英文

2024-05-11|版权声明|我要投稿

英文(精选12篇)

英文 篇1

摘要:为了识别较为工整的英文联机手写文字, 定义了适合每个字母的字元, 一共有七组不同的基本子元。使用简单的二维图形学, 与简单的数学计算, 可以确定每个不同字母的字元性质。使用这些字元, 对大小写字母与数字实施具体组合定义, 因为每个字符的具体定义内容, 完全各不相同, 依照逻辑可以推断, 能够成功迅速的识别不连笔的较为工整的英文手写字符。这种建模方法, 如果移植到类似的不同国家或地区的文字, 如果笔画工整, 每个字符又互相独立, 那么在逻辑上就可以判定很有应用价值。

关键词:英文文字,联机识别,手写识别,联机手写,连笔输入

0 Introduction

Online handwritten character recognition is a branch of pattern recognition, which involves the image processing, artifi cial intelligence, and combination theory.It is a comprehensive technology.In the market, we will fi nd the Transcribe software for online English recognition and four products for Chinese character s.

However, the researchers are reluctant to reveal the detail or useful method in the articles published, maybe for some reasons.

We here provide a set of concise modeling method for online English handwriting character recognition.

We provide a set of basic defi nitions and apply them to make the concrete defi nitions of the English letters and Arabic numbers.Then we enrich the definition for cursive English letters.Obviously, the concrete defi nitions can be set deferent from each other, so the method will discriminate each character online.

We can extend this modeling method to the connected handwritten letters and various fonts.The strategy will be rather optimistic, if transplanted into some other similar foreign languages such as the languages in Arabic, Latin, Cyrillic writing systems Hebrew, Roman and Russian cursive.It is also useful for the Chinese handwriting recognition with the method of Chinese’s handwriting recognition analyses in[1], [2], and[3]that we have published in China.

We define and dispose all the characters on the grid background that is popular now in the world.

We use changing grid frame method to determine the unit features that contribute for the basic defi nitions of the characters.Use a frame to surround the target, reduce the four sides to the limitation and contain the grid number as integer.It is easy to judge the begin, the end, location, curvature, angle, radian of the filletedcorner, incline rate of the line, according to the grids contained and their properties, the characteristic of the section and the series extending regulations.It is convenient to judge the limited basic defi nitions, bypassing the complex graphic calculation.

1 Basic defi nitions

We defi ne the basic units of letters.

(1) Horizontal appears with vertical.There is certain swing range with them in the handwritten form.We can apply the changing grid frame method to distinguish the two.

(2) Angle works with filleted-corner.They are similar to V and U.They are deferent by that if they have the infl ection point in the written form.

(3) Circle works with nearly-circle.They are the closed circle and not closed circle.With topological isolation properties, the circle in the written form is different from other basic defi nitions.It is approaching between the beginning and end of stroke in the nearly-circle.

(4) Short Stroke works with dot.The properties of them play deferent roles from the vertical and horizontal.In the box with square grids, we can distinguish the side properties and so on among the four strokes.

(5) Intersection works with continuation.Intersection means the basic defi ned strokes connect each other like in T or X.Continuation means that it is running from the beginning to the end of the stroke according to the defi nitions, could be smooth or with the infl ection point, such as“h”, M or N in written forms.

(6) Relative Position appears with direction.We describe the positional relationship between the defi ned units of the letters with the up, the down, the left, the right, the upper-left, the upper-right, the bottom-left, and the bottom-right.

(7) Slant, the geometry feature of it acts between the vertical and horizontal.With the relative position and the direction, the slant includes these kinds like the left-slant, right-slant, up-slant, down-slant, upper-left slant, bottom-left slant, upper-right slant, and bottom-right slant.

2 Concrete defi nitions

Here, give the solutions to the normally written letters, no matter standing straightly, slightly left slanting or right slanting.Obviously, we can sep arate the targets, because the defi nitions are deferent from each other in the concrete algorithm.

