翻译试题

翻译试题（精选4篇）

翻译试题 篇1

中国翻译测试可追溯至清代的科举考试。据马祖毅 (1984) 记载, 同文馆翻译测试的“初试是把外国照会译成汉文。复试是将某条约中的一个片段译成外文”。然而, “对各种翻译测试的系统研究都不多见”、“国内外测试研究是把英语语言作为测试内容, 包括语言知识、语言技能和语言应用等, 极少提到翻译测试问题”;“翻译测试研究, 是要从翻译理论和测试理论的角度出发, 研究作为一门独立学科的翻译教学及其测试跟作为语言教学手段的翻译测试有何不同”。 (穆雷, 2006:466-467, 471) 。

德国功能主义学派始于20世纪70年代, 之后不断发展壮大, 涌现出了Vermeer, Manttari和Nord等代表人物。目的论由德国翻译家弗米尔于1978年提出并加以发展, 是功能学派的支柱理论。目的法则、篇内连贯法则、篇际连贯法则又是目的论的核心法则。

ChristianeNord (2001) 的专著TranslatingasAPurposeful Activity:Functionalist Approaches Explained较为系统地梳理了德国功能翻译理论的代表人物及其所提出的重要理论, 可以说是该理论流派的集大成者。弗米尔的目的论便包含在内。基于书中所概括总结的目的论以及该书译本《译有所为———功能翻译理论阐释》 (张美芳, 王克非主译, 2005) , 本文从目的论视角对TEM 8翻译测试试题原文和参考译文进行了比较分析。本研究尝试为TEM 8翻译部分试题的命制、翻译教学提供一定的参考意见;同时, 也能对学生的备考学习给予方向和指导。

一.目的法则

功能翻译理论认为翻译是一种有目的的行为, 翻译的目的是决定翻译过程的最主要因素, 翻译目的决定翻译行为和翻译方法。在Vermeer看来, “译/释/读/写皆遵循某种方式, 此方式可让文本/译本在其使用环境下运作, 面向想要使用文本/译本的人, 并且按照他们所希望的方式运作”。通常情况下的“目的”指译文的交际目的, 即译文在目标文化中对目标语观众所预期达到的交际功能。

TEM8常考两大体裁:一是选自报刊杂志的论说文;二是文学作品选段。按照卡塔琳娜·赖斯的文本类型理论, 论说文属于调控型文本, 重在原文诉求功能的实现;文学作品选段属于表情型文本, 重在原文“美”的再现。这里需要指出的是不同的文本具有不同的功能。尽管同一文本会兼具多种功能, 但总有一种功能起到主导作用, 正是文本的主要功能决定相应的翻译方法。故此, 以上对文本的分类是基于其所要实现的主要功能。

例如, TEM8 (2007) 汉译英就是典型的文学翻译选段, 选自《中华活页文选》2006第3期张炜的散文“美生灵”。选段状物状景, 描绘了黄河滩上一幅和谐自然美的美丽图画。可以说, 原文处处透着美, 同样译文也得如此。“文学作品的翻译要求译者在准确把握原文内容的前提下, 运用译入语中最恰当的表现手段, 尽力再现原文的语言美” (邵志洪, 2008:51) 。参考译文从以下2个方面实现了原文的语言美, 原文的目的。

1.选词美

参考译文运用了splendid, a flock, grazing, throwsa glance, chew, scene, outof sight, atease, luxuriant, nourished, plump, see, snow-white等词汇将羊的悠然自得、肥硕描绘得惟妙惟肖, 同时一片美景也跃然纸上。

2.句法结构美

原文第一句话连着用了两个介词短语表地点状语, 译文顺应英语语言的表达习惯, 将第二个介词短语调到句后。这样整个译文句子看上去更加平衡, 避免了头重脚轻。值得注意的是译文用了一个句子把原文第四、五、六3个句子糅合在一起。定语从句关系副词where和非谓语leaving的使用使整个句子虽然看上去很长, 却紧凑连贯。同样, 第七句译文不拘泥于原文句式的束缚, 及物动词nourish的使用让译文短小精悍却不失其义。

二.篇内连贯法则

“篇内连贯”就是说接受者应该能够理解译文, 译文在其介入的交际环境和文化中应有一定意义。只有当人们认为接受到的信息相当符合他们的环境, 信息交流才能说是成功的。也就是说, “译文必须能让接受者理解, 并在目的语文化以及使用译文的交际环境中有意义” (陈水平, 何高大, 2009:101) 。

TEM8 (2003) 汉译英原文从一个孩童的角度描写了得病前后的心理落差, 笔调诙谐幽默。若将原文的用词“横行霸道”、“隔离”、“拘禁”、“打入冷宫”、“摒弃”、“为世所遗”直译出来, 译文将很难被接受。译文分别根据语境将之处理为do whatever I like, segregated, confined, wasneglected andbecameveryfrustrated, beingdiscardedbytherest。如此, 容易为译入语读者所理解并实现在译入语语境里的交际意义。另外, 汉语原文用了一些四字格短语, 译文按照英语表达习惯传递了原文的交际意义。如把“百花怒放”、“宾客云集”、“笑语四溢”、“大千世界”、“穿插其间”、“喜气洋洋”、“兜上心头”译为aprofusion offlowerswereinfull bloom, acrowdofguests collected, laughterwasheard alloverthere, akaleidoscopicworld, shuttling, full of joy, was thrown into。

还有, 对原文数量词的处理。汉语习惯用数词+量词的形式, 若译文也照此模式, 将不符合译入语的用语习惯, 这样, 就很难传达原文的交际意义。译文很好地处理了这个矛盾, 把一幢、一个、一时、一片、一霎时、一阵分别翻译成a, one, in notime, 不译, allofa sudden, a fit of。

三.篇际连贯法则

“篇际连贯”就是强调译文和原文的忠实, 也被称为“忠实法则”。忠实程度受制于译文目的。如果翻译目的要求改变文本的功能, 翻译标准就不再与源语文本保持篇际一致, 而是对目的而言的适当性和合宜性。“在目的论中, 忠实法则仅仅是指原文和译文中应该存在某种对应关系, 并不要求原文和译文在内容上一字不差” (刘小玲, 2008:58) 。的确, 绝对的忠实是不存在的, 但这并不妨碍你们对忠实的追求。“对‘忠实’的追求是维持原文与译文之间联系的纽带, 这根纽带一经切断, 翻译自然也就不复存在” (窦岩, 陈华伟, 2008:61) 。像2009年的英语原文是一篇关于环境危机的短文。译文遵照原文的行文习惯, 同时兼顾汉语的表达方式, 运用了很多四字格短语将危机的严重性以及人类面对危机的漠然描绘得惟妙惟肖。

参考文献

[1]马祖毅.中国翻译简史[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司.1984.

