、哈维, 无不唯实求真, 蔑视神学和权威;无不舍身忘己, 献身医学事业;无不具有怀疑精神、批判理性精神和谦恭、团结他人、博采众长的精神。一言以蔽之, 在医学的发展过程中, 无不贯穿着科学精神。

展望中西医学的未来, 中西医学存在着文化屏障, 虽然具有相同的精神, 但科学的“融合点“还没有到来, 目前要强行把两种医学合而为一是不可能的。但是, 中西医学会最终走向融合, 融合的条件是加快科学的发展和文化的交流。因为, 我们在文化交流与传播中, 既不能拒绝外来的先进文化, 又要坚持自己优秀的民族文化。一切先进的科学文化只有民族化才能扎根, 中国优秀民族文化只有走向世界才能传播出去。中西医在文化交融过程中, 必须明白这个道理!中西医的未来的光明的, 让世人一起努力, 让中西医在世界散发出最耀眼的光芒

参考文献

[1]冯泽永.《中西医学比较》[M].科学出版社出版, 2001.

中西饮食文化差异篇3

【关键词】中西饮食文化差异

【中图分类号】TS971 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089（2015）17-0225-01

谈起饮食文化，人们往往就会想到"吃"。不错，饮食文化中就包含着"吃"，可"吃"并不能代表饮食文化，也不能包括饮食文化的整体。饮食文化是人类在饮食方面的创造行为及其成果，凡涉及人类饮食方面的思想、意识、观念、哲学、宗教、艺术等都在饮食文化的范围之内。因此，一个小小的"吃"字，绝包含不了上述博大精深的内容。

随着中国与世界接轨，许多新鲜事物涌入国门，其中当然也包括饮食文化。现今社会，许多人都抱着好奇的心态，去尝尝不同国家的食物，但真正了解饮食文化不同之处的人却不多。况且一个国家、一个地区的饮食文化往往是一个国家、一个地区文化的浓缩，为了增强各国文化之间的交流的取长补短，我们更有必要去了解中西方饮食文化的特点，因此，我广泛地收集资料，总结出一些中西饮食文化的特点，并努力给大家提出中肯的建议。

（1）世界上有许多个民族，每个民族都有其独特的特点，一个民族的特质，往往能够形成一种独特的饮食文化。我们中国人一向热情好客，大家围在一起吃一顿"大锅饭"似乎更能增进彼此的感情，在席间，好客的主人则会一再地给客人挟菜，热情之状溢于言表。而西方人和我们大有不同，他们总是把自己喜欢吃的食物放在一个小盘里，并不习惯于给对方挟菜。周到的服务才是他们显示好客的方式。

（2）从食物的营养方面来看，中国的饮食显得比较健康合理，他们是高纤维素，低脂低糖的食品。而西方的饮食往往是高脂肪、高热量，但这并不说明他们不注意饮食健康。在保持食物天然营养方面，西方的一切烹调手法的确胜人一筹。比如说：西方人喜欢吃生菜，如蔬菜、水果、色拉，牛排也是西方人所衷爱的食物之一。在我们看来要把牛肉煮得熟透才可吃，而在西方人看来，不完全熟透的牛排，才能尽显其美味和丰富的营养，他们注意的是尽量保持食物的原汁和天然营养，在这一点，的确是值得我们借鉴的。

（3）一种文化的形成都应具有一定的历史积累，一般历史往往就能造就一种饮食文化。中国有着二千多年的悠久历史，创造了无数的灿烂文明，在这种文化蕴藏中，使中国的饮食更加博大精深。技术的高超、菜式的多样、造型的精致，的确令人惊叹。而西方的一些国家曾为一些国家的殖民地，并且汇集着各国的移民，因此这些国家深受各国饮食文化的影响，博采众长，并结合自已的饮食习惯，从而使西方的饮食文化成为一种综合性的饮食文化。

中国人的传统饮食习俗是以植物性食料为主。主食是五谷、辅食是蔬菜、外加少量肉食，形成这一习俗的主要原因是中原地区以农业生产为主要的经济生产万式。但在不同阶层中，食物的配置比例不尽相同。因此古代有称在位者为"肉食者"。以热食、熟食为主，也是中国人饮食习俗的一大特点。这和中国文明开化较早和烹调技术的发达有关。中国古人认为："水居者腥，肉腺，草食即檀。"热食、熟食可以"灭腥去燥除檀"。中国人的饮食历来以食谱广泛、烹调技术的精致而闻名于世。有书载：南北朝时，梁武帝萧衍的厨师，一个瓜能变出十种式样、一个菜能做出几十种味道，烹调技术的高超，令人惊叹。

各国特色

法国是公元476年西罗马帝国灭亡后墟上逐渐建立起来的国家。在此以前它是古罗马省，称为外高卢。当时就有一些典雅和罗马的有名厨师来到这里，奠定了法国菜的基础。到16世纪欧洲文艺复兴时期意大利盛行的煎嫩牛排及各种少司的制作方法等传到了法国，使法国菜更加丰富起来。由于历代法国国王崇尚美食，使得当时的法国名厨辈出，奠定了法式菜在西餐中的重要地位。但目前法餐却趋于保守，发展较为缓慢。

意大利地处南欧的亚平宁半岛，优越的地理条件使意大利的受精和食品加工业都很发达，其以面条，奶酪，色拉米肉肠著称于世。公元前2世纪后期，古罗马宫廷的膳房已形成庞大的队伍，并有很细的分工。厨师总管的身份与贵族大臣相同，烹调方法日臻完善，并发明了数十种制作方法。时至今日，意大利菜仍在世界上享有很高的声誉。

英國的农业有发达，粮食每年主要靠进口，英国人也不像法国人那样崇尚美食，因此英式菜相对来说比较简单，英国人也常自嘲自己不善烹调。但英式菜的早餐却很丰盛，受到西方各国的普遍欢迎。另外，在国人喜欢喝茶，习惯在下午3点左右吃茶点，一般是一杯红茶或咖啡再加一份点心。如遇朋友有伤心事，递上一杯好茶，是对朋友最好的安慰。

由于在美国的英国移民较多，所以美式菜基本上是在英式菜的基础上发展起来的。另外，由于美国的历史短，传统、保守思想较少，在生活习惯上也不墨守成规，美国人拥有丰富的农牧产品，结合欧洲其他移民和当地印第安人的生活习惯，形成了独特的美国饮食文化。美国饮食不讲究精细，追求快捷方便，也不奢华，比较大众化。一日三餐都比较随便。