2.1 Letters and numbers alike

(1) Compare“u”with a.We describe th e“u”as“circle or nearly-circle+bottom-right fi lleted-corner or short stroke+continuous curve”.We des cribe the latter as“the fi lleted-corner+bottomright fi lleted-corner or short stroke+continuous curve”.

(2) Compare“o”with v.In the writing form, the“o”often appears with nearly-circle and the“v”with fi lleted-corner or angle.They are easy to be distinguished.

(3) Compare“z”with two.The z often acts with angle upperright, but the two with fi lleted-corner upper-right.The strokes both run continuously.

(4) Compare C with L.In the written letters, C always acts with the fi lleted-corner of right opening and L with the angle.

(5) Compare J with T.We describe J as“horizon tal+vertical+bottom-left fi lleted-corner with opening up”.

(6) Compare K with R.We can describe K as“vertical+upper-right slant+bottom-rig ht slant”.The slants stand on the right to the vertical.In the written form, the vertical and the upperright slant could be continuous to set the angle, performing as the Variation of Letters that we will discuss in the article.We describe“R”as“vertical+fi lleted-corner with opening left+bottom-right slant”.In the written form, the three units could be continuous which belonged to the Variation and Letters Classifi cations Disposition.

(7) Compare S with eight.In the clearly written form of S, the fi lleted-corners will not close to be the circles.People often write the upper part of the eight with“circle, nearly-circle, or fi lletedcorner”.

2.2 Basic defi nitions of a to z

Decompose the letters with the basic definitions, applying for incursive and unco nnected written letters, no matter st anding straightly, slanting to the left, or slanting to the right.

(1) Define“a”as“circle and nearly-circle+bottom-left fi lleted-corner or short stroke”.The stroke is continuous.

(2) Defi ne“b”a s“vertical+left opening fi lleted-corner”.The vertical stands left.

(3) Defi ne“c”as“right opening fi lleted-corner”.

(4) Defi ne“d”as“the right opening fi lleted-corner+vertical”The vertical is on the right.

(5) Define“e”as“circle or nearly-circle+right opening fi lleted-corner”.The stroke is continuous.

(6) Defi ne“f”as“vertical+horizontal+fi lleted-corner”.The vertical intersects cross the horizontal.The vertical is continuous with the fi lleted-corner, and the opening of the latter is facing the bottom-right.

(7) Defi ne“g”as“circle or nearly-circle+vertical+fi lletedcorner”.Stroke runs continuously.The circle stands on the top of the fi lleted-corner, and to the left of the vertical.

(8) Defi ne“h”as“vertical+fi lleted-corner”.Vertical stands left.The opening of the fi lleted-corner faces down.

(9) Defi ne the ninth letter as“Short stroke or dot+vertical the vertical is down”.In the handwriting form, sometimes, it wil act with the fi lleted-corner, which belonged to the Variety and the Font Bank next in the article.

(10) Define“j”as“short stroke or dot+vertical+filletedcorner”.The opening of the fi lleted-corner faces upper-left.

(11) Defi ne“k”as“vertical+upper-right slant+bottom-right slant”.The vertical stands left.

(12) Defi ne“l”as“vertical”.In addition, the Spell Correction Functions next can differentiate.

(13) Defi ne“m”as“vertical+fi lleted-corner+fi lleted-corner”.The opening of the fi lleted-corner faces down.The vertical stands left.

(14) Defi ne“n”as“vertical+fi lleted-corner”.The opening of the fi lleted-corner faces down.The vertical stands left.

(15) Define“o”as“circle or nearly-circle”.In addition, we distinguish it from number zero by the spell correction functions.

(16) Defi ne“p”as“vertical+fi lleted-corner”.The opening of the fi lleted-corner faces left.The vertical stands left.

(17) Defi ne“q”as“vertical+fi lleted-corner”.The opening of the fi lleted-corner is on the right of it.The vertical stands right.

(18) Defi ne“r”as“vertical, left+fi lleted-corner”.The corner faces to the bottom-right.