[2]穆雷.翻译测试及其评分问题[J].外语教学与研究, 2006, 38 (6) :466-471.

翻译试题 篇2

PART ONE（30 POINTS）

I.Multiple Choice Questions(30 points, 2 points for each)A.Directions: This part consists of ten sentences, each followed by four different versions marked A,B,C, and D.Choose the one that is the closest equivalent of the original in terms of meaning and expressiveness.1．Egypt’s very soil was born in the Nile’s annual flood;with the flood came the life-giving mud that made Egypt the granary of the ancient world.（）A．埃及的土地就是尼罗河每年泛滥而形成的。河水泛滥，万物得以生长，埃及就这样成了古代世界的粮仓。

B．埃及的土地就是尼罗河每年泛滥而形成的。河水泛滥带来泥沙，万物得以生长，埃及就这样成了古代世界的粮仓。

C．因为每年河水泛滥，泥沙形成了埃及的土地，万物得以生长，埃及就这样成了古代世界的粮仓。

D．万物之所以能生长，是因为埃及的土地是尼罗河每年泛滥带来的泥沙而形成的。埃及就这样成了古代世界的粮仓。

2．Since economic reform began in 1978, an average growth rate of almost 10% a year has seen China’s GNP nearly quadruple.（）

A．自1978年经济改革以来，中国经济以年均10%的速度增长，使其国民生产总值翻了两番。B．自1978年经济改革以来，中国经济以年均近10%的速度增长，使其国民生产总值几乎翻了几番。

C．自1978年经济改革以来，中国经济以年均近10%的速度增长，使其国民生产总值增长了四倍。

D．自1978年经济改革以来，中国经济以平均每年10%的速度增长，使其国民生产总值增加到原来的四倍。

3．The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the farmers no longer occur.Egyptian agriculture has been transformed, and industry is benefiting from power generated by the dam.（）

A．过去不断给农民带来灾难的旱涝两灾，现在不再发生了。埃及的农业得到了改造，工业也用上了水坝发的电。B．过去不断给农民带来灾难的不但有旱涝两灾，还有税收。但是现在埃及的农业得到了改造，工业也用上了水坝发的电。

C．过去不断给农民带来灾难的旱涝两灾，现在不再发生了。埃及的农业得到了改良，水坝发的电也用在了工业上。

D．过去不断给农民带来灾难的不但有旱涝两灾，还有税收。但是埃及的农业得到了改良，工业也给水坝发电带来了很大的好处。

4．All plays are alike to me just as all music is alike to Tony.（）A．所有的戏剧对于我就像所有的音乐对托尼一样。

B．正如托尼喜欢所有的音乐一样，我也非常喜欢所有的戏剧。C．我对戏剧就像托尼对音乐一样，非常欣赏。D．托尼不会欣赏音乐，同样我也不会欣赏戏剧。

5．I particularly want to pay tribute, not only to those who prepared the magnificent dinner, but also to those who have provided the splendid music.（）A．我不仅要特别奖赏那些准备了这次盛大晚宴的人，而且还要奖赏那些为我们提供美好音乐的人。

B．我不仅要特别赞扬那些准备了这次盛大晚宴的人，而且还要赞扬那些为我们提供美好音乐的人。

C．我不仅要特别赞扬那些准备了这次盛大晚宴的人，而且还要赞扬那些为我们演奏好音乐的人。

D．我特别赞扬的不是那些准备了这次盛晚宴的人，而是那些为我们演奏美好音乐的人。6．我就担心丧失机会。不抓呀，看到的机会就丢掉了，时间一晃就过去了。（）A．The only thing I worry about is that we may lose opportunities.If we don’t seize them, they will slip through our fingers, time speeds by.B．The only thing I worry about is that we may lose opportunities.Don’t seize them, they will slip through our fingers, because time speeds by.C．The only thing I worry about is that we may lose opportunities.If we don’t seize them, they will slip through our fingers.Now that time flies fast.D．The only thing I worry about is that we may lose opportunities.If we don’t seize them, they will slip through our fingers as time speeds by.7．我感谢陆登庭校长的邀请，使我有机会在这美好的金秋时节来到你们这座美国古老而又现代化的学府。（）

A．I thank President Rudenstine to invite me to this old yet modern institution of the United States in this golden fall.B．I wish to thank President Rudenstine for inviting me to this old yet modern institution of the United States in this golden fall.C．I thank President Rudenstine for inviting me to this ancient yet modern institution of the U.S.in this golden autumn.D．I wish to thank President Rudenstine to invite me to this ancient yet modern institution of the U.S.in this golden autumn.8．合营各方按注册资本比例分享利润和分担风险及亏损。（）

A．The parties to the venture shall share the profits, risks and losses in proportion to their contributions to the registered capital.B．The parties to the venture shall divide the profits, risks and losses in proportion to their contributions to the registered capital.C．The parties to the venture shall divide and enjoy the profits, share the risks and losses in proportion to their contributions to the registered capital.D．The parties to the venture shall share the profits, and divide the risks and losses in proportion to their contributions to the registered capital.9．虽然我浑身酸痛，可是不干活儿不行呀！（）A．Though I still ached all over, I must work.B．Though I still ached all over, I had to work.C．Though I still ached all over, I cannot but work.D．Though I still ached all over, but I had to work.10．中国自20世纪60年代开始进行海洋油气资源的自营勘探和开发。（）A．Since the 1960s,China began to explore and exploit offshore oil and gas resources on its own.B．Beginning from the 1960s, China began to explore and exploit offshore oil and gas resources on its own.C．As early as the 1960s,China began to explore and exploit offshore oil and gas resources on its own.D．Until the 1960s, China began to explore and exploit offshore oil and gas resources on its own.B．Directions: This part consists of five unfinished statements, each followed by four choices labeled A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes each statement.11．严复翻译的《天演论》，其原文的题目是（）A．Inquiry into the Nature of Evolution B．Study of Evolution and Ethics C．Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays D．Study of the System of Logic 12．周煦良在“翻译三论”一文中写道：直译可以分为三类，其中不包括（）A．译音而不译意 B．照字面译

