非限制性定语从句

2024-05-08

非限制性定语从句(通用6篇)

非限制性定语从句 篇1

定语从句, 是由关系词引导的分句结构。其主要功能是做名词修饰语, 即做定语。根据其结构形式和语义关系, 定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句, 是高中英语语法学习的重点, 也是难点。对于学习者来说, 之所以感觉难, 是因为, 除了要克服语汉语和英语的语言习惯和结构上的不同外, 还在于定语从句的复杂的句型结构和语义关系。为了让学习者更清楚的了解限制性和非限制性定语从句, 该文拟从各个角度全面阐述这两种定语从句的用法。

1 限制性定语从句概述

1.1 限制性定语从句的引导词问题

限制性定语从句的引导词, 从其在从句中所做的句法功能来看, 可以分为:关系代词 (relative pronoun) 和关系副词 (relative adverbs) 两大类。常见的关系代词有:that、which、who、whom、whose等;常见的关系副词有:where when why等。一般来说, 定语从句的引导词除了用来连接从句与主句起连接作用外, 在从句当中还往往具有起一定的句法作用, 如做主语、宾语、表语和状语等。

关系代词:

关系副词:在定语从句中, when做时间状语;why原因状语;where地点状语。

1.2 限制性定语从句的关系代词的选择

1) 在限制性定语从句中做主语的关系代词的选择

在限制性定语从句中, 做主语的关系代词的选择, 往往根据以下规律:指人—who/that;指物—which/that。例如:She is a student who/that is very good at English.This is the book which/that I bought yesterday.但需要说明的是, 但在英语口语当中和实际生活的运用当中, 大多数用who指人, 较少用that;大多数是用that指物, 较少用which。例如:She is a beautiful girl who lives next to me.She has a book that is useful for her English learn-ing.2)

2) 在限制性定语从句中做宾语的关系代词的选择

在限制性定语从句中, 做主语的关系代词的选择, 往往根据以下规律:指人—who/that/whom;指物—which/that。例如:Is that the person who/whom/that you met?Is this the book which/that you bought for me?但需要说明的是: (1) 在正式语体当中, 一般用whom指人, which指物, 例如:She is a girl whom I like very much.This is a method which is good for my studies. (2) 在非正式语体中, who/that指人, that指物, 且通常省略;例如:The student is a girl (who/that) I often meet on my way to school.This is the dictionary (that) she lost.

3) 限定性定语从句中关系代词只用that的情况

A先行项既指人又指物:She mentioned her friends and her books that aroused my interest.

B先行项为指物的不定代词anything/all/something等时:All (that) I have is my heart.C only/al

C先行项指人并受到only/all/any等的限定时:Anyone that wants to succeed must work hard.D She is the clev

D先行项有最高级修饰时:She is the cleverest woman that ever taught in our school.

1.3 限制性定语从句中关系副词的选择

限制性定语从句中, 关系副词通常用when表时间, 用where表地点, 用why表原因, 例如:Do you still remember theday when you first went to university?Chengdu is a city where peo-ple here are frank and friendly.

1.4 限制性定语从句中引导词的省略问题

1) 引导词在定语从句中做宾语:The book you got just now is mine

2) 引导词在定语从句中做补语:China is no longer the country it used to be

3) 关系副词where/when/why在引导关系分句时;在非正式语体中, when和why可以省略, 用介词后置的方法代替where, 例如:I shall never forget the day (when) we first met.The reason (why) she loves me is that I devote myself to her.The room I lived in is good.

1.5 由“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性定语从句

1) 介词与定语从句中的动词是一种“动词+介词”的搭配:The girl with whom I talked was Jane.但需要说明的是, 如果动词+介词中, 两者的关系比较紧密, 介词就只能放在动词后, 如:The girl I am looking for is Jane.

2) 介词与定语从句中的形容词是一种“形容词+介词”的搭配:The student of whom I am proud is Jane.

3) 介词与先行项是一种“介词+名词”的搭配:The room in which I live is good..4) pr

4) 在一定语境中, prep+which=where/prep+which=when/:good.

2 非限制性定语从句的定义和特点

由于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的本质都是限定分句, 因此, 这两类从句在很多方面都有着相同或相似的地方。一般而言, 非限制定语从句的引导词的类型以及句法功能, 和限制性定语从句中的中引导词的类型和句法功能基本一致, 即引导词在从句中做主语或宾语时用关系代词, 做状语时用关系副词。但需要注意的是, 在非限制性定语从句中, 关系代词没有that, 但却增加了as, 具体为:which/who/whom/whose/as;关系副词没有why, 但可以用for+which结构替代why的句法功能, 具体为:Where/when/for which.