(19) Define“s”as“filleted-corner+filleted-corner”.The opening faces left and another right.

(20) Define“t”as“horizontal+vertical+filleted-corner”.The opening of the fi lleted-corner faces upper-right.

(21) Defi ne“u”as“fi lleted-corner+vertical”.The opening of the fi lleted-corner faces up.The vertical is on the right.

(22) Defi ne“v”as“angle”.The“angle”faces up.

(23) Defi ne“w”as“angle+angle+angle”.The openings of the two“angles”face up.The third faces down.

(24) Defi ne“x”as“angle+angle”.We cannot defi ne it as two Intersected slants, for it is easily confused with“y”.

(25) Defi ne“y”as“upper-left slant+bottom-right slant, left and right”.

(26) Define“z”as“angle left open+right angle, up and down”.

2.3 Basic defi nitions of A to Z

(1) Define“A”as“bottom-left slant+bottom-right slant+horizontal”.Strokes could be partly continuous or not.

(2) Defi ne“B”as“vertical+left opening fi lleted-corner+left opening fi lleted-corner”.The vertical stands left.The strokes could be partly continuous or not.

(3) Define“C”as“filleted-corner wit h right opening”.We can distinguish the“C”from the“c”by the grammar regulation or some concise method based on the grid background.

(4) Defi ne“D”as“vertical+left opening fi lleted-corner”.The vertical stands left.

(5) Defi ne“E”as“vertical runs with horizontal continuously+horizontal+horizontal”.The horizontal stands by the right.

(6) Define“F”as“vertical+horizontal+horizontal”.The vertical stands left.

(7) Defi ne“G”as“fi lleted-corner with right opening+vertical+horizontal”.The corner runs continuously with the vertical.The fi lleted-corner stands left.

(8) Defi ne“H”as“vertical+horizontal+vertical”.One vertical stands left to the horizontal and another right, not continuous.

(9) Defi ne the ninth letter as“horizontal+vertical+horizontal”.The fi rst horizontal faces up and the second down.Strokes do not run continuously.

(10) Defi ne“J”as“horizontal+vertical+fi lleted-corner with opening up”.The vertical is continuous with the fi lleted-corner.

(11) Defi ne“K”as“vertical+upper-right slant+bottom-righ slant”.The vertical stands left.

(12) Defi ne“L”as“vertical+horizontal”.

(13) Defi ne“M”as“vertical+up-opening-angle+vertical”The“angle”runs continuously with the right vertical.

(14) Defi ne“N”as“vertical+up-opening-angle”.The vertica l stands left.

(15) Defi ne“O”as“circle or nearly-circle”.

(16) Define“P”as“vertical+left opening filleted-corner”The vertical stands left.

(17) Defi ne“Q”as“circle or nearly-circle+short stroke+intersecting”.

(18) Defi ne“R”as“vertical+left opening fi lleted-corner+bottom-right slant”.The vertical stands left.

(19) Defi ne“S”as“fi lleted-corner+fi lleted-corner”.The one faces upper-left, and another bottom-right, strokes run continuously.

(20) Defi ne“T”as“horizontal+vertical”.The vertical faces down.

(21) Define“U”as filleted-corner.The filleted-corner faces up.

(22) Defi ne“V”as“angle”.It stands with up opening.

(23) Defi ne“W”as“angle+angle+angle”.

(24) Defi ne“X”as“the up-opening-angle+down-openingangle”.One stands up and an other down.

(25) Defi ne“Y”as“right slant+left slant+ve rtical”.

(26) Defi ne“Z”as“angle opening left+angle right”.

2.4 Basic defi nitions of 0 to 9

(1) Defi ne one as“vertical+angle”.The“angle”opens to the bottom-left.

(2) Defi ne two as“angle+fi lleted-corner”.

(3) Defi ne three as“fi lleted-corner+fi lleted-corner”.

(4) Defi ne four as“angle+vertical”.