C．不妄改原文的字句 D．按照原文的结构或词序的翻译 13．Cicero said,“In doing so, I did not think it necessary（）.” A．to translate word for word B．to preserve the general style C．to keep the force of the language D．to change the form of the original 14．不符合科技英语特点的是（）

A．严肃的书面语体 B．词汇含义相对单一并且固定 C．广泛使用被动语态 D．趋向于使用多重复合结构 15．一般来说，在用词方面，（）A．汉语喜欢重复，英语也喜欢重复 B．汉语不怕重复，英语也不怕重复 C．英语不喜欢重复，汉语也不喜欢重复 D．英语不喜欢重复，汉语则不怕重复

PART TWO（70 POINTS）

II.Word and Phrase Translation(20 points,1 point for each)A.Directions: Put the following words and phrases into Chinese.16．articles of association 17．telecommunications 18．come into force 19．poisonous chemicals 20．Vatican 21．the science of biotic control 22．academic exchanges 23．weapons of mass destruction 24．undermanned 25．instrument of ratification B.Directions: Put the following words and phrases into English.26．诺贝尔奖获得者 27．奥运会 28．北洋军阀政府 29．预算 30．生产力 31．御花园 32．基金会 33．渔场 34．振兴中华 35．人类文明的发祥地

III．Translation Improvement(20 points, 2 points for each)A．Directions: Each of the following Chinese translations has one or more inadequacies.Improve the given translations.Example: 原文：Adelaide enjoys a Mediterranean climate.译文：阿德莱德享有地中海型气候。改译：阿德莱德属地中海型气候。

36．原文：I believe Chinese economic authorities recognize the problem and the next Five-Year Plan will address it effectively.译文：我相信中国经济管理部门已认识到这个问题，在下一个五年计划中会有效地提到它。37．原文：World War II was more complex than World War I, which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of market, resources and territories.译文：第二次世界大战比第一次世界大战更复杂，那是帝国主义列强之间争夺市场资源和领土的冲突。

38．原文：Yet there was a bigger movement in the air by 1750.译文：到了1750年，进行了一场更大的空中运动。

39．原文：Byron’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Augusta, Byron’s half-sister.译文：拜伦的父亲和第一位妻子生了一个女儿，名叫奥古斯塔，是拜伦同母异父的妹妹。40．原文：It is no use telling grown-up children not to make mistakes, both because they will not believe you, and because mistakes are an essential part of education.译文：告诫子女不要犯错误，那是没用的，一来他们不听你的，二是错误本身也是教育的一个重要方面。41．原文：Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era.译文：我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷，这里的景色没有亏欠多少现在的时代。B．Directions: Each of the following English translations has one or more inadequacies.Improve the given translations.Example: 原文：能为他的这本散文集子作序，我觉得很荣幸。

译文：To write a preface to this collection of his essays gives me a great honor.改译：I find it a great honor to write a preface to this collection of his essays.42．原文：我最近还在另一个地方说过：艺术的最高境界是无技巧。

译文：I’ve also said recently in another place that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness.43．原文：凤霞从1966年被迫离开舞台，后来又因病不能登台，至今已经14年之久。译文：Fengxia was driven off the stage in 1966 and later fell ill, for 14 years she has not been able to perform.44．原文：合营企业的有关外汇事宜，应遵照中华人民共和国外汇管理条例办理。译文：The foreign exchange transactions of an equity joint venture shall observe the regulations on foreign exchange control of the People’s Republic of China.45．原文：老年人有长处，但也有很大的弱点——老年人容易固执，因此老年人也要有点自觉性。

译文：Old people have strengths but also great weaknesses—they are easy to be stubborn, for example—and they should be aware of that.IV．Paragraph Translation(30 points)A．Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese.(15 points)46.China may well be the favorite whipping boy of manufacturers in the United States these days.But in the developing world, the country is becoming the trading partner of choice, drawing in airplanes from Brazil, soybeans from Argentina and seafood from Malaysia, boosting economies and leading to new political alliances.The growing appetite of the world’s most populous nation has made China a new source of income for the developing economies of South America and Asia.“China’s booming imports from developing countries—especially of commodities—are not only helping growth in countries from Brazil to Africa, but are already reshaping international trade relations,”said Kenneth Rogoff, an economics professor at Harvard University.Developed countries also are sending more goods to Chins, the world’s sixth-largest economy, with an estimated $1.334 trillion gross domestic product in 2003, according to the IMF.B．Directions: Translate the following passage into English.(15 points)47． 中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略，加强海洋综合管理，不断完善海洋法律制度，积极发展海洋科学技术和教育。中国积极参与联合国系统的海洋事务，推进国家间和地区性海洋领域的合作，并认真履行自己承担的义务，为全球海洋开发和保护事业做出了积极贡献。

1998年是联合国确定的国际海洋年，中国政府愿借此机会介绍中国海洋事业的发展情况。

海湾战争综合症 the complexities of the gulf war 豪赌 unrestrained gambling 好事不出门，恶事传千里 good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.好出风头的运动员 exhibitionist, grandstander 好莱坞大片 hollywood blockbuster “好球” “strike” 合理引导消费 guide rational consumption 合议庭 collegiate bench 黑店 gangster inn 宏观调控 macro-control efforts 红包（中）red paper containing money as a gift,(贬)bribe, kickback 环太平洋地区 pacific rim 后防空虚 leave the defense exposed 胡子工程 long-drawn-out project(a project which takes so long that young workers BECome bearded)虎父无犬子 a wise goose never lays a tame egg.户口管理制度 domicile system, residence registration system 户主 head of a household 护身法宝 amulet 华表 ornamental column/cloud pillar/stele 华盖 canopy “坏球” “ball” 还俗 resume secular life, unfrock “黄、赌、毒” pornography, gambling and drug abuse and trafficking 黄金时段 prime time 挥棒 swing 挥棒不中 fan 灰色收入 income from moonlighting 汇丰银行 hong kong and shang hai banking corporation 婚外恋 extramarital love 活到老，学到老 one is never too old to learn.货币回笼 withdrawal of currency from circulation 第三部分 倍数减少的表示方法

倍数减少在英译时，需把倍数换算成分数。成几倍减少，可以改译成”减少到1/n“或减少了”n-1/n“。而减少了n倍，可改译成”减少到1/n＋1“或”减少了n/n+1“。