早餐以面包、牛奶、鸡蛋、果汁、麦片、咖啡、香肠等为主。午餐一般在工作地点用快餐（快餐是典型的美国饮食文化，十分普及），一般有三明治、水果、咖啡、汉堡包、热狗等。晚餐是正餐，比较丰盛，有一二道菜，如牛排、猪排、烤肉、炸鸡等，配面包、黄油、青菜、水果、点心等。也有不少人上餐馆用晚餐。美国餐馆很多，一般供应自助餐、快餐、特餐（固定份饭）、全餐等各种形式的餐饮，价格一般比较低廉，也可点菜，点菜价格最高。早餐一般在8时左右，午餐一般在12时-14时，晚餐一般在18时左右。他们在临睡前有吃点心的习惯，成人以水果、糖果为主，孩子则食用牛奶和小甜饼。

德国是在西罗马帝国灭亡后由日尔曼诸部落逐渐建立起来的国家，中世纪时期一直处于分裂状态，直到1870年才真正统一。在生活上德国人喜爱运动，所以食量较大，他们保留了以肉食为主的日尔曼遗风，德式菜看以丰盛实惠、朴实无华而著称。

通过以上的论述，大家应该对中西方饮食文化有着一定的了解，因此，在面对这些来自异国他乡的饮食文化的时候，能够根据自身的情况有所取舍，不可一味追求味觉上的享受，从而摄入过多高热量的食品，对身体产生不良的影响，也不可对这些新鲜事物盲目排斥，西方的饮食的确值得一尝，绝对会有一种全新的感觉。

参考文献：

中西饮食文化差异与融合篇4

（一）西方饮食文化

蛋糕是西方饮食文化的代表性产品。

最早的蛋糕是古老宗教神话与奇迹式迷信的象征。在欧洲黑暗时代，这些珍奇的原料只有僧侣与贵族才能拥有，而他们的糕点创作则是蜂蜜姜饼以及扁平硬饼干之类的东西。慢慢地，随着贸易往来的频繁，西方国家的饮食习惯也跟着彻底地改变。蛋糕最早起源于西方，后来才慢慢的传入中国。生日蛋糕的由来

中古时期的欧洲人相信，生日是灵魂最容易被恶魔入侵的日子，所以在生日当天，亲人朋友都会齐聚身边给予祝福，并且送蛋糕以带来好运驱逐恶魔。

生日蛋糕，最初是只国王才有资格拥有的，流传到现在，不论是大人或小孩，都可以在生日时，买个漂亮的蛋糕，享受众人给予的祝福。婚礼蛋糕的由来

婚礼蛋糕最早出现在古罗马时代。蛋糕一词则出自英语，其原意是扁圆的面包，同时也意味着“快乐幸福”之意。

古代时富家子弟举办婚礼时，都要做一只特制的蛋糕，而且也请来贺喜的客人们吃蛋糕。客人们期望自己也能分享新婚夫妇的幸福。

提拉米苏（Tiramisu）的由来（意大利）

关于提拉米苏的由来，有一个温馨的故事：二战时期，一个意大利士兵要出征了，可是家里已经几乎什么都没有了，爱他的妻子为了给他准备干粮，把家里所有能吃的饼干、面包做进了一个糕点里，那个糕点就叫提拉米苏。每当这个士兵在战场上吃到提拉米苏就会想起他的家，想起家中心爱的人。

提拉米苏，Tiramisu，在意大利语里，有“带我走”的意思，带走得不只是美味，还有爱和幸福慕斯蛋糕（巴黎）——蛋糕中的至尊极品

慕斯蛋糕最早起源于美食之都－－法国巴黎。在鲜奶油中加入具有口感和风味的十数种新鲜辅料，在温度的控制、原料的配比都有十分严格的要求，使外型、色泽、结构变化丰富、口味更加自然纯正，冷冻后食用风味无穷，符合人们追求精致时尚、自然健康的生活理念、为蛋糕中的至尊极品。“法兰卡1876”

法兰卡1876是一家高档烘焙连锁品牌，集西式蛋糕、现烤面包、特色西点和时尚饮品于一体，崇尚精致优雅的生活理念。店面包含手撕包、北海道、提拉米苏、慕斯、现烤、等多种代表性招牌面包

（二）中方饮食文化

中国饮食文化以面食为主，并具有浓厚的中国特色，中国人重面之蒸煮，西方人重面之烘烤。此外，面食文化更表现在其中隐含的民族情结、节日风俗和人生礼仪。以中国传统食品饺子为例，饺子有意，大年初一五更吃饺子，象微新更替财源滚滚。冬至节吃饺子，传说不会冻耳朵。民间又有“送行饺子迎风面”，寓意客人长来长往；“子系饽长寿面”预祝新娘早生贵子。饺子、面条是中国饮食文化中不可或缺的成分。

“面食家”是在“法兰卡1876”的基础上进行的面食品牌文化的延伸。集中式面食水饺、面条、馄饨于一体，崇尚自然健康理念和精致时尚的面食文化，为广大市民带来饮食文化新体验。

（三）中西饮食文化的融合

中西方饮食文化从起源上差异万种，中国人重面之蒸煮，西方人重面之烘烤。但随着经济的发展、文化的融合，两种文化交替碰撞，饮食文化的相互渗透使得中西饮食文化逐渐融合。

中西方饮食文化对比论文篇5

and Western Food Culture

系（部）：外语系专业班：姓名：学号：指导教师： 2011年 5 月

The Differences Between Chinese

and Western Food Culture 中西方饮食文化对比

Abstract

I important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.Key words: China and the west culture;difference;concept;comunication

摘要

随着经济全球化进一步发展，中西方联系越来越频繁。作为打开中西方人民交流的重要切入点，探讨中西方饮食差异变的十分重要。其意义在于既能有助于深刻理解中西方文化中的不同之处，跨越文化交流障碍，又能培养人们在跨文化交际时的适应能力，有效地避免交际双方由于文化差异而产生的误会。因此，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化而言具有很重要的意义。此外，它有助于指导我们的实践。但是不言而喻中西美食的差异与社会文化的发展密切相关。文化是人们在长期的社会生活中生活方式凝聚起来的总称，其中生活方式又包括思维方式和行为方式，虽然文化具有普遍性特征，但它最根本的特点是以血缘和地缘关系为基础，以名族为单位形成的整体。饮食文化，同样以名族为单位，当一个民族形成了固定的饮食习惯，饮食技巧和饮食观念后，便构成了一种文化。这也与中国和西方的不同地理和历史条件息息相关，毕竟不同的文化反映不同的生活方式。

本文将从以下五个方面来说明中西文化的差异，它具体体现在饮食观念的差异、饮食内容的差异、饮食方式的差异以及不同的餐桌礼仪等。而本文不仅探讨了中西方饮食文化上的差异，更简要分析了造成这一差异的原因。除此之外，本文还以美国的餐桌文化给出了一些例子，例如，面包盘是在主盘的左边，饮料在主盘的右边；沙拉叉、刀和汤匙要比主菜刀、叉、勺放的要远；甜点餐具上方放置或随主板送达。一般吃东西的时候嘴巴紧闭；不要在餐桌上咳嗽、打喷嚏或在餐桌上吹鼻子等或者过分大声说话。总之，分析和研究中西方饮食文化的差异对中国的饮食文化具有很重要的意义。它不仅在于了解这一事实本身，更重要的是用它来知道我们的实践活动，在提高认识的基础上，改善食品结构，革除餐饮弊端，提高餐饮质量，保证人们的生活需要，弘扬中华文化的餐饮文化。