(5) Define fi ve as“horizontal+angle+nearly-circle”.The horizontal is on the top, angle in the middle, nearly-circle on the bottom.

(6) Defi ne six as“fi lleted-corner+nearly-circle or circle”.

(7) Defi ne seven as“angle”.The opening faces bottom-left.

(8) Defi ne eight as“circle or nearly-circle+circle”.

(9) Defi ne nine as“circle or nearly-circle+fi lleted-corner+up and down”.

(10) Defi ne zero as“circle and nearly-circle”.

Of course, the numbers also have the var iations in the daily written forms, but we can classify.

3 Settlement for variations

3.1 Basic defi nitions for variation

Here, make the new basic definitions for Variation that are compatible with the former.Not change but enrich the defi nitions for the compatible reason.

(1) Two-branch-point works with three-branch-point and fourbranch-point.We will fi nd the three-branch-point in the letter“b”in the cursive, the four-branch-point letter in the“k”.Two-branchpoint also means the infl ection point in the continuous curve.The relative positions of the three kind points in the chara cters play the crucial role in the strategy.

(2) Horizontal appears with vertical.

(3) Angle appears with filleted-corner, Concave point, protruding point and their directional features and relative position.

(4) Circle works with the nearly-circle and narrow circle.We will fi nd them in the letter“b”, “h”, or“k”in the cursive form.The Narrow circle also may slant to the right or left.

(5) Short stroke works with dot.

(6) Intersection works with continuation.

(7) Relative position appears with direction.We can divide them into eight kinds as up, down, left, right, upper-left, upperright, bottom-left and bottom-right.

(8) Slant works with the protruding-slant.We can divide the slant into these kinds like the left-slant, right-slant, up-slant, downslant, upper-left slant, bottom-left slant, upper-right slant, and bottom-right slant.Divide protruding-slant into eight kinds with up, down, left, right, upper-left, upper-right, bottom-left and bottomright.

It is obviously easy to defi ne the letters in each new Variation bank on the compatible thought.Recognize the independent letters then try to segment the different letters in cursive word.The application is another valuable thing of the strategy we present here.However, the changing grid frame method only work s sui table for the incursive characters.We should enrich the defi nition of it for the cursive.

3.2 Variation and font bank

Every English letter has its own variation in the writing forms like in[4], but corresponding classifi cations are relatively limited.

English letters also have rather numbered calligraphy classification and have made up mature specifi cations.Build a small Font Bank, set up a little data library on the relationships of the letter element defi nition, and it is easy to recognize the charac ter depending on the former basic defi nitions.It is similar to the cursive Chinese character recognition, which also bases on the classifi ed Font Bank and the characteristic database, solves the problem.

Sometimes, people write in deferent forms such as standing straightly, left slantingly or right.In America, some experts have collected lot sorts of writing forms in English, and formed a subject to analyze the nature and the inclination of some people.These data are mature, and it is not a hard work if classifi ed pr operly.

In addition, people do not often write in calligraphy, so we here bypass it temporally.

3.3 Segmenting and recognition for cursive

Each English letter has the limited feature corresponding to the connected part in the written words.We cut the letters basing on the characteristic of these connections.The concrete method is that we have made the combinations of letters in the variation and the font bank.It requires not much work.By the experime nt, we fi nd that often the angle, fi lleted-corner, and the circle exists in the connections.

We can apply the plane overlay method to define the independent letter in the square frame.Store each stroke in one plane and pile up all the planes.It is convenient in the arithmetic, and the program will be concise.

However, for the cursive, it is better use the continuous poin trace method[5].Find a black pixel in the input frame, trace the point to the end, and segment the word.

Method of letters exhaustion or numeration will be optimistic, basing on the interval between the letters such as the Angle fi lleted-corner, and the circle in the connections.