1.句式特点：表示减少意义的动词＋n times表示成n倍减少，译成”减少到1/n“或”减少了n-1/n“

the length of laser tube was reduced ten times.激光管的长度缩短了十分之九。

2.句式特点：表示减少意义的动词＋by＋n times表示成n倍减少，译成”减少到1/n“或”减少了n-1/n“

the bandwith was reduced by two times.带宽减少了二分之一。

3.句式特点：表示减少意义的动词＋by a factor of + n times表示成n倍减少，译成”减少到1/n“或”减少了n-1/n“

4.句式特点：表示减少意义的动词＋a-n times(n-fold)+ reduction译成”减少到1/n“或”减少了n-1/n“

the principal advantage over the old-fashioned machine is a four-fold reduction in weight.与旧式机器比，主要特点是重量减少了四分之三。

5.句式特点：表示减少意义的动词＋n times＋as + adj./adv......译成”减少到1/n“或”减少了n-1/n“

6.句式特点：表示减少意义的动词＋n times+ 比较级＋ than表示减少了n倍，译成”减少到1/n＋1”或“减少了1/n＋1“

the plastic container is five times lighter than that glass one.这个塑料容器比那个玻璃容器轻六分之五。

Translation Conclusion

Unit 1 stories

1.He was thirty-six，his youth had passed like a screaming eagle，leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。

2.average height 普通高度 3.gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉

4.in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄

5.ignoring the chair offered him，Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was，what he had done in the past，how he had fled from Yunnan，talked with Sun Yat-sen，been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai，and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历： 他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。

6.When both visitors had told their stories，Chou smiled a little，said he would help them find rooms，and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，暂时作候补党员。

7.Chinese Communist Party

中国共产党

8.两条要求，忠实——内容，通顺——语言

9.Several times on his trips to China，which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government，Bill‘s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.以中国官方客人的身份，比尔来访中国已多次了，而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了。

10.‘ This is for you，’ Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget——such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation.Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge，built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River.He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on，then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.“这是为你安排的。” 这句话比尔。莫诺听到过好几次，每一次都令他难以忘怀。有一次，他沿大运河乘船顺水而下，途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬。还有一次，他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥——以前没桥时，要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江。夜幕渐渐降临了，他被安排坐下，并被告知稍坐等候，然后突然间，整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊。

11.The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher，Anne Mansfield Sulliven，came to me.I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.在我的记忆里，安妮。曼斯匪尔德。沙利文教师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活与以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。12.it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me，and for the first time longed for a new day to come.当那感概万千的一天快要结束时，我躺在自己的小床里，感受这一天带给

我的那些快乐，我觉得没有人比我更幸福了。一生中第一次，我期待着新一天的来临。

13.一切旧的传统观念，一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度。

All outmoded traditional thinking； any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development.14.我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心，又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样。

I felt as if my mind was being whipped，as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.15.另一个地方

On another occasion.16.长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹，而我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺眼些。

Physically attractive people don‘t need heavy make-up.Though my writing resembles an ugly monster，it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.17.我最恨那些盗名欺世，欺骗读者的谎言。

This means I oppose fabrication，deception and flowery language.What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.18.就学习英语而言，有三个方面值得注意：拼法正确，合乎用法——一个词怎么用，和哪个词连用，很有讲究。句子平稳—合乎语法。

Unit2 HISTORY

1.The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark，and the labourer lived not in the sun，but in poverty and darkness.What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial，like the mill，which was already ancient in Chaucer‘s time.The industrial Revolution began with such machines； the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age.James Brindley of Staffordashire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels，at the age of seventeen，having been born poor in a village.在农村，人们从早到晚都得干活，劳动者并不是沐浴在阳光下，而在生活在贫困和黑暗之中，那么帮助减轻劳动的机械都不知从哪个年代就有了。比如磨坊，在乔叟的时候就已经是古老的了。而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。斯塔福郡的詹姆斯。布林斯雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；一七三三年，他十七岁，就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。

2.in the air

酝酿之中

3.multi-purpose machine

多功能机器

4.Brindley had begun on his own account，out of interest，to survey the waterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.布林斯雷在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候，出于自愿和兴趣，对沿途经过的河道进行了勘察。

5.they often had little education，and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind.他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上，当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。

6.arteries of communication

交通的动脉

7.readability，读起来上口，顺。所谓翻译，是翻译意思，而不是翻译词句。只要抓住了意思，译文在词句上可以有一定的灵活性。

8.Despite the great gains in industry，agriculture remained the nation‘s basic occupations.The revolution in agriculture——paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming，and from subsistence to commercial agriculture.Between 1686 and 1910，the number of farms in the United States trebled，increasing from 2 million to 6 million while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares.尽管工业的收益很大，农业仍是国民的基础产业。农业革命——和战后的制造业革命齐驾齐驱，使手工业劳作变为机械耕种，使维持生计的农业变为商业化的农业。从1860年至1910年间，美国农场的数量翻了三番，从2000000个增至6000000个，耕种的面积也从1.6公顷增至3.52公顷，增长了一倍多。

9.In 1840，Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years.到了1840年，塞路斯，麦克米克创造了一个奇迹，用他历经近十年研制的神奇机器，一天可割麦2——2.5公顷。

10.In 1862，the Morrill Land-Grant College Act

1862年，政府颁布的有关赠地建校的“莫里尔公地兴学法案”

11.industrial colleges，appropriated fund，were at work.农业院校，下拨款项，展开了科研活动。

12.五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意思，在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义。

The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911，namely，its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism.13.五四运动所进行的文化革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动，自有中国历史以来，还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命。

May 4th Movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture； there had never been such a great and thoroughgoing cultural revolution since the dawn of Chinese history.14.五四运动是在思想上和干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立，又准备了五？运动和北伐战争。

Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres，the May 4th Movement paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and for the May 30th Movement in 1925 and the Northern Expedition.15.上海，唐山，长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威，中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台，显示了它的伟大力量。

Workers in Shanghai，Tanghsna，Changxindian and etc，went on strike to express their disapproval.As an awakened，independent，political strength，Chinese working class stepped on the political stage for the first time and illuminated its tremendous power.16.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan.Driving southward from Cairo into the valley，I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era.For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile，flowing slowly north，unwound over brown soil and green fields，some only a few yards wide，others as broad as an Iowa cornfield.At the edge of the fields，rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon，lay the brown barren deserts.古埃及的坟墓，庙宇遍布尼罗河两岸，一直沿至苏丹。驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷，映入眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色。蓝色玉带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里，在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去。田地有的仅几码宽，有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽。田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方如小山般高高耸起，有的则平平的一直延展至天际。