关键词：中西方饮食文化；差异；观念；交流

III

Contents

1.Introduction--------------------1 2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture--------------------------3 2.1 The difference between Chinese and Western food objects--------------------------4 2.2 The difference in diet concept----------------------------6 2.3.Differences in dietary patterns-----------------------------9 2.4 The different utensils and etiquette----------------------11 2.5 Differences in diet attribution-----------------------------13 3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food-----------------------16 4.Conclusion--------------------17 Acknowledgements--------------19 References------------------------20

IV 1． Introduction

With the development of the economic globalization, China and the western countries are connected with each other more tightly and frequently.As an important entry point for people to exchange, food culture plays a very important role.The differences between Chinese and western food have a lot to do with the social and culture development.Culture is a kind of lifestyle that gathered together in a long time in the social life.And the life style including the ways of thinking and behavior.Although it has the universal features, it is also has the fundamental characteristics of the blood and geographic relationship, based on the formation of the nation as a whole unit.Food culture, the same to the nation as a unit, when a nation formed a fixed diet habit, diet tips and diet ideas, then become a culture.It is connected with the different geographical and historical conditions of China and the west.After all different cultures reflect different lifestyles.In fact, food culture refers to the diet and lifestyle formed under certain historical or social conditions as well as the ideology formed on the basis of the aforesaid.During the history development of different countries and ethnic groups, different behavior patterns and lifestyles formed because the natural conditions and social environments were different.That is what people often refer to as customs.From the point of view of social observation and cultural study, the food culture of an ethnic group can fully embody its mentality, interest, belief and historical development.So, food culture can be seen as the most typical cultural feature of this ethnic group.The development and changes of food culture often reflect the evolution and progress of the society.The differences between Chinese culture and Western culture brought about the difference between their respective food cultures.Under two under different cultural backgrounds, obvious differences exist between Chinese food culture and western food culture, including perception, feature and the methods and materials.Therefore, it becomes very important to explore the differences between Chinese and western food.It can not only help us have a better understanding of the different culture between China and the west and come across cultural barriers, but also can train people‟s adaptability of the communication in cross-cultural, effectively avoided the cultural misunderstanding when we have a communication.So analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is very important to understand the differences.Moreover, it is useful to guide our practice when communicating with foreign friends.This paper tries to have inquiries into the difference from five aspects.It specifically expresses at the difference between Chinese and Western food objects,the difference in diet concept, differences in dietary patterns, the different utensils and etiquette, and differences in diet attribution.And this paper discusses the main characteristics the differences between Chinese and western food culture and the reasons for the differences.After that the paper has given the table manners of American as a example, such as bread plates are to the left of the main plate, beverage glasses are to the right;salad fork, knife and soup spoon are further from the main plate than the main course knife, fork and spoon;dessert utensils are either placed above the main plate or served with dessert.General Behavior: Chew with your mouth closed.Do not talk at an excessively loud volume.Refrain from coughing, sneezing or blowing nose at the table and so on.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.2.The differences between Chinese and Western food culture

Once there is a saying that “Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and the other is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China‟s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato‟s dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers‟ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners‟ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristics.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.The dining product as a result of factor and so on region characteristic, climatic environment, manners and customs influences, will appear in raw material, the taste, the cooking method, the food habit varying degree difference.Was precisely because of these differences, the dining product had the intense localization.Between China and the West culture‟s difference has accomplished China and the West diet culture difference, but this kind of difference and gets along with people the philosophy from the West different thinking mode.The Chinese pays great attention “the beauty to unite”, the westerner pays great attention “humanist”.2.1The difference between Chinese and Western food objects

All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.“Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.The food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun‟s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners‟ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth‟s opinions on the “cultural pattern” theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners‟ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about “home” and “roots”, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.Westerners think the food can make them feel full.therefore, eats large piece of meat;and Chinese cuisine is the “Taste” of it.Therefore, China is also showing great cooking in the random selected materials: many Westerners as something thrown away, are excellent raw materials in China, foreign chefs can not handle things the hands of a chef in China to can be miraculous.Demonstration of Chinese food in the materials used for the extensive arbitrary.West China is more than reasonable with emphasis on nutrition, there are more developed in the food industry, such as canned food, fast food, etc., although the taste is monotonous, but to save time, and good nutrition.Therefore, the body of their country than the Chinese people generally robust: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular.The westerner thought that the cooked food is appeases hunger, therefore eats the bulk meat, the entire block chicken specially and so on “the hard vegetable”.But China‟s cooked food is “eats the taste”, therefore China cooks on the needed materials also appears the enormous capriciousness: Many westerners regard as abandons the things, in China is the extremely good raw material, the foreign chef is unable the thing which processes, as soon as arrives in the Chinese chef hand, may melt mysteriously decayed.Indicates the Chinese diet in needed materials aspectvastness capriciousness.Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before.As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips.Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country.Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful.In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer.Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea.2.2 The difference in diet concept