3 限制性定语从句和非限制性从句的用法比较

3.1 限制性定语从句和非限制性从句的区分

关于限制性和非限制性定语从句的区分, 主要从形式与意义来进行, 具体而言: (1) 限制性关定语从句:在句法功能上起限定作用, 修饰先行项;通常紧接先行项之后, 无逗号;若省略, 原句意思不完整。 (2) 非限制性定语从句:起补充说明作用, 既可修饰先行项, 也可修饰整个句子;在口语当中, 限定关系分句有停顿;在书面语中, 限定性关系分句不能直接位于其修饰和限定的先行项后面, 有逗号隔开;若省去, 原句意思不受影响;

3.2 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的引导词比较

关于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的引导词的问题, 前面我们已经做了介绍, 为了进一步让学习者更加明白它们之间的异同, 用表格表示如下:

3.3 限制性和非限制性定语从句的语义功能比较

不管是限制性关系分句还是非限制性关系分句, 其“主要”的句法功能是在句中作修饰语, 对其先行项或整个句子进行修饰和限定;因此很大程度上相当于一个形容词的功能。但是, 由于非限制性定语从句是对先行词的附加说明, 若省去也不影响主句的意思。因此, 非限制性定语从句除了做修饰语修饰先行项—即做定语修饰语, 通常, 非限制性定语从句还相当于状语分句:表原因、目的、结果、条件、让步的作用, 例如:She was sent to America, who would study here for 1 year. (这里的who would....相当于so that she would..., 表目的) 。

3.4 限制性和非限制性定语从句中一些引导词的句法功能比较

1) 关于引导词that:在限制性定语从句中, 关系代词that既可指人, 又可指物;但在非限制性定语从句中, that不可使用。例如:Jane is my friend, who is clever and beautiful.

2) 关于引导词which:不管是在限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句中, 关系代词which都是指物。但是, 在限制性定语从句中, which通常只指代先行项, 即一个单词或短语, 例如:This is the book which gives me much advice on how to learn English.而在非限制性定语从句中, which既可指先行项, 也可指前面整个句子的意思;例如:She got a book, which is about Ameri-can culture.She is good at English, which is known to us all.

3) 关于引导词why:在限制性定语从句中, why在从句中做原因状语;而在非限制性定语从句中, 不用why, 而用for which, 例如:The reason, for which she was late, was clear.

4) 关于as/which引导非限制性关系分句的区别

A语序方面:As可放在句前、句中和句后;但which通常放在句后。例如:Reading is good, which we know.=As we know, reading is good=Reading, as we know, is good.=Reading is good, as we know.B As

B语义方面:As引导的非限制性关系分句有“正如、就像”之意, 而which不具有。例如:She is graceful, as (正如) is shown in her behaviors.C

C在从句中做主语时:As所引导的句子, 其动词往往是系动词;而which则不一定, 例如:Beijing is famous, as is known to all.She came here for me, which came as a surprise.

4 结束语

关系分句是英语限定从属分句中最重要的分句之一;也是学习者最为常用的从句。由于受到汉语语言形式和汉语思维方式等多方面因素的影响, 学习者在学习定语从句的时候, 特别是关于其“关系词”的选择的问题的时候, 往往有许多需要注意和难以理解的地方。基于此, 全面介绍了限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的联系与区别, 以期为学习者学好这类重要的从句起到抛砖引玉的作用。

参考文献

[1]教育部.普通高中课程标准实验教科书[T].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 2006.

[2]章振邦.新编英语语法教程[M].5版.上海:上海外语教育出版社, 2009:379-384.