Spell regulations also act importantly, like in[6]and[7].We can purchase ready-made spell software, which is successful and not expensive.People often use them in the PDA and computers.The Spelling software provides extremely high accuracy to the wrong spell word and the possible.The fundamental principle bases on that the frequently used words are numerable, and co mbinations of the letters in the words have the regulation to obey.The software is mature enough to apply on the linguistic cryptography in America and Britain.

4 Conclusion

We have put forward a concise and artful modulation method which is not similar to these articles[8], [9], [10], [11], and[12]The feature of the method can avoid a large amount of mathematics calculations for the patterns.We can transplant the ideology of the method to the similar languages if fl exibly combine w ith the ideology of the Chinese character recognition method that we have presented in China.We su ppose that if we fi nd a st rict and artfulmethod for the corresponding language then we will bypass the neural network’s method.Welcome to communicate.

参考文献

[1]Huang Yishi.A theoretical method of character writing input[J].Journal of Guangxi University for Nationalities (Natural Science Edition) , 2003, 9 (2) :40-43.

[2]Liang Yan, Huang Yishi.Handwriting input arithmetic for hasty Chinese character recognition[J].Computer Technology and Development, 2005, 15 (10) :14-15.

[3]Huang Yishi, Liang Yan.A mathematics model for handwriting character input fuzzy recognition[OL].[June2005].http://www.paper.edu.cn.

[4]Liang Yan, Huang Yishi.Research to English handwritten characters inputting recognition[J].Scientifi c Research Monthly, 2005, 1 (5) :1826.

[5]Casey R G, Lecolinet E.A survey of method and strategies in character segmentation[J].IEEE Trans.PAMI, 1996, 18 (7) :690-706.

[6]Arica N, Yarman-Vural F T.Optical character recognition for cursivehandwriting[J].IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.2002, 24 (6) .

[7]Sin B K, Kim J H.Ligature modeling for online cursive script recognition[J].IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1997, 19 (6) .

[8]Zou Mingfu, Bai Hongliang, Liu Changping, Niu Xingyu.Decoding algorithm for handwriting cursive recognition[J].Computer Engineering, 2005, 31 (21) :19-21.

[9]Zhao Daohua, ASKAR.The on-line handwritten English word segmentation based on split-off and merger[J].Computer Knowledge and Technology, 2009, 5 (7) :1693-1695.

[10]Zhang Haojie, Zhang Hongyun, Miao Duoqian.Analysis and extraction of structural features of off-line handwritten letters based oil principal curves[J].Computer Science, 2009, 36 (10) :197-201.

[11]Jing Zhong, He Ming.Bayes decision for minimum errors applied in recognition of handwritten English letters[J].Journal of Liaoning University of Technology (Natural Science Edition) , 2009, 29 (2) :98-101.

[12]Jiang Han, Liu Changsong, Li Shiyang, Zou Yanming.An on-line handwritten arithmetic expression recognition system[J].Journal of Electronics&Information Technology, 2010, 32 (5) :1126-1130.

英文 篇2

Date:ContractNo.:

买方:(TheBuyers)卖方:(TheSellers)兹经买卖双方同意按照以下条款由买方购进,卖方售出以下商品:

ThiscontractismadebyandbetweentheBuyersandtheSellerwherebytheBuyersagreetobuyandtheSellersagreetoselltheunder-mentionedgoodssubjecttothetermsandconditioasstipulatedhereinafter:

(1)商

品名称:

NameofCommodity:

(2)数量:

Quantity:

(3)单价:

Unitprice:

(4)总值:

TotalValue:

(5)包装:

Packing:

(6)生产国别:

CountryofOrigin:

(7)支付条款:

TermsofPayment:

(8)保险:

iurance:

(9)装运期限:

TimeofShipment:

(10)起运港:

PortofLading:

(11)目的港:

PortofDestination:

(12)索赔:在货到目的口岸45天内如发现货物品质,规格和数量与合同不附,除属保险公司或船方

责任外,买方有权凭中国商检出具的检验证书或有关文件向卖方索赔换货或赔款。

Claims:

Within45daysafterthearrivalofthegoodsatthedestination,shouldthequality,ecificatioorquantitybefoundnotinconformitywiththestipulatioofthecontractexceptthoseclaimsforwhichtheiurancecompanyortheownersoftheveelareliable,theBuyersshall,havetherightonthestrengthoftheiectioncertificateiuedbytheC.C.I.CandtherelativedocumentstoclaimforcompeationtotheSellers

(13)不可抗力:由于人力不可抗力的原由发生在制造,装载或运输的过程中导致卖方延期交货或不

能交货者,卖方可免除责任,在不可抗力发生后,卖方须立即电告买方及在14天内以

空邮方式向买方提供事故发生的证明文件,在上述情况下,卖方仍须负责采取措施尽

快发货。

ForceMajeure:

Thesellersshallnotbeheldreoibleforthedelayinshipmentornon-deli-veryofthegoodsduetoForceMajeure,whichmightoccurduringtheproceofmanufacturingorinthecourseofloadingortrait.ThesellersshalladvisetheBuyersimmediatelyoftheoccurrencementionedabovethewithinfourteendaysthereafter.theSellersshallsendbyairmailtotheBuyersfortheiracceptanceacertificateoftheaccident.UndersuchcircumstancestheSellers,however,arestillundertheobligationtotakeallnecearymeasurestohastenthedeliveryofthegoods.(14)仲裁:凡有关执行合同所发生的一切争议应通过友好协商解决,如协商不能解决,则将分歧提

交中国国际贸易促进委员会按有关仲裁程序进行仲裁,仲裁将是终局的,双方均受其约

束,仲裁费用由败诉方承担。

Arbitration:

AlldiutesincoectionwiththeexecutionofthisContractshallbesettledfriendlythroughnegotiation.incasenosettlementcanbereached,thecasethenmaybesubmittedforarbitrationtotheArbitrationCommiionoftheChinaCouncilforthePromotionofInternationalTradeinaccordancewiththeProvisionalRulesofProcedurepromulgatedbythesaidArbitrationCommiion.theArbitrationcommitteeshallbefinalandbindinguponbothparties.andtheArbitrationf

eeshallbebornebythelosingparties.买方:卖方:

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英文翻译质量对英文学习者的影响 篇3

【关键词】英文翻译 质量 影响

从教育改革的大方向来看,英语在中国教育中的比重虽然有所下降,但国人对英语学习的热情不减。身为高校英文教师,笔者发现高校大学生对英文的学习通常抱有积极的状态。但无论哪种学习方法,都是在将汉语转换成英语,或将英文转换成汉语的过程中寻找突破口,因此,这种情况下,翻译就显得格外重要。甚至从某种意义上来讲,翻译是英文初学者的基础和根基。

一、译文质量的评判标准

怎样评价译文的质量呢?现代人将翻译的标准概括为:忠实、通顺。“忠实”是指忠实于原文,译者必须准确而又完整地把原文的思想及内容表达出来,不可擅自增减或改变原意,要绝对尊重作者的思想观点;“通顺”是指译文的语言必须合乎规范、通俗易懂。“忠实”和“通顺”是检验翻译质量的两个重要标准。而高等学校英语专业英语教学大纲指出,对英语专业的学生要强调听、说、读、写、译技能的均衡发展,尤其要注重说、写、译表达能力的培养。此处,“译”就是指的翻译。可见,翻译能力在高校英语人才的培养中受到了重视。