The differences between Chinese and western diet cannot be ignored.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement “which people often said to make the” realm “reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.Chinese pay great attention to “the taste” of the food, while the Westerns has a kind of rational diet idea.No matter food color, smell and tastes, shape how, but the nutrition needs certainly to obtain the guarantee, is fastidious about one day to absorb how many quantity of heat, Vitamin, protein and so on.Even if the taste is stereotyped, must certainly eat, because has the nutrition.This diet idea is adapts with the Western entire philosophy system.Metaphysics is the Western philosophy main feature.The western philosophy studies the object principle of for the thing, principle of the thing often is the metaphysics principle, the metaphysics principle links up mutually, in constipation forming philosophy.This philosophy the culture brings the vitality for the West, caused it in the natural sciences, the psychology, the methodology to realize the development which progressed by leaps and bounds.But in another some aspects, this philosophy advocated that the big earth played the hindrance role, like diet culture.At the banquet, may be fastidious about the tableware, is fastidious about the needed materials, is fastidious about the service, is fastidious about raw material of the vegetable shape, color aspect matching;But no matter how luxurious upscale, from Los Angeles to New York, the beefsteak only then one kind of flavor, does not have art to be possible to say.As the cooked food, the chicken is the chicken, the beefsteak is a beefsteak, even if has matching, that is also carries on the plate, “the Buddhist ritual procedures mutton chop”, puts the mashed potatoes at the same time, side relies on the mutton chop, in addition matches at the same time boils the green beans, adds several piece of tomato then to become.In the color contrasts distinctively, but each raw material is mutually irrelevant in the taste, is well distributed, each is each taste, simple perspicuity.The Chinese is takes seriously “to eat” very much, “the food is what matters to the people” this proverb showed that we eat look equally and the day are important.Because our nationality for several thousand years are in the low productive forces level, the people always cannot eat to the full, therefore only will then have one kind uniquely to eat can regard in all diet culture, I thought that this will be probably stems from one kind of survival to need.If one culture eats regards as the most important matter, will then present two kind of phenomena: On the one hand will eat this kind the function will display the acme, not only maintenance survival, also will use its health maintenance, this will also be” uses medicines to build up one‟s health was inferior the food will make up”cultural base;On the other hand, to eats excessive takes seriously, will cause the human to esteem to the delicacy the pursue.In China‟s cookery, achieves the acme nearly to the delicacy pursue, down to makes a living the Chinese to the overseas, take the restaurant as industry, has become us the basis which settles down and gets on with life in the world!It is a pity, when we take the pursue delicacy the first request, we have actually neglected food most basic nutritional value, our many traditional food must pass through overheated fries in oil boils with the long time soft fire dumpling, causes the cooked food the nutrient content to receive the destruction, many nutrient contents lost in the processing process.Therefore as soon as speaks of the nutrition question, in fact touched the Chinese diet culture biggest weakness.The folk has a slang: “the food is what matters to the people, the food take the taste as first”.Is this kind to the delicacy the pursue, poured causes us to neglect the real sense which ate meal.The Chinese when tastes the cooked food, often will say that this TV dinner “delicious”, that vegetable “is not delicious”;However if further asked that anything calls “delicious”, why “delicious”, “delicious” in where, was not perhaps easy to talk clearly.This indicated that what Chinese to diet pursue is one kind explains “the ideal condition” with difficulty, even if is usually called “the color, smell and tastes with the people, the shape,” to come this kind “the boundary” the concrete application, perhaps was still very difficult to cover.the reason that the China diet has its unique charm, the key lies in its taste.But the delicacy production, lies in well distributed, must make food this taste, heats up the later ripe taste, in addition the ingredient and the supplementary material taste as well as the seasoning compromise the taste, interweaves the fusion coordinated in the same place, causes it to supplement mutually, the cooperation seepage, is in perfect harmony, in you have me, in me has you.The Chinese cooking is fastidious compromises the beauty, is the Chinese cooking art concise place.A vegetable shape and the color are the external things, but the taste is actually the intrinsic thing, heavy intrinsic, but decorates the semblance not desirably, but the heavy cooked food‟s taste exposes the cooked food not excessively the shape and the color, this is precisely the Chinese US diet view most important performance.In China, the diet beautiful pursue has crushed the rationality obviously, this kind of diet view and the Chinese tradition‟s philosophic thinking also tallies.As Eastern philosophy representative‟s Chinese philosophy, its outstanding feature is macroscopic, direct-viewing, is fuzzy and is evasive.The Chinese dish manufacture method is the well distributed large ding, is finally must compromise one happy taste.This is fastidious is a discretion, is the overall coordination.It has contained the Chinese philosophy rich diagnostic method thought that all take the vegetable taste happy, harmonized ever changing as, within had decided Chinese dish enriching and was rich in the change, has decided the Chinese dish vegetable department‟s characteristic and even each chef‟s characteristic.2.3 Differences in dietary patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national “happy” mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of “and” impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: “First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.2.4 The different utensils and etiquette

2.4.1 Cutlery to use

Chopsticks and knife and fork is the basic difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Zhejiang University, Professor Yu Xiu ling: East and West appear chopsticks and knife and fork eating the different tools and environment relationship.Bamboo chopsticks to have originated in the place.Northern China

wood, bamboo from southern China, ancestors from local materials, bamboo and wood have become the most primitive materials chopsticks chopsticks.The

emergence of a knife and fork than chopsticks much later.According to research by Professor Yu Xiu Ling, the original knife and fork and European origin living in ancient nomadic habits, they immediately carry knives of life, often cooked the meat, cut off to eat.About 15 centuries before and after the meal in order to improve posture, Europeans used the double-pointed cross.To the 18th century only the tip of a fork with four forks.Knife and fork and chopsticks, not only brought different eating habits, also affected the Eastern and Western concepts in life.Professor Yu Xiu Ling, eating into the system will inevitably bring a knife and fork, and chopsticks sitting around the table with family members must dine match.Beginning point of Western food, which derived from the West pay attention to independent, children grow up into the world after the independence of ideas and habits.The chopsticks brought together meals daily, highlighting the young and old sat together in the family unit, so that Asians have a relatively strong family values.When I reminded in the use of Chinese and Western dishes have different specifications.If not play with chopsticks when eating Chinese food(to them when the drumstick is a very rude way), but can not use chopsticks pointing to the person or make gestures.Of course, absolutely can not suck or the chopsticks chopsticks inserted in the rice, which is taboo(which seems to funeral incense is considered unlucky.)When using the knife and fork there are some taboos.Such as holding a knife and fork when not meddling.To speak or talk, knife and fork on the plate should only decency.Avoid using their own utensils for others bowl.Do not bend over picking up utensils fall.Do not cut off a good meal products, especially products with a soup meal, to eat a piece-by-all and more.2.4.2 Seating arrangements Western formal banquets are particular about the seating arrangements.Traditional Chinese dinner with square table.Door is on both sides of the partial blocks.Treat, the elderly, people with high status of the guest of honor sit or seat, men and women who sat down the owner or Peiqia Block, and the remaining customers in order to sit side seat.Westerners treat with a long table, men and women sit in the owner at both ends, then the guest of honor men and women and the general order of the guests seating arrangements, that men and women interspersed arrangement, subject to seat the hostess, the guest of honor sitting in the top right of the hostess, Main Binfu the top right of man of the house to sit, pay attention to “ladies first” Western gentleman, will show the attentions of the ladies.In China, respect for the left and right for the times;on respect, under second;in respect, partial for the times.In the West, respect for the right, left for the times.I particularly Western seat etiquette tips: The most graceful way is seated from the left seat.Do not put your elbows on the desktop, not Rocker foot.Can not withdraw in the middle of the meal(if things do need to leave should be whispered about greeting guests.)Dinner, sit up straight, back straight, neck elongation.Depend on the upper arm and back to back, abdomen, and a table for about a fist distance.Remember to head high with food, in the face of the food into the mouth, it is necessary to the food to the mouth to mouth opinions on the food rather than bent.2.4.3 Dining atmosphere Trouble on the table of Chinese and Western food on the table is static and the most fundamental difference between Chinese and Western table manners.Table climate differences, the Chinese table action, the Western table static.Chinese food for life to matter to music, show and great, the atmosphere of excitement is often breathtaking.Chinese people get a table, then in full flight, with each other for food, drinks upon, enjoy, delicacies, delicious cuisine.Banquet this way in order to reflect the enthusiasm and sincerity the owner, the table reflects the excitement of patrons from the heart‟s delight.This “trouble” to some extent reflects the Chinese family from the warm, neighborhood harmony, unity and people‟s “Harmony.” Westerners have a table to sit quietly dedicated to cutting their own dinner.Soup can not make noise, such as hot soup can be cooled before eating, do not blow through your mouth.Shut up when eating chewing.Do not lick their lips or smack sound.Guests can dine and talk about, but not only with a few acquaintances talk.If guests do not know about, they may first introduce myself.Others can not take the mouth interrupted his speech.Keep the volume level of the other party can hear.Chewing of food do not speak, even if someone speak to you, have to wait to answer after swallowing.2.5 Differences in diet attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor.Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: “Flavor in the mouth has the same interests”.“Interests” points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of “delicious” for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming “dietary restraint”.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the “overload” and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human body;and it is the consumption of such storage.Herbalist doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people‟s views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: “The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people‟s appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still „food to eat‟ stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people‟s spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people‟s life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm.In fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China‟s cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.3.Nature of the differences between Chinese and Western food

Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.4.Conclusion

Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women , Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.In short, analyzing and researching in the Western diet and cultural differences has a very important significance in Chinese food culture.It is not only in understanding the purpose of this fact in itself, but also it is more importantly and useful to guide our practice, based on the awareness-raising, improve food structure, get rid of food abuse, improve the food quality and guarantee people‟s needs, in this kind of way to promote Chinese dining culture.By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the “KFC” “DICOS”, “McDonald”.These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries‟ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other‟s advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is a country with an ancient culture and is rich in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China‟s reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China‟s new culture.Acknowledgements

My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Miss Tu Huiqin, my supervisors, for her constant encouragement and guidance.I would not have survived all work without the constant support that she gave me.She has walked with me through the first stage of writing this paper.Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this paper would not have reached its present form.I would also like to extend my sincere thanks to all my teachers at the English Department.Thanks to their instructive guidance and comprehensive education during the four year‟s college life, I can acquire the opportunity to further study my English.References

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中西饮食文化中的主食差异篇6

摘要：食物之于人类自身发展以及人类文明的建立的影响都是惊天动地的。在人类历史进程中，食物是许多重要变革的内在推动要素。不管是古人还是今人，他们所做的每件事都需要食物——特别是主食来提供动力。然而不同民族创造了不同的饮食文化，主食的差异性又间接促成了文明的差异性。本文主要以中西方的主食在热量需求、烹饪方式、配餐饮品、进餐礼仪等方面差异性来展示不同文明区域内的饮食文化的内涵，并进一步揭示造成这种差异背后的历史地理、生物基因等产生原因。

关键词：主食、饮食文化、差异、跨文化交流

一、中西方的主食构成：

世界各地的饮食结构存在着较大的差异，要将不同类型的主食放在一起很难作比较深入、系统的比较，例如今天欧洲人的主食是以肉食为主，而我们中国则以植物性的作物或者稻米或者豆科类植物制品来补充人体所需的能量。因此这一章节将我们讨论的主食范围缩小到植物性的主食。

世界各地的植物性主食按区域划分主要可以分为三大版块：

1近东地区以小麦和裸麦为主食。以小麦和裸麦为为食物原料的近东地区，主要将食物加工成面包的形式来为该地区的人群提供能量和营养，所以面包在西方社会被誉为“食品之母”。早在1万多年前,西亚一带的古代民族就已种植小麦和大麦。那时的人类利用石板将谷物碾压成粉,与水调和后在烧热的石板上烘烤，这就是面包的起源,但它还是未发酵的“死面”。之后古埃及人掌握了制作面包发酵的技术。如今，在埃及法老的古墓里还留存着一幅壁画，上面绘制的就是当时古埃及人制作面包的情景。直至公元前13世纪，摩西带领希伯来人大迁徙，自此将面包技术带出埃及，逐渐传入欧洲各地。所以从食物史的角度来说，欧洲文明起源于西亚文明还是有据可依的。今天的欧洲人一日三餐都离不开面包，他们在面包的基础上创造出很多面包的衍生品比如披萨、汉堡、三明治等等，可以说面包制品占据了饮食结构的重要地位。就拿法国人的一天为例，经典的法式早餐是羊角面包配咖啡；午餐作为工作餐往往就用三明治来解决，晚上是法国人享受豪华大餐的时机，法式大餐品种繁复，上菜程序考究，但依旧少不了面包的踪影，面包作为配餐早早地放在食客面前，甚至在法国的高级餐厅里面，面包是作为餐厅品质的标志而存在的。

2东亚地区包括中国南方的主食来源就是水稻。稻子是人类所知的最有用的食物，它解决了人类将近一半人口的粮食问题。稻子成熟后加工成米，经过蒸煮就成了我们日常所需的“饭”，放的水更多，煮的时间更长，就成了另一种形式的米制品——粥。然而在这么多民族的共同努力下，米制品不仅仅只局限于“饭”和“粥”。人们把米磨成粉，以水调和，制作出肠粉、河粉等米制衍生品。今天在中国的广东地区，肠粉和干炒牛河已经被演绎成极具地方特色的小吃了。在东亚的其他地区，人们也想尽办法变换米制品的食用方式。每逢过年，年糕总会因其年年高的吉祥寓意出现在餐桌上，他们将糯米掺以晚米，泡涨蒸至成熟后用木桩捶打成型，中国江浙一带的农村依旧保存了打年糕的习俗。中国国土辽阔，因此在南北在主食制品的选择和喜好上也存在着较大的差异。中国的西部、北部和中部产小麦，但是在中国只有新疆的印欧语系人和突厥语族人才以面包为食用小麦的主要形式，他们将生面团叠成的大薄片贴在炉灶内部，利用炉内的热量将其烤熟，这种食物就是我们今天所说的“馕”，它是面包家族的祖先。中国的北方人将这种技术微型化，由此制作出更小更薄的烧饼。但是这种形制的小麦制品始终不是中国北方各地主食的“标配”，馒头和面条占据北方人主食的霸权地位。山东人民将馒头吃出了文化，山西人则演绎出多样的面食文化。

3美洲地区土著主要是以玉米和番薯作为主食。玉米也叫玉蜀黍，它是世界上最古老的农作物之一。据考证，玉米原产美洲大陆——从美国南部经墨西哥直到秘鲁和智利的狭长地带，但其起源和进化过程仍无定论。我们已经知道早在七千年前美洲的玛雅人就已经开始种植玉米，而且玉米是玛雅人的主食，因此玛雅文明也被称为玉米文明。番薯这种植物块茎因其热量高，易饱腹曾一度是美洲土著的主要食物。