非限制性定语从句 篇2

限制性定语从句对被修饰的先行词有限定制约作用,使该词的含义更具体,更明确。限制性定语从句不能被省略,否则句意就不完整。

非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,只是对其作一些附加说明,不起限定制约作用。如果将非限制性定语从句省去,主句的意义仍然完整。

二、 外在表现形式不同

限制性定语从句因与先行词关系密切,所以不可以用逗号将其与主句隔开;而非限制性定语从句与先行词关系不十分密切,所以可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

【例1】 This is the place where he used to live. 这是他曾经生活的地方。

【例2】 Mr. Zhang,who came to see me yesterday,is an old friend of mine. 昨天来看我的张先生是我的老友。

在例1中,定语从句与先行词关系密切,为限制性定语从句,不可用逗号将其与主句隔开。在例2中,定语从句与先行词关系不密切,为非限制性定语从句,可用逗号将其与主句隔开。

三、 先行词内容有所不同

大多数限制性和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语,而特殊情况下非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句,此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。

【例1】 A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much.由语境可知,令“我”恐惧的内容应为“一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导定语从句。

【例2】 A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.由语境可知,令所有在场的人感到惊讶的内容是“一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语”这整个一件事,因此先行词为整个主句,此时应由 which 引导非限制性定语从句。

四、 关系词的使用情况有所不同

(一) that 不可用于引导非限制性定语从句

所有关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性定语从句,大多数关系代词和关系副词可引导非限制性定语从句,但 that 不可。

【例】 他没通过这次考试,令我很失望。

误:He didn’t pass the exam,that disappointed me.

正:He didn’t pass the exam, which disappointed me.

值得注意的是,不少同学误认为只有 which 才能引导非限制性定语从句,这个观点是不正确的。使用非限制性定语从句时,如果先行词指人,则用 who, whom或 whose 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词指物可用 which 引导非限制性定语从句;先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时,可用 when,where 引导非限制性定语从句。

【例1】 We’ll graduate in July, when we will be free.

我们7月份毕业时便自由了。

【例2】 Last Sunday they reached Nanjing,where a conference was to be held. 上周末他们到达会议所在地南京。

(二) 关系代词替代情况不同

关系代词 whom 在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用 who 代替 whom,但 whom 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用 who 来代替。

【例1】 This is the girl whom I met in the street. 这是我在街上碰到的女孩。

先行词the girl在限制性定语从句中作宾语,可用 who 代替 whom。

【例2】 A young man had a new girl friend,whom he wanted to impress.

那个年轻男人有了让他想珍惜的新女友。

先行词a new girl friend 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,不可用who代替whom。

在限制性定语从句中,先行词指人时可用 that 代替 who/whom,但在非限制性定语从句中先行词指人时,不可用that代替who/whom。

例:她有一个姐姐,她是教师。

误: She has a sister, that is a teacher.

正:She has a sister, who is teacher.

(三) 关系代词省略情况不同

关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省去,非限制性定语从句的所有关系词均不可省。

【例1】 This is the book(which/that)he lost yesterday.先行词the book在限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词 which 或 that 可以省略。

【例2】 The book, which he lost yesterday, has been found。先行词the book 在非限制性定语从句中作宾语,关系代词which不可省。

(四) as引导定语从句时的用法

1. as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same…as, such…as结构中。

【例1】 I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我想和朋友有件同样的T恤。

【例2】 Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.

我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。

2. as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前,也可放在主句之后,用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型:as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。

【例】 As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 就像我猜的那样,他在期中测验中又得了第一。

3. as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别:

①当主句和从句语义一致时,用as;反之,用which来引导非限制性定语从句。

【例1】 He made a long speech, as we expected.

像我们猜的那样,他的演讲很长。

【例2】 He made a long speech, which was unexpected.

没想到他的演讲很长。

②当非限制定语从句为否定时,常用which引导。

【例】 Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all. 汤姆每天都喝很多酒,他的妻子十分厌恶。

4. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词,中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。这种定语从句叫做分隔性定语从句。

【例】 There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand. 他眼里有种情感我读不懂。

5. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词+which”来代替。

【例】 October 1, 1949 was the day on which(=when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded. 1949年1月是中华人民共和国成立的日子。

6. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时,短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。

【例】 The sick man whom she is looking after is her father. 那个她在寻找的病人是她爸爸。

7. 介词在关系代词前,只能用which和whom,且不能省略;介词在句尾,关系代词可以省略。

同步练习

一、 根据句子意思,用介词+关系代词whom或which完成下列句子

1. The person____________________I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.

2. The pencil____________________ he was writing broke.

3. Wu Dong,____________________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.

4. The two things____________________Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.

5. Her bag,____________________she put all her books, has not been found.

二、 选择填空

1. The man__________visited our school yesterday is from London.

A.whoB.which

C.whomD.when

2. The woman__________is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.

A.whoseB.who

C.whomD.which

3. Because of my poor memory, all__________you told me has been forgotten.

A.thatB.which

C.whatD.as

4. Do you remember those days__________we spent along the seashore very happily?

A.whenB.where

C.whichD.who

5. Tom t took away the camera because it was just the same camera__________he lost last week. 

A.whichB.that

C.whomD.as

【参考答案】

一、 1. to whom 2. with which

3. with whom 4. about which

5. in which

二、 1-5 ABACD

浅谈限制性与非限制性定语从句 篇3

定语从句的概念:

1.在复合句子中修饰某一名词或代词, 定语从句在句中充当定语;

2.定语从句必须有先行词, 并尽量靠近先行词;

3.在定语从句中, 关系词在从句中充当成分。

定语从句的分类:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

两者的区别:限制性定语从句前无逗号, 从句中使用的代词有who, whom, that和which, 称作关系代词;非限制性定语从句是对人和事物的进一步说明, 省掉后句子仍然成立, 补充的这部分用逗号与句子隔开, 可用于非限制性定语从句的代词有who, whom, which和whose。

一、下面首先就限制性定语从句作举例说明:

(一) 主语是人, 用who或that。如:

The man who came in late is the boss.

The man that came in late is the boss.

迟到的那个人是老板。

(二) 主语是事物, 用which或that。如:

I sit at the desk that faces the window.

I sit at the desk which faces the window.

我坐在面对窗户的那张办公桌。

(三) 宾语是人, 用who, that, whom或不用关系代词。如:

She’s the girl (who/that/whom) I met last night.

她就是我昨晚遇见的那个女孩。

(四) 宾语是事物, 用that, which或不用关系代词。如:

I have finished the book (that/which) you lent me.

我已看完你借给我的那本书。

(五) 表示某物属于某人用whose。如:

1.He helped the woman whose car had broken down。

他帮了一个女人一把, 因为她的车抛锚了。

2.They are the people whose house was burgled.

就是他们的家被盗了。

注:whose通常不用以指物, 指物时常用of which。

He’s reading the book, the name of which I can never remember.

他在读那本书, 书名我总是记不住。

注:人或事物做动词的宾语时, that, who和which可以省略。

此外, 先行词有下列情况或者附有下列修饰语时, 通常用that。

1.先行词是all, no, none, everyone, something, much, like等。

2.先行词前有序数词, 形容词最高级, the last, the same, the only等。

3.如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词, 也有表示物的名词时。

4.若主句中有疑问代词who, which, 为了避免重复, 关系代词不要用who, which。

二、下面再以非限制性定语从句作举例说明

(一) 主语是人, 用who。如:

My sister, who is a vegetarian, ordered a salad.

我姐姐吃素, 点了一份蔬菜沙拉。

(二) 主语是事物, 用which。如:

The tickets, which can be bought at the station, are valid for a mouth。

这些车票可在车站买到, 有效期为一个月。

(三) 宾语是人, 用who或whom。如:

Peter, who nobody had met before, arrived late.

Peter, whom nobody had met before, arrived late.

皮特迟到了, 以前谁也没见过他。

(四) 宾语是事物, 用which。如:

The tickets, which I have paid for, are still valid.

这些票是我付了费的, 现在仍然有效。

(五) 某物属于某人, 用whose。如:

Lucy, whose car had broken down, didn’t go。

露西没走, 她的车抛锚了。

另外, 再强调一点关系从句和介词。

在英语口语中, 关系从句中的介词通常置于从句末, 关系代词可以省略。另一种较正式的形式是将介词置于关系代词前。例如:

1.宾语是人。如:

The man I spoke to was very friendly.

The man who/that I spoke to was very friendly.

The man to whom I spoke was very friendly.

与我谈话的那个男人非常友好。

2.宾语是事物。如:

The house I was born in is gone.

The house that I was born in is gone.

The house in which I was born is gone.

我出生的那座房子已不存在了。

练习:

非限制性定语从句 篇4

一. as引导的非限制性定语从句位于句末时,一般可以和which互换。

the author was brought up in a small village, as (which) is recounted in some of his stories.

作者是在一个小村庄里长大的,这个问题在他的一些小说了就被提到过。

she is extremely popular among the students, as (which) is common knowledge.

她在学生中间很受欢迎,这是普遍知道的。

但是,当主句是否定句时,as和which就不能互换,因为as引导的非限制性定语从句不包含否定意义。

spiders are not insects, as many people think.