17.I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long，narrow farm.我感到自己宛若驾车穿越一个毫无尽头的狭长农场。

18.the road followed the course of the Nile，now passing through the fields，now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，所以时而从田间穿过，时而如一条黑色的分界线将田地与沙漠隔开。

19.as the flood receded，the water draining through the soil leached out the salts and carried them off to the Mediterranean.洪水退去时，下渗土壤的水会冲走土里的盐分，并最终把盐带入地中海。

20.it enjoys a Mediterranean climate.属地中海气候

21.The fertility of the surrounding plains，easy access to the Murray lowlands to the east and southeast，and the presence of mineral deposits in the nearby hills all contributed to the city‘s growth.四周平原土壤肥沃，与东和东南方的墨累低地相通。附近山区有矿藏。原为早期农贸中心，现已工业化。

22.The Adelaide Festival of Arts was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia.阿德莱德文艺节每两年举行一次，是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动。

23.Adelaide，the capital of South Australia，is one of Australia‘s best-planned cities.南澳大利亚的首府，阿德莱德，是澳大利亚布局最精巧的城市之一。

24.Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.North Adelaide，which is chiefly residential，is bordered by more parklands，and contains two open squares.N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River，spanned by four bridge and lined with ornamental gradens.带状绿地从三面环绕，区内的四块空地上有草坪也有树木，打破了市内建筑物的单调格局。北部主要是居民区，其周围也有公园环绕。另外还有两个大广场。南北阿德莱德的分界是特化斯河，河面上建有四座桥，两岸则有花园点缀。

25.The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture，including the town hall on King Wiiliam Street——the wide main N-S thoroughfare.阿德莱德拥有许多早期澳式建筑的典范，比如贯通南北的主干道路——余威廉大街上的市政大厅。

26.President Clinton realized——as al of us must—— that today‘s economy is global.正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。

27.1977，the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion，putting China‘s share of world at 0.6 percent.The most populous country in the world，China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations.By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion.China had become the world‘s tenth largest exporter.在1977年，中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元，仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%，世界上人口最多的中国在出口国家中排名靠后，仅是第30位，到1993年，中国进出口总额接近2000亿美元，它已成为每10个最大的出口国。

28.Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.从1980年至1992年，人均国民生产总值平均增长率为7.6%.29.But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades.In 1970，the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the US economy.Last year，that figure，at 28%，was more than twice as high.In just the last seven years，jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million，to a total of 11 million.That‘s almost one out of ten American jobs.Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars.但在过去30年中，我们经济贸易的重要性大大地增加了，在1970年，双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%.去年上升到28%，比1970年增加了一倍多。就在过去7年中，美国的出口创造的就业机会增加了400万个。总数上升到1100万个。这个数字就占美国就业总数的1/10.去年，美国贸易总额达到了1.8亿美元。

30.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States.Foreign exchange.无论是中国还是美国，都不会缩小贸易的重要性。外汇。

31.Bilateral trade，the order of

双边贸易

32.sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.为未来贸易与金融关系打下了一个坚实的基础。

33.China‘s imports from the US，which amounted to $900 million in 1978，rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.exports rose from $300 million to $ 2.3 billion during that period.Total Chinese trade has also risenj dramatically，from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly 10 billion to 22 billion，while imports increased from 10 billion to just over 21 billion.中国从美国的进口额，从？？到由9亿美元增至近30亿美元，对美出口额在这期间也从3亿美元增至23亿美元。中国的对外贸易总额也急速攀升，中国的出口额从1978年的约100亿美元增至1982年的220亿美元，进口额与此同时也从100亿美元增长到了210多个亿美元。

34.joint ventures.Offshore oil exploration

合资企业，海上石油勘测

35.there are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future.我们有理由保持乐观的态度，有理由相信，未来贸易与金融关系会继续发展。

36.Food production，industrial production.Light industries.粮食产量，工业生产，轻工业

37.根据中国农业自然资源，生产条件，技术水平和其他发展条件，粮食增产潜力很大。

Natural agricultural resources，production conditions，technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect.38.即使考虑到土地报酬率递减的因素，也是有条件实现的。

To achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered.39.中国政府将在加强对现有耕地保护的同时，加快宜农荒地的开发和工矿废弃地的复垦。

The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines.40.inland waters，aquaculture，aquatic products，intensification，animal by-products，arbor foodstuffs.内陆水域，养殖，水产品，集约化，畜产品，木本食物。

UNIT 3 CULTURE

1.it‘s raining again.As I lie awake in bed，listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement，my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks，and a chill from within fills me with dread.It’s raining，again.又下雨了，我躺在床上，睡不着，听着雨点儿落在路面上啪啪作响。我思绪万千，恍恍惚惚进入了一条条幽暗的甬道，回想起许多痛苦的往事。心里一阵冰凉，不禁感到毛骨悚然。是的，又在下雨了。

2.it does this every year in Southern California； at least that‘s what they told me last year when I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.加利福尼亚南部，年年如此；去年，雨无情地下个不停。我表示惊异，人们就是这样对我说的。

3.every child raised in the West knows about these dangers.At least that‘s what I used to think.I’m not so sure anymore.在西部长大的孩子都知道洪水的厉害。至少我过去是这样想的，现在就不敢说的。

4.Habits form，however，and，in a child‘s mind，most of the time becomes all of the time，and nobody gives it much thought.Then the rains come.然而孩子们习以为常，在他们心目中，“大部分时间”变成了“全部时间”，而谁也没有仔细去想这件事。后来就下起雨来了。

5.在理论方面，鲁迅曾针对当时赵景深的“宁顺而不信”的提法，提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张。1935年，鲁迅在“题未定‘草’”一文中又对翻译作了新的概括。他说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”也就是说，翻译既要通顺，又要忠实。

6.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and，sometimes，the lives of others.每一天我们都要做出许多选择，大部分是为自己，有的也为别人。

7.Somehow our path took us toward the park，across the footbridge high above the rolling water of the Los Angeles River.不知怎的，我们就踏上了通向公园的小路。

8.Many children were playing close to the water，and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.The far bank.许多孩子在告近水边的地方玩耍。他们的无知与鲁莽把我俩看呆了。

9.It is easy to think to oneself that one‘s emotions used to be more vivid than they are，and one’s mind more keen.人们往往会对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。

10.the other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起，希望从青年的活力中吸取力量。