二、中西方饮食的差异性

1烹饪方式的差异:中国的饮食文化中比较有代表性的馒头和西方饮食文化中比较有代表性的面包放在一起，在烹饪方式上存在较大的差异.馒头是采用隔水蒸煮的方式，面包则是直接烘烤。烹饪方式的差异也反映了不同的物质技术，隔水蒸煮需要一定密封的容器，而烘烤可以直接暴露在外部空间里，因而光从器具上来讲，馒头的制作成需要更成熟的技术条件。物质技术的差异同时也反映出文明形态的差异性：中国是农业社会，农耕文明影响下的人民以定居的形式生存下来，他们的衣食住都需要固定的场所、容器来支持，因此会较早出现密封器具，而西欧自古多战乱，他们对食物的要求就是满足征战时随身携带的需要，以及热量上的补充。面包的制作不需要携带沉重的密闭锅具，并且烘焙的食物而成的食物产生的热能远高于蒸煮的食物，因此，恰好满足欧洲人生存的需要，长此以往，面包这种食物就在这一人群就产生了极大的影响力。

2对热量、温度需求不同。面包采用烘焙的形式，配以黄油、奶油等高热能的辅料材料，它产生的热量远高于馒头。此外西方人对食物的温度和中国人也存在着很大的差异，他们喜食生食、冷食，牛排六七分熟，蔬菜全是新鲜才摘下洗净直接放进食盘中。而中国人则截然相反，我们喜欢吃热的，五味调和的食物，所以中国人在招待宾客时总是说“趁热吃！”西方人吃面包不考虑温度，而我们中国人则从来不爱吃冷了的馒头。这种差异从今天大热的影视节目中也略见端倪，我们熟悉的《舌尖上的中国》系列纪录片在展现食物时总是以热气腾腾的雾气为视角，在五集的内容中不乏食物冒着热气的镜头，但是在《唐顿庄园》里头食物总是中规中矩被盛放在盘子里，然后按顺序一步步上桌，从来看不到英国人对食物温度的需求。这种差异反映出饮食观念不同，一个钟爱五味的调和，钟爱温暖，一个则讲究食物本身的营养和饮食的礼节，西方人对待饮食，首先讲究有什么营养，能产生多少能量，味道则是次要的。如果加热烹调会造成营养损失，那就半生不熟或干脆生吃，在他们的饮食观念中，口味从来都得让步于营养价值。

3配餐饮品：饮食本身就包括饮料和食物，所以在配合主食进餐时饮料也是差异性的重要体现。中国人吃饭前喝茶居多，例如中国广东地区，把吃早点以“喝早茶” 的形式命，并且在正餐之前都要上一道茶来润喉。西方人的饮品多数还是酒类和奶制品饮料，地中海气候和温带海洋性气候多产葡萄，考究的法国人在餐前要喝开胃的白葡萄酒，餐后又会喝红酒。此外经常出现在西方人杯中的饮料——牛奶，传统的中国人似乎不怎们感兴趣，他们宁愿选择豆浆来替代这种高热量、高营养的饮料，直至近些年，食物的跨文化交流，牛奶营养说等结论才把大量和牛奶的饮食习惯带入中国。

三、造成这种差异性的原因推测

1自然地理因素：欧洲的许多国家都位于北温带的温带海洋性气候区。这种气候适宜大范围牧草生长却难以种植不适宜谷物，因此，以牛羊为主的等畜牧业就相对发达，这种结构决定了西方人的肉食性特点，并且在此基础上形成了主食以肉食为主的饮食习惯。此外，相对中国而言，欧洲的大部分地区纬度较高，光照和热量摄入远不如亚热带温带地区的人来得容易，所以欧洲人的饮食始终坚持高热量、高营养。在选择饮品时也通过牛奶、羊奶等动物性饮料来补充钙质。而中国地处亚欧大陆的东部，东临太平洋，是典型的季风气候区，这种气候非常适合植物的生长，水稻、小麦获得高产在中国也相对容易，除了谷物之外，华夏大地上的人民也可从豆科类植物中获取蛋白和钙质，因此这也解释了传统中国汉族人不喝牛奶喝豆浆的问题。

2历史因素:如果说自然地理因素给了人们选择食物的大前提，那么长期以往的历史文明则在细节上影响人们对主食以及配合主食的食材的需求。上述讲过中西方文明形态的差异导致人们对主食的选择不尽相同。农业社会为主的中国主要依靠植物性食品来获得养分，他们长年定居、聚居，形成了热烈友好的饮食习惯，因此在饮食礼节上，中国人多崇尚热闹、欢快的气氛。而西方人在饮食礼节上好静，这大概跟工业文明的影响有一定的关系。

3生物因素：东西方人在生理结构上就存在很大的差异，西方人对食物的消化能力和能量需求远高于中国人。就比如欧洲人在长期的选择过程中对肉食的消化能力明显高于中国人。此外据研究表明，欧洲人对奶制品消化吸收的能力也明显高于其他种族的人群，他们在长期的生物选择过程中，基因也发生了改变，逐渐形成了一些其他种族人群不具有的消化酶，这种基因层面上的影响又反过来导致主食选择的差异，这种选择是循环往复的。

四、主食的跨文化交流

主食的跨文化交流如今愈演愈烈，特别是在西学东渐的影响下，中国人对西方的饮食习惯以及礼节有了极大的包容和兴趣，西餐馆遍地开花，到处有人学习西方的饮食礼节。但是在这之前，主食的跨文化交流早已存在。黄仁宇在《万历十五年》中曾提到的盛行于美洲的玉米和番薯，在新航路开辟之后传入欧洲，16世界又传入中国。因玉米、番薯对土地养分要求不高，并且制品抗旱耐饥，它们一度作为中下层人民的主食，使其维持生存。因此这种主食的跨文化交流使得中国古代的人口在明朝时期有了显著的增长。再早些，丝绸之路的开辟也将中亚的饮食习惯带入了中原地区，如上述所讲的“馕”到“烧饼”的演变就可能形成于该时期。这种影响甚微，但至少开启了主食跨文化交流的先河。

五、总结

食物或者说主食提供了一个平台，让文明得以建立于其上。接着，它又成为社会组织的工具，协助塑造并建构逐渐成形的复杂社会。古代社会的政治、经济和宗教结构都是以食物生产与分配的系统为基础。拥有食物的多寡导致阶级的产生，孕育了政治权利；同时人们祈求食物丰收形成固定的仪式，这种仪式配合政权就演变成国家宗教；因此在整个古代世界中，食物占据着非常重要的地位。直至全球化的今天，即便文化交流愈演愈烈，我们仍旧能看到不同区域内饮食文化的差异性，由此可以进一步考究自然历史因素给人类进程带来的影响以及文明形态的迥异。