蜘蛛不是昆虫,而许多人却认为蜘蛛是昆虫。

二. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句子的最前面,而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。

as is often the case, the girl forgot to her dictionary.(不能用which)

经常是这样子的,那个女孩忘了带字典。

as you will find out, all is now settled.

你将会看到这样的情况,一切都已搞定了。

三. as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在句子的中间,which引导的定语从句也可以放在句子的中间。

water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.

水是一种透明的液体,有许多用途。

taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part to china.

限制性与非限制性定语从句(三) 篇5

加与不加逗号,句子语义有差别

请大家先来比较下面这组例句:

1.a. The food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off.

不在冰箱里的那些食物变质了。

b. The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.

食物都变质了,因为它们没有放在冰箱里。

点评:在a句中,定语从句的关系代词前没有加逗号,采用的是限制性定语从句的形式,意思是“不在冰箱里的那些食物变质了”,这就暗含着“只有部分食物变质了”的含义。而在b句中,定语从句的关系代词前添加了逗号,采用的是非限制性定语从句的形式,意思是“食物都变质了,因为它们没有放在冰箱里”,此时是“所有的食物都变质了”,这里的定语从句是补充说明“食物变质”的原因。我们再来看几组例句。

2.a. The cab drivers who knew about the traffic jam took another road.

知道那里塞车的出租车司机换了另一条道行驶。

b. The cab drivers, who knew about the traffic jam, took another road.

出租车司机都换了另一条道行驶,因为他们都知道那里在塞车。

点评:在a句中,定语从句的关系代词前没有加逗号,采用的是限制性定语从句的形式,意思是“知道那里塞车的出租车司机换了路线行驶”,这就暗含着“只有部分出租车司机换了路线行驶”。而在b句中,定语从句的关系代词前加了逗号,采用的是非限制性定语从句的形式,意味着“所有的出租车司机都换了行驶路线”,因为他们都知道那里塞车,此时的定语从句起的作用是补充说明“出租车司机更换行驶路线”的原因。

3.a. The students who had done well on the test were excused from class early.

考得好的学生被允许提前放学了。

b. The students, who had done well on the test, were excused from class early.

学生们都考得很好,都被允许提前放学了。

点评:这组例句与前面的两组例句类似。在a句中,定语从句的关系代词前没有加逗号,采用的是限制性定语从句的形式,意思是“考试考得好的那部分学生被允许提前放学”,暗含着“还有一部分学生没有被允许提前放学”。而在b句中,定语从句的关系代词前加了逗号,采用的是非限制性定语从句的形式,意味着“所有的学生都考得很好,都被允许提前放学了”。

由此可见,定语从句的关系代词前加逗号与不加逗号的基本区别是:加逗号表示全部的人或物,定语从句起的是补充说明的作用;不加逗号表示部分的人或物(即被限定的那部分),定语从句起限定性说明的作用。需要指出的是,对于加不加逗号引发的语义差异,我们有时需要根据上下文语境灵活理解其中的区别。下文中笔者将再举几组例句,供大家体会。

更多例句比较

请比较下面例句:

4.a. Cindy was delighted when she opened the present that was from her grandmother.

辛迪打开奶奶送的礼物时非常高兴。

b. Cindy was delighted when she opened the present, which was from her grandmother.

辛迪打开礼物时非常高兴,这礼物是她奶奶送的。

点评:在a句中,定语从句的关系代词前没有加逗号,采用的是限制性定语从句的形式,意思是“辛迪打开奶奶送的礼物时非常高兴”,这就隐含着“奶奶送的礼物只是众多礼物当中的一部分”,也就是说,辛迪收到了多份礼物。而在b句中,定语从句的关系代词前加了逗号,采用的是非限制性定语从句的形式,这说明“奶奶送的礼物是辛迪收到的全部礼物”,这里的非限制性定语从句起的是补充说明的作用。

5.a. John reached down and picked up the grammar book which was lying upside down on the floor.

约翰伸手捡起地上那本正面朝下的语法书。

b. John reached down and picked up the grammar book, which was lying upside down on the floor.

约翰伸手捡起那本语法书,它正面朝下放在地上。

点评:在a句中,定语从句的关系代词前没有加逗号,这就意味着“地上正面朝下放着的语法书只是众多语法书当中的一本”,也就是说,约翰身边不止有一本语法书。而在b句中,定语从句的关系代词前加了逗号,这意味着约翰身边只有一本语法书,就是“正面朝下放在地上的那本”。

6.a. The teacher pointed to the maps that were hanging on the rear wall of the classroom.