11.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves，but human beings，owing to the length of infancy，find this difficult.动物，一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了；但是人，由于抚养子女的时间长，是难以这样做的。

12.在我国，从二十年代开始从事翻译工作，从五十年代乃至八十年代还在讨论翻译问题的，大概只有两个人，一个是郭沫若，一个就是茅盾。

13.I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities.我认为，如果老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣，并参加适当的活动，我们的晚年是最容易过得好的，他们的晚年才会是一生收获的季节。

14.Yong men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.But in old man who has known human joys and sorrows，and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do，to fear of death is somewhat object and ignoble.年青时有这种想法是可以理解的。年青人害怕阵亡疆场，而且一想到人生最美好的一切就这么被葬送了，恐惧的心情会更加严重。这种恐惧无可厚非。但作为老年人，人生的悲欢离合你已都经历过了，自己要做的事情也都做了，这时若还恐惧死亡，那就有些让人瞧不起了。

15.An individual human existence should be like a river—— small at first，narrowly contained within its banks，and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider，the banks recede，the waters flow more quietly，and in the end，without any visible break，they become merged in the sea，and painlessly lose their individual being.一个人的一生应像一条河——起初窄窄的，夹在两岸之中，急速地流动阒，冲过岩石，冲下瀑布，渐渐地，河面变宽了，两岸变得越来越远，河水静静地流动着，直到最后，再也没有什么阻碍了，因为这时，你已融入了大海，毫无痛苦地结束了自己单独存在的那一段历程。

16.如今，能为他的这本散文集作序，我觉得很荣幸。

I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays.17.<心上的河流>写出了他对于小河流水的深情，这使我忆起死回我所热爱的无边的大海。

In “ A River at Heart”，he expressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek，which reminded me of my own love for the boundless，vast sea.18.这几年，我因行动不便，整天过着“井蛙”的无聊生活，读了这游记，绚丽生动得如经其境，给了我很大的快乐。

In recent years，unable to move about easily，I have been leading a dull life like that of “a frog at the bottom of a well”。

19.Clyde，left alone in this fashion，and not knowing just what it meant，stared，wondering.克莱德就这么给甩在这儿了，弄不明白什么意思，两眼直愣愣地想呀想呀。

20.著名翻译家王佐良教授以翻译英诗为主，兼及散文和戏剧。1980年出版的他的<英

国诗文选择集>中，有他译的袁斯诗11首，雪莱诗8诗，麦克迪儿米诗10首，有他译的培根的散文3篇，科贝特的散文6篇。1985年出版了他译的<彭斯诗选>.此外他还曾将曹禺的<雷雨>译成英语。

21.I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers.我记得儿时给各种小草和隐蔽的小花取的名字。

22.It required only a rich winter of rain to make it break forth in grass and flowers.只要经历一个雨量充足的冬季，草呀，花呀，就会长出来。

23.when June came the grasses headed out and turned brown，and the hills turned a brown which was not brown but a gold anad saffron and red——an indescribable color.到6月，草就已经长高了，颜色也变成棕色了。山则显出一种特别的棕色，说棕也不是棕，有点金黄，有点桔黄，还有点红——也形容不出是个什么颜色。

24.It was a rasping nervous wind，and the dust particles cut into a man‘s skin and burned his eyes.大风让人们烦躁焦虑，尘土的微粒剐着人的脸，刺痛人的眼睛。

25.The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twings.土地龟裂，泉水干枯，牛儿无精打采地啃着干树枝。

26.The tall，well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.站在我面前的是一位身材高大，衣着讲究的先生，与我先前想像的老海怪完全不同。

27.A delighted giggle cut through the severe silence.The ice was broken.We all laughed.一阵咯咯的欢笑声打破了严肃而沉寂的气氛。谁也不拘束了，大家都笑了起来。

28.在旧社会，我们评剧演员常常挣钱不够吃饭，艺人们大都是拉家带口，生活困难。

In the old society，Pinju players seldom made enough to live on.And as most were saddled with big families their life was hard.29.腊月二十三封箱，把“祖师爷”请到前台去，后台冷冷清清，演员们就更苦了，要等到年初一开戏了，才能挣到钱。

On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month，when theatres closed and the patron saint of actors was invited to the front stage，leaving the backstage deserted，actors were even worse off，unable to earn any more until the reopening on New Year‘s Day.30.真是一个钱撕成八瓣用，心里总是想着怎样能够改善家里的困境。

Each single copper had to be eked out，and I kept racking my brains for ways to improve our difficult conditions.31.每天天不亮戴着星星去排队，工厂没开大门就排上老长的队了。

We had to queue up before dawn when there were still stars in the sky.A long queue formed before the mill‘s gate opened.32.可我从头到脚淋成了落汤鸡了。

I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat.UNIT 4 POPULAR SCIENCE

1.there were three groups of oils； animal，vegetable and mineral.油可以分为三大类：动物油，植物油，矿物油。

2.the statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing that chief oilfields of the world； very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.石油原于大海的这种观点是被人们所认可的，你要看一眼世界主要油井的分布图就一目了然了，几乎没有远离现在海洋的油井。

3.the rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.石油存在处的岩石也都有海洋的渊源。

4.A very common sedimentary rock is called shale，which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed.And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.一块极普通的沉积岩叫页岩，这种页岩质地松软，很明显是通过海底沉积作用形成的。有页岩的地方，极有可能有石油。

5.the drill may just miss the oil although it is near； on the other hand，it may strike oil at a fairly high level.有时石油虽就在附近，但因为没钻准地儿，结果还是一无所获。有时呢，就这么一钻，石油就喷出好高好高。

6.when the crude oil is obtained from the field，it is taken to the refineries.Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed.从油田获得的原油要被送到炼油厂进行处理。接下来再将获得的汽体浓缩后成为煤油。

7.We stand now where two roads diverge.But unlike the roads in Robert Frost‘s familiar poem，they are not equally fair

我们正处在两条道路分岔的地方。但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特。佛罗斯特诗中所说的，这两条路是同样的好。

8.right to know

知情权

9.A truly extraordinary variety of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available.除了用化学方法控制昆虫以外，还有其他各种非常奇妙的方法可以利用。

10.All have this in common： they are biological solutions，based on understanding of the living organisms they seek to control，and of the whole fabric of life to which these organisms belong.所有这些方法都有一个共同点：他们都是生物的解决办法，其基础是人们对所要控制的生物体的了解，以及对这些生物体整个生活状况的了解。