二、英文翻译质量对英文学习者的影响

本文以四川省某高校的外语社团为例,探讨一下英文翻译质量对英文学习者的影响。外语协会是外语爱好者的聚集地,英文爱好者在选择社团时一般都会选择外语协会,因为在那里不但可以交到志同道合的朋友,还可以参与编订协会的英文报纸,这对他们来说是一个锻炼的机会,更是一个提高的过程。外语协会的成员会将自己编订的报纸下发到每个宿舍,作为英语老师,笔者也通常会收到一份。他们办的报纸以英文板块为主,对于缺少英文读物或爱好英文的同学来说,这种不权威的报纸也是很好的英文学习资源。报纸有一个板块叫做生活小常识,还有一些公共场合的标语,但他们的翻译质量着实让人捏一把汗,比如“小心地滑”他们居然翻译成“Be careful of land slide(小心山体滑坡),将“不要将烟灰弹入”此处翻译成“please don't bomb into the ash here(不要将这里炸成灰烬)”。在后来的英文考试中,笔者甚至看到个别学生将上例中其中的一句写在了考卷上。

有时,外语社团为丰富社员的生活,每周日会为社员放一些经典的外语电影,全是中英文字幕的电影,对于英语水平较高的同学,不看英文字幕全靠听是可以将整部电影的所表达的东西消化掉,但对于英文水平不高的同学,不看字幕是不可行的。据我所知,很多学生都喜欢边看英文视频,边学英语。但很多电影的中英文字幕都是有问题的。比如说电影“The First Blood”被译成“第一滴血”,其实这是具有文化背景的习语,表示the first success in the contest,因此确切的翻译应为“初战告捷”。还有,“End of the World”被译为“世界末日”其实这样翻译也是没有错的,但很多学生由于不了解很容易学生理解为大难临头、人类即将灭亡的恐怖时光,而对西方人来说,它只表示伸张正义的时刻。“世界末日”之说来源于基督教,是其基本教义之一。它表示有朝一日现世将终结,所有的人都将接受上帝最后的审判:好人升天堂,坏人下地狱,魔鬼入火湖。因此西方人的“End of the World”指的是如中国人所指的是“恶有恶报,善有善报,不是不报,时候未到”的意思。

在教学过程中了作为老师常常强调学生翻译必须文理优美,忠实于原文并不等于死扣语法、逐词死译。而且,还要使译文符合本民族语言习惯,不必迁就原文语言形式,这才能达到“信、顺”统一。但由于自身水平和受英文翻译文本的不良影响,学生在学习过程中真是既迷茫又彷徨,于是在迷茫中翻阅更多的英文读物,又不慎重选择,随处看随处学,结果越学脑子越乱。

在互联网上查找英文学习资料,对英文学习者来说也是一个不错的选择。百度上随便输入一大段话,分分钟就能得到好多版本的翻译。而很多学生在生活中遇到自己不会翻译的句子,和不知道怎样用英文表达的话,就直接找一个翻译软件,整段输入,整段翻译。而不同的翻译软件给出的翻译结果却不尽相同,翻译质量也参差不齐。比如这句话“各位领导对2015年的工作提出了问题,强调了要求,制定了规划,部署了工作重点和具体措施”有道这样翻译:“The leaders raised questions about 2015 work,emphasize the requirements,set the planning,deployment of focus and specific measures”而百度翻译给出的翻译是“Questions leaders to work in 2015,emphasized the requirements,formulate a plan,the deployment of work focus and specific measures”学生在工作学习中往往会按着软件给出的翻译进行学习,也不去关注互联网给出的翻译质量是好还是坏。

所以,英文翻译的质量,直接影响英文学习者的英文水平。英文翻译质量不一的状况和翻译者的英文水平有关也和市场英文读物出版缺少监管有关。英文学习者要试着提高自己的辨别意识,选择英文翻译质量较好的读物,这样至少不会在英文学习中走太多的弯路。

参考文献:

[1]于亚丽.浅析网络对英文翻译的影响[D].北京师范大学. 2013.4.

[2]陶友兰.论中国翻译教材建设之理论重构[M].复旦大学出版社,2008,12.

英文 篇4

关键词:英文歌曲,优势,中学英语学习

I.Introduction

In middle schools, how to arouse the learners’interests to learn English has been a big problem for the teachers as well as for the students.In order to deal with this problem, teachers have to explore ways to arouse the learners’interest in English teaching.In recent years, many educators do lots of experimental study on English songs Wherever on developing learners’ability or psychology, they realize the importance of English songs.Compared with past teaching methods, we can understand the value of the English songs.Songs may take up the whole class period instead of old ways.English songs can be used not only for purposeful language practice, but also for motivating students interest and enhancing students’involvement in learning English.