六、参考文献 Tom Standage.历史大口吃：食物如何推动世界文明发展 [M].行人文化实验室，2010 2尤金.N.安德森.中国食物

[M].江苏人民出版社，2003 3 刘佩.华中外礼仪文化比较 [M].中山大学出版社，2005.（4）

浅谈中西方饮食文化差异篇7

关键词：饮食,文化,差异

0 引言

随着我国改革开放的深入和全球化进程的加快, 开放的中国已经融入到了全球经济和文化当中。每个国家都有自己的饮食文化特点, 不同的饮食文化已经成为跨文化交流的重要因素。我国有多样的饮食文化, 西方国家同样有各种各样饮食文化。无论在西方还是在东方, 无论是古代还是现代, 饮食都是人们生存的关键。在人类的发展扮演着不可或缺的角色。随着中西方饮食文化的碰撞, 中西方饮食文化一直被人们广泛关注。在跨文化交流当中, 饮食文化占其中很大一部分。通过学习和探讨中西方饮食文化差异, 不仅仅能够了解西方饮食文化特点, 通过饮食文化更好地理解西方文化特点。同时, 也能够推广我国饮食文化特点, 以及推动中华文化向全世界传播。在跨文化交流当中往往会存在很多的文化差异, 造成交流苦难, 带来不必要的麻烦。通过饮食文化的沟通和培养能够有效增加跨文化交流的适应能力。

我国是一个历史悠久的文明古国, 悠久和多元的民族文化以及地域风情养成中我国丰富多样的饮食文化及其特点。最具中国地域代表性的就是中国的八大菜系:徽菜、粤菜、湘菜、川菜、苏菜、闽菜、鲁菜以及浙菜。每一种菜系都有其独特的烹饪方法和味觉感受。其中, 川菜主要以麻辣为主, 其味觉变化多样, 美味无穷;鲁菜主要走清香路线, 菜品味道较纯;闽菜色调美观多样, 味道清新, 烹饪主要以炒、溜、煎为主;粤菜口感鲜嫩爽滑;浙菜口感清香、鲜嫩、脆爽, 烹饪方法多样化, 炒、炸、烩、烧、溜、蒸多种方法并用。湘菜则是以辣椒、熏腊为主要原料, 用油较多、色调较浓;苏菜更注重保留食材的原汁原味、味浓但不腻、咸中带甜;徽菜则是以擅长烹饪山野海味著称, 对于火攻要求较高, 讲究火功, 重色重油, 要求食物保持原汁原味。同时, 中国饮食具有较强的季节特点, 不同的季节做不同特色的菜品, 中国饮食上讲究医食结合, 将有一定药用价值的食材做成美味, 对于一些疾病具有一定的预防和治疗效果。

西方饮食文化经过长期的积累和演化形成很多不同地域和文化特点的饮食文化。西方饮食主要以肉食为主, 素食为辅。在长期的生活和实践当中逐渐形成著名的几大西方国家饮食特点, 其中有意大利菜、俄罗斯菜、法国菜、美国菜等几个主流菜系。每个国家由于地理环境和文化特点不同拥有不同的饮食文化特点, 其中法国菜最为出色, 特别讲究味、形、色、香之间的巧妙搭配, 常用酒进行调味, 取材十分广泛。意大利菜则常用橄榄油和西红柿进行调味, 烹饪过程注重保留食材本来味道。俄罗斯也是一个非常讲究饮食的国家, 菜的品种多样, 较为喜欢甜、酸、辣、咸等味道。烹饪过程用油较多, 口味比较重, 对菜色要求较高。德国菜在食材选取方面比较偏好于生鲜, 一般用啤酒进行调味, 口感以酸咸为主。因此, 可以看出西方饮食文化具有自身的特点, 且菜系以比较复杂, 拥有自身文化传统。

1 中西方饮食文化差异的外在变现

首先, 中西方饮食文化之间最大差异是对于营养和美味观念的不同。中国传统美食在烹饪过程中一般会经过长时间的油炸或炖煮, 这样使得食材当中的营养成分遭到破坏, 造成营养流失。这样的烹饪方法会造就中国传统美食丰富的口感、多样的色泽、已经变化多端的香味, 但不可忽视的是营养的流失。西方饮食文化注重食材营养搭配, 西方饮食最大原则就是营养。西方饮食将蛋白质、维生素、脂肪等营养合理搭配, 使得这些营养成分能够充分吸收。但是西方饮食文化对于菜的色、香、味等考虑较少, 口感变化单一。总的来说西方饮食文化注重饮食营养, 但轻口感、色泽等。

其次, 在中国传统文化当中, 请客吃放时, 菜的数量越多、质量越好、食材越珍贵, 才能体现主人的慷慨与热情, 至于客人能够吃完这些饭菜确不会考虑。相反, 如果饭菜恰好够吃, 主人将被视作为小气。因此, 在传统中国饭桌上普遍存在铺张浪费情况。这也从侧面反映中国的民俗民情, 我们在饮食方面是需要努力改进的, 特别是中国人的爱面子、讲排场这种不好的习惯, 但这种不好的习惯似乎是很难改变的。然而, 在西方饮食文化当中则十分重视节俭, 在盛大的宴会当中也就五六道菜而已, 其中上菜也就二三道而已, 其他则是陪衬。在平时请客吃饭更是讲究够吃就好。因此, 可以看出在西方饮食文化十分重视节俭, 不讲排场。这是值得我们学习和借鉴的优秀文化传统。

再有, 中西方饮食文化上别一个大区别在于就餐方式的不同。在中国受传统文化的影响, 人们喜欢坐在一起吃饭, 这样才能体现团结、友好的用餐气氛。但是在西方, 无论是宴请还是平时一般都采用分餐纸, 一人一份, 各吃各的。文化的差异造成了这一区别。在中国文化当中认为共餐制能够营造一种和谐的就餐氛围, 人们通过敬酒等方式, 沟通情感、增进友谊, 因此, 在中国共餐制已经成为中国饮食文化不可分割的一部分。西方饮食文化则讲究分餐制, 各自点菜, 各自享受, 能够很好的体现节俭用餐的特点, 保证了每餐都吃完, 而且还有益于身体健康。

2 结束语

随着我国改革开放的深入和全球化进程的加快, 开放的中国已经融入到了全球经济和文化当中, 不同的饮食文化已经成为跨文化交流的重要因素, 随着中西方饮食文化的碰撞, 中西方饮食文化一直被人们广泛关注。我国是一个历史悠久的文明古国, 悠久和多元的民族文化以及地域风情养成中我国丰富多样的饮食文化及其特点, 中国饮食具有较强的季节特点, 不同的季节做不同特色的菜品, 中国饮食上讲究医食结合。西方饮食文化经过长期的积累和演化形成很多不同地域和文化特点的饮食文化, 其中有意大利菜、俄罗斯菜、法国菜、美国菜等几个主流菜系。

中西方饮食文化之间最大差异是对于营养和美味观念的不同。中国传统美食在烹饪过程中一般会经过长时间的油炸或炖煮, 这样使得食材当中的营养成分遭到破坏, 造成营养流失, 西方饮食最大原则就是营养。西方饮食将蛋白质、维生素、脂肪等营养合理搭配, 使得这些营养成分能够充分吸收。中国饮食文化讲究排场, 西方饮食文化讲究节约。学习和探讨中西方饮食文化差异, 不仅仅能够了解西方饮食文化特点, 通过饮食文化更好地理解西方文化特点, 推广我国饮食文化特点, 以及推动中华文化向全世界传播。

参考文献

[1]林丽瑞.中西方饮食文化之比较[J].消费导刊, 2009 (09) .