11.It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning； its quite stretches as well as its rapids； its periods of drought as well as of fullness.其源头，隐隐约约，并不引人注目；其流势，时而平缓，时而湍急；其水情，有汛期，也有枯谒期。

12.Dr.Knipling was ready for a full-scale test of his theory.尼普林教授已在佛罗里达岛进行了一些实地预备性实验，并计划大规模地实践其理论。

13.the resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetities of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that whould relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.库拉索岛上的实验大获成功。这引起了佛罗里达州特征畜饲养者的兴趣，他们希望借助这一成果帮他们摆脱螺旋铃绳这一祸害。

14.prearranged flight parents.事先安排好的飞行队形。

15.A powerful indictment of America‘s disregard of ecology，Silent Spring was aimed chiefly at the wholesale use of chemical pesticides，especially DDT.In 1965 a court action took place that ranks in environmental importance with the publication of Silent Spring.不久以后，在1962年雷切尔。卡林所著，名为<沉默的春天>一书问世了><沉默的春天>有力的控诉了美国之忽视生态，它主要是针对大规模使用农药——特别是嘀滴涕。1965年又发生了一件诉讼，其对环境之重要意义，不亚于<沉默的春天>之出版。

16.strip mining，noise pollution，offshore oil drilling，waste disposal.Aerosol cans，and nonreturnable beverage containers.露天采矿，噪音污染，深海钻油，废物排放，喷雾器罐及一次性饮料容器。

17.in fact，there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by the controversy that often pits those who style themselves environmentalists against proponents of economic growth in our energy-consumming society.The problem is to balance the needs of the environment against those of the economy or consumers trying to cope with the high cost of living without destroying the earth on which we all depend.实际上，人类生活的方方面面都同这个争议密切相关。那些自称为环保主义者的人十分关注这个皱议，他们反对社会消耗能源以求发展经济。问题其实是要在环保需求同经济消耗需求之间找到平衡，既满足生存的高消耗又不能破坏我们依赖的地球。

18.enacting legislation，Clean open land.Clean Air Act Amendment.State legislatures.Bills.Hearings.Private lobbies.Labor unions.Trade-offs.Immediate future.Taken into account.实行规范，空置土地，净化空气法案，净化空所修正法案，各州立法机构，条款，听证会，行业协会，劳工会，19.the contracting states.copyright protection international systems.Copyright proprietors.Cinematographic works.缔约国，成员国，版权保护，世界版权保护制度，版权所有者，电影的作品

20.For the purpose of this Convention any Contracting State may，by domestic legislation，assimilate to its own nationals any person domiciled in that State.为实施本公约，任何成员国均可按照国内立法，将经常居住于该国的任何人按本国国民对待。

21.Director-General，signatory States.Come into force.委员会主席，缔约国。生效。

22.each Contracting State undertakes to adopt，in accordance with its Constitution，such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention

各缔约国应依据其宪法采取有效措施保证此公约的实施。

23.it is understood that at the date this convention cones into force in respect of any State，that State must be in a position under its domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention.须明确的是此公约在缔约国内一经生效，该国就应依据其国内法律实施公约的各项条款。

24.中华人民共和国

People‘s Republic of China

25.国际经济合作和技术交流，平等互利的原则

高考语文试题与文言文翻译教学 篇3

关键词：文言文,翻译,教学

2002年之前高考文言文翻译一直是设置四选一的选择题，考查考生对句子在文中意思的理解。因此，考生的得分率比较高。但是自2002年以来，文言文翻译的题型发生了变化，要求学生自己动手翻译。之后一直沿袭下来，分值竟达到10分。这种题型不仅考查学生对原文的理解能力，而且考查学生的表达能力;既要学生会读，又要学生会写。这种变化明显地提高了要求，加大了难度，基于此，我们认为在文言文教学中有必要在以下几个方面加强训练。

一、把握关键词的教学

浏览这些年的高考卷，不难发现文言文翻译题总是设置几个采分点，这几个采分点多数是句中的关键词，即重要实词、虚词等。所谓关键的实词，就是指那些在句中起关键意义的、解释通常与现代汉语不同的词语，其中以动词最多，形容词、名词次之。只要这几个关键词解释准确，整个句子的翻译就迎刃而解了。如：

2006年高考全国卷Ⅱ要求把文言文阅读材料中的“夫陛下以一人之誉而召臣，一人之毁而去臣，臣恐天下有识闻之有以窥陛下也”翻译为现代汉语。而该年的参考答案中规定：“以一人”的“以”、“毁”、“去”三处，译对一处得1分。一句翻译总共5分，三个关键字就3分。因此，我们在文言文教学中需要教会学生对关键词具有高度的敏感性，并要调动学生的知识储备使之能准确捕捉、理解这些词。这些关键字主要有四类：

1. 教学大纲中规定的重要的实词和虚词。

教学大纲规定的那些重要的实词和虚词是历年高考的一个不可忽视的地方。例如：

(2004年全国卷)把文言文阅读材料中画横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。(8分)

(1)郡不产谷实，而海出珠宝，与交祉比境，常通商贩，贸籴粮食。

(2)隐处穷泽，身子耕佣。邻县士民慕其德，就居止者百余家。

第(1)句中“比”、“籴”，第(2)句中“穷”、“就”四个实词就是我们平时的教学中应该让学生掌握的。只有平时让他们掌握了，他们才有可能准确翻译出来。

虚词是句子构成中一个不可或缺的部分，考试大纲18个文言虚词中经常考的有“而、以、于、因、用、乃、其、为、则、之”等，考前应当注意把它们的用法进行归纳并强化训练以加深印象。如：

贤而多财，则损其志;愚而多财，则益其过。(2004年全国卷)