II.The Advantage of Using English Songs in English Teaching

Arousing Students’Interest in Learning English

Einstein once said:“Interest is the best teacher”.The students wil not feel that learning is a burden if they are interested in studying, and they will put their hearts into learning actively.Arousing the interest of the students is the key to learn English well.English songs have the meaningful lyrics and beautiful tunes, which can arouse the interests of middle school students easily.It can promote the students to throw themselves into studying enthusiastically.It also can enrich the students knowledge, open the students’mind and make up for a weakness of intelligent development.

B.Improving Students’Ability in Pronunciation and Listening

Firstly, it is useful for pronunciation.There are syllables, word stress, intonation, sentence focus, linking, rhythm in English songs.On one hand, if we emphasize the correct syllable, it is easier for the students to understand the meaning of the song.For one instance, consonants such as I and R are difficult for some of the middle school students to distinguish and pronounce.However, if the stress is placed correctly, the students will probably understand the meaning from the songs even if the consonants are unclear.On the other hand, the word stress tells us, in some case, a word is a part of speech.There are many words which are nouns when the stress is on the first syllable and verbs when the stress is on the second syllable.For example, RE-cord is a noun, while re-CORD is a verb.In addition, intonation gives us important information about sentences.It tells us a lot about a speaker’s feeling or state of mind.In every sentence, most important syllables get the most emphasis.What’s more, it is necessary for English learners to find linking in the songs.When non-native speaks’English songs seems choppy, it is because they are not linking their words.Native speakers sometimes carry the sound at the end of a word over to the beginning of the next words.By element of English songs–syllables and words intonation sentence focus, and linking can better evaluate their own English pronunciation.

Secondly, English songs also can improve listening.Listening is one of the most challenging skills for our students to develop.Songs is the excellent way for training listening.Our aim is to cultivate students all-round ability to use English, with the special attention paid to listening ability.Listening is traditional practice.As well known, the cultivation of listening in English is a slow, long-process, and anyone who wants to deal with the English language through the textbooks al the time, people cannot really learn English.Every day there is another exciting emergence of the music album, which makes the choice.We have a huge space, different styles, different rhythm, different singers songs in English so that we can be in the“Instruction in listening”.

Broadening Students’Knowledge of English Culture

English songs are an important part of foreign culture, but also daily lives are more exposed to one of the English language corpus Songs is a description of the media and cultural knowledge.English songs are integral part of foreign cultural and an important embodiment If the teachers make songs described as a medium of cultura knowledge, it’s sure that students can be refreshed.And such a vivid way of learning is more close to life and easier to arouse the enthusiasm of students, but also more acceptable.

Increasing Students’Memory of English

Now, more and more scientists find that benefit of songs, which can increase human’s memory.In a song, there are many sentences which contain many words, and those words form into some of images with a specific sentence, which will make people have a good memory Then we will bring attention to the memory of the above sentences, you will find that you can write it down naturally.It is proved by the fac that most people can still remember the lines to their favorite primary school even after 20 or 30 years.Newham (1995-1996) suggests that the patterns produced through rhyme are known to aid memory and enhance language learning.He states that, “the primarily righ hemisphere-oriented process of music making can enhance the process of language acquisition and memory which place demands upon the lef hemisphere”.Thus songs presumably enhance and stimulate memory because dual coding leads to deeper processing and better memory.

Waking up the Students’Aesthetic Ability As a teaching style, which resulted in the crossing of two

subjects, its content is myriad.As a new teaching viewpoint, it prefers to unite subject and object harmoniously.Feelings are bound them together and unite them to form one.The subjects are teachers and students.The subject’s sense of participation is a key factor in class.Therefore, the class is