[2]庞瑛.从成因方面探析中西方饮食文化差异[J].安徽文学, 2011 (02) .

略谈中西方饮食文化差异篇8

随着中国和西方国家的经济、文化交流日渐频繁，中国和西方国家人民之间的合作和往来与日俱增，更加迫切的需要了解彼此。饮食作为文化的一个重要的方面，其研究价值也被越来越多的人认可。了解一个民族的饮食习惯可以帮助我们更好地了解其文化特点。通过了解西方国家的饮食文化，我们会对西方国家文化有一个更深入的了解。通过四个方面的比较，人们更能了解中西饮食文化差异，其中包括饮食观念的差异、食物的多样性、餐具的差异、餐桌礼仪的差异。

关键词：饮食文化；餐桌礼仪；中国食物；西方食物

随着社会发展，中国与西方各个国家的交流越来越密切，在沟通过程中我们急需更深入的互相了解各民族的文化。饮食作为文化的一个重要的方面，其研究价值也被越来越多的人认可。从以下四个方面可以简要说明中西饮食文化差异，即饮食观念、食物的多样性、餐具的种类、餐桌礼仪。

一、饮食观念的差异

饮食对中国人非常重要，有俗语“民以食为天，食以味为先”，“人是铁饭是钢”，这些俗语都充分显示了饮食对中国人的重要性。这种观念形成的一个重要原因是中国是一个人口大国，温饱是首要问题。这就是为什么政府特别关注饮食问题并采取多种措施，比如“菜篮子工程”。中国人也认为餐饮是解决问题的途径之一，在餐桌的应酬当中可以解决很多问题。因此为了显示好客和热情，中国人通常会摆出各种各样的菜式。中国人同样注重食物的色、香、味、形，强调视觉，味觉等感官感受，对“味”的追求往往大于对“营养”的追求，强调饮食的美性。饮食对中国人的重要也体现在餐桌上，餐桌上的菜肴讲究系统性、整体性，荤素搭配，主食汤汁等等，甚至是要上多少道菜都无一不精致，考究。中国宴席尤其讲究排场，菜式越多越好。在社交活动中，饮食又成为了一种解决问题的途径。人们在餐桌上增进了彼此的关系，从而很多问题迎刃而解。

与中国不同，西方的饮食更加理性化。西方以营养为核心。在他们的观念中，人每天需要摄取一定量的热量、维他命和蛋白质。提供的食物哪怕口味千篇一律，只要有營养也会吃下去。西方还有一个很好的传统，他们不会把饮食与工作联系在一起，吃饭只是为充饥，他们认为在餐桌上点过多和昂贵的菜是浪费时间和金钱。

二、食物的多样性

对中国人来说，什么都可以吃。在中国文化中，无论是地上跑的，天上飞的，还是水里游的都是食材。据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种，是西方的六倍。外国人无法想象中国人如何能吃得下像蛇、狗、甚至青蛙这样的食物。

对于西方人，饮食是一种道德行为，尤其是那些提倡可持续农业的人。食物的范围，尤其是肉食方面，在西方的小卖部和饭馆都是很有限的。器官肉更是少见。虽然他们可能不会过多的评价，但是他们选择食用的依然要符合他们基本的价值观与信仰。

一位美食家曾说，美国只有三种食物：土豆，牛肉和小麦。当然这只是一个玩笑，但是却暗示了西方食物种类的单调。事实上，许多食品确实来自于这三食物，像薯条、马铃薯泥、牛奶、黄油、奶酪、牛排、面包片、意大利面、通心粉、蛋糕和饼干。

三、餐具的种类

不同的餐具显示了不同国家的饮食文化。中国的餐具很简单。一般来说，中国人用餐时不用太多餐具，主要是碗、盘子、筷子和勺子，即便是勺子也很少用，筷子才是主要的餐具。中国孩子吃饭先从用勺子开始学起，但很快会改用筷子。作为礼物，筷子由于它的形状而代表了“坦率”。中国的筷子没有尖头，不像日本的筷子，日本的主食是鱼，而尖头的筷子可以帮他们挑出鱼刺。大多中国筷子是用竹子做的，现在也有很多是木头或塑料的。

在西方餐饮中，西方国家使用不同尺寸不同种类的餐具。例如，在英语中有各种不同名称的杯子：酒杯，高脚杯，白兰地酒杯，啤酒杯等等。刀和叉子是西方国家的主要餐具。

餐具的不同也一定程度上导致了中西方两种不同的进食习惯：合餐制和分餐制。中国人喜欢一家人围在一起共同用餐，从而形成了牢固的家庭观念。而西方人从小就开始分餐，无形中培养了他们的独立精神。

四、餐桌礼仪

中西方餐桌礼仪截然不同。在中国，各种各样的菜，荤菜、素菜、凉菜、热菜、水果、主食都摆在桌子上，大家围桌而坐，共同进餐。而在西方国家，每个人都有自己的一盘食物，大家互不影响，互不干涉，可能每个人点的菜都不一样。

中国人的餐桌以“闹”为特色，而西方人的餐桌却喜“静”。宴席上，中国人侃侃而谈，敬酒，劝菜，气氛之热闹常常令人叹为观止，场面越大，越热闹才越显得主人热情好客。中国人往往会热情过了头，即便客人说“不”也要硬塞进盘子里。在西方，餐桌上不能发出噪音，比如喝汤的声音，咀嚼也要闭嘴。与身边人说话时声音不要过大，别人讲话不可插嘴，口中含着食物不可讲话，即使有人找你搭话，也要等食物咽下去再开口。不劝食，不劝酒，当别人说“不”，还要劝食就是不礼貌的行为了。

饮食文化是民族文化的一部分，中西饮食文化差异凸显了两个民族的不同文化习俗，俗语说“入乡随俗”，了解了文化差异可以一定程度上帮助我们相互交流。如今社会，中西文化不断交融，我们不仅要在交流中表现得体，同时还要保持自己的民族特色，通过文化的交流为中西方沟通搭建桥梁。

【参考文献】

[1]戴凡，Smith StephenL.J.文化碰撞——中国，北美人际交往误解剖析[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社，2002

[2]顾曰国.强化阅读英语[M].北京：外语教研出版社，2002

[3]杨天庆，Daniel Kiser.和老外聊文化中国[M].四川：天地出版社，2005

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