句中的“而”是连词，与后面的“则”搭配构成假设关系的复句，所以，在翻译时就要用“如果……就会”这个表示假设复句关系的关联词来体现，否则就要失分。

对于这些关键词，翻译时首先一定要联系全文，特别要结合上下句语境仔细推敲，以防误译。其次要准确地运用“组词法与替换法”完成文言向现代汉语的转录。

2. 古今词义发生变化的词语。

文言和白话有继承和发展的关系，表现在词义上，是那些跟人们日常生活密切相关的基本词汇。如那些表现自然现象，时令、数目、常用工具等的词，它们的古义一直沿用至今，这些词对阅读和翻译不会有妨碍。另外有一小部分词语，文言文里虽常用，但随着那些旧概念、旧事物的消失而消失，白话已不再使用，如“薨”(称诸侯死)、“贲”温(木制的战车)等。这部分词，我们虽然较生疏，但通过查字典就可明了，不会造成望文生义、曲解文意的错误。在阅读和翻译文言文中遇到的一个主要障碍是那些古今字形相同，读音也相同或相近，可是含义和用法发生了较大变化的词，包括词义扩大、缩小、转移和感情色彩变化等词语。我们只有弄清楚了这一类词古义和今义的差别，才能比较正确地阅读和翻译文言文。如，《出师表》中的“卑鄙”是两个单音词，“卑”指地位低下，“鄙”指见识浅陋，无贬义;现在的“卑鄙”则指品质恶劣，变为贬义词。又如“然谋臣与爪牙之上，不可不养而择也”(《国语·勾践》)中的“爪牙”是“英勇善战的将士”，褒义词;现在则比喻坏人的党羽、帮凶，变成了贬义词。

3. 活用词语。

词类活用是文言文中特有的语法现象，主要包括名词活用为动词、名词作状语、动词的使动和意动用法等，翻译时务必要突出它们。这就要求教师在教学的过程中要让学生学会判断词类活用的方法，否则，学生在考试中无处下手。如：

(2003年全国卷)裴矩遂能廷折，不肯面从。

此题能否得分的关键就在于能否看出“廷”和“面”是“名词作状语”，“从”是动词，“面”是名词，而“面”和“从”又不构成主谓关系，所以可以判定他们之间是一种修饰关系，所以就应该翻译为“当廷”、“当面”。

4. 偏义复词。

偏义复词是古代汉语复音词的一种。王力先生在《古代汉语》中是这样解释的：由两个单音的近义词或反义词作为语素组成，其中一个词素的本来意义成为这个复音词的意义，另一个词素只是作为陪衬。判断偏义复词的意义究竟偏在哪个语素上，没有一定的规律，只能根据具体语言环境来判断。我们在教学当中应该把课本当中的偏义复词归纳总结出来，强化学生这类词语的意识。例如：“此诚危急存亡之秋也”(《出师表》)、“陟罚臧否，不宜异同”(《出师表》)、“则山下皆石穴罅，不知其浅深”(《石钟山记》)，等等。

二、强化学生特殊句式意识

特殊句式的翻译，也往往是命题设计的重点之一。特殊句式包括被动句、宾语前置句、介词结构后置句、定语后置句、省略句、判断句等。这些句式几乎都有句式标志，在翻译时，要提醒学生注意抓住句式标志作出准确的判断，并按照现代汉语的表达习惯加以适当调整。如：

(1) 吾为物所苦(2006浙江卷)

(2) 其李将军之谓也(2002年全国卷)

(1) 当中“为……所”就是解开该句翻译的钥匙，它是一种标准的被动结构句式，翻译的时候一定要把被动含义翻译出来。 (2) 中的“之”是宾语前置标志，该句应译为“大概说的就是李将军吧?”

三、注意加强修辞教学

古人十分重视借助修辞表达意思，有些词语因修辞而使意义有所变化，所以当古文中出现一些修辞格，如比喻、借代、委婉、排比、互文等，在翻译时要力争传达出这种技巧，把原文的意义表现出来，把原文人物的神情气态、事情的细节性状反映出来，做到形象生动。如“金城千里”中的“金城”，就不能译为“用金子(或金属)修筑的长城”。若保留比喻，可直译为“像钢铁般的城墙”;若不保留比喻，可直译为“坚固的城墙”。又如“方与将军会猎于吴”(《赤壁之战》)，“会猎”绝非是“会合打猎”，而是“要和对方打一仗”。再如“主人下马客在船”(《琵琶行》)，并不是“主人下了马，客人在船上”。这是一个互文句，译是要把“主”“客”二人的行为合并起来，“主人和客人一同下了马，上了船”。翻译时一定要把句子的含义揭示出来。

以上几点是本人在教学当中的心得体会，在教学当中也起到了重要的作用，希望它能对大家起到抛砖引玉的作用。

参考文献

[1]钱梦龙.文言文教学改革刍议[J].中学语文教学法, 2005, (4) .

四级翻译的试题参考 篇4

2.You had better not disturb Mary as she ___________________(正专心于解一道难题).

3.The last survey shows that Chinese people tend to _________(消耗两倍多的盐)they actually need.

4.At the end of the opening ceremony,________________(大家期待你作简要的介绍).

5.The Committee made adequate preparations for the conference ____________(以便大会能顺利召开).

答案解析:

1.No matter what was said//Whatever was said

让步状语从句:no matter what/when/where/who/which/how结构可以引导让步状语结构，意思是“无论什么，无论何时，无论何处，无论谁，无论哪一个，无论如何”，分别等同于whatever/whenever/wherever/whoever/whichever/howver,句中“无论别人怎么说”，意即“无论别人说什么”，用no matter what或whatever引导。

从句中what/whatever作主语，与“说”直接属于被动关系，所以用被动语态。

2.is absored/involved in working on a puzzle

“专心于”的表达是be absorbed in或be involved in,后面需接名词性成分。work on的使用。Work on意为“从事，忙于”，根据语法需要变为working on。

3.consume twice more salt than

考查比较级:英语当中涉及到倍数的表达时，一般用“数词+名词+than”的结构表示。涉及到倍数的表达时，用once(一倍)，twice(两倍)，three times(三倍)，以此类推。本题中所提示的“两倍多”，故不能少more。“消耗”的英文表达为consume。

4.you are expected to give/make a brief introduction

考查惯用句型:中文句子主语，谓语，宾语分别是:我们，期望，你。但在译文中，可以发现句子是以you开头，也就是说“你被期待作简要发言”。在很多情况下，当汉语句子以“我们”，“人们”，“大家”等泛指性代词作主语时，在翻译成英文常常可以忽略不译，通常处理成被动结构的you are expected/asked/hoped/desired/suggested to do,较接近英语的表达习惯。

考查固定表达:“作…介绍”的表达为give/make an introduction。

5.so that it would go on smoothly/successfully

结果状语从句:待译部分为主句的结果，用so that引导结果状语从句。待译部分所说动作还没有发生，主句用一般过去式，从句应用过去将来时结构“would+动词原形”。“召开”即“进行”，可用go on表达；“顺利地”意为“成功地，平稳地”，用smoothly或successfully均可。