老师指着挂在教室后墙上的那些地图。

b. The teacher pointed to the maps, which were hanging on the rear wall of the classroom.

老师指着那些地图,它们挂在教室后墙上。

点评:在a句中,定语从句的关系代词前没有加逗号,这就意味着“教室后墙上挂的地图只是教室里的部分地图”。而在b句中,定语从句的关系代词前加了逗号,这就意味着“挂在教室后墙上的地图是教室里存在的所有地图”,也就是说,教室里只有后墙上才挂着地图。

由以上讨论的例句可知,虽然单从脱离具体语境的字面意义来看,定语从句的关系代词前加不加逗号皆可。但是,在真实的交际语境中,如果大家结合语言之外的现实情况来看的话,就会知道定语从句的关系代词前必然是“要么加逗号,要么不加逗号”的情形,而不存在“可加可不加”这种模棱两可的情况。比如,对于例句6来说,如果现实情况是“教室里只有后墙才有地图”,那么此时我们就要使用非限制性定语从句(即b句);如果现实情况是“除了教室后墙上有地图之外,其他三面墙中有一面墙、两面墙或三面墙也有地图”,那么,我们就要使用限制性定语从句(即a句)。

浅淡初中英语限制性定语从句教学 篇6

一、定义

在复合句中担任定语的从句,叫定语从句。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词或代词以后,这种名词或代词叫做先行词。

二、引导定语从句的关联词

⒈关系代词:that,which,who,whom和whose

⒉关系副词:where,when和why

关系代词与关系副词在句中起联系从句与主句的作用,同时又在从句中作一定的成分。如主语、宾语、定语、状语等。

三、关系代词:that,who(whom)whose和which的具体用法

(1)that引导的定语从句。在从句中作主语、宾语等。其先行词是人也可以是物。

①A scientist is a person who/that invents or discovers things.(主语)

②A train is a machine that can run..(主语)

③He is the man that/whom we should learn from.(宾语)

(2)Who(whom)引导的定语从句。在从句中作主语、宾语等。其先行词是人。(若在从句中作宾语,要用whom)。

①The teacher who/that teaches us English is from the USA.(主语)

②She is the person whom/that I met at the school gate yesterday.(宾语)

(3)Which引导的定语从句。在从句中作主语或宾语。其先行词是物。

The letter which/that he received yesterday is his mother’s(宾语)

(4)Whose指人或物。在从句中作定语。指物时常可用of which代替。

①The man whose bike was stolen was my uncle.(指人作定语)

②Mr Green lives in a house whose roof is red.(指物作定语)

四、注意以下几点

1.用that而不用which的情况

(1)先行词为all,much,little,everything,anything,nothing,none,few,the one等不定代词时。

①That’s all that I have seen and heard.

②I mean the one that was bought yesterday.

(2)指物的先行词被形容词最高级或被only,any,one of,few等修饰时。

①It is the most important task that should be finished soon.

②My necklace is not the only thing that is missing.

(3)先行词为数词或被序数词(含last)修饰时:

Look at there flowers.You can see the two that you gave me.

(4)先行词中既有人又有物时:

we were deeply impressed by the teachers and schools that we had visited.

2.不用that的情况

(1)当先行词本身是that时,关系代词要用which.

The clock is that which tells the time.

(2)关系代词前有介词时:

Eg:This is the room in which Lu Xun lived.

3.关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省

①The tool(that/which)he is working with is called a saw.

②Do you know the woman(who/that)she was talking to?

4.当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,定语从句中的谓语动词在人称和数上与先行词保持一致

①The child who is reading there is my brother.

②The children who are reading are my classmates.

五、关系副词when,where,why的用法

关系副词在定语从句中只能充当从句的状语,不能省略。

1.when引导的定语从句

when在定语从句中作表示时间的状语。它所修饰的是表示“时间”的词。

①I still remember the day when you first came here.

②The day when we won the match finally came.

2.where引导的定语从句

where在定语从句中作地点状语,修饰的先行词是表示“地点”的名词或代词。

①I like the places where it is warm.

②Do you still remember the village where you were born?

3.why引导的定语从句

why在定语从句中作原因状语,修饰的先行词一般是reason.

①The reason why he was late was that he missed the bus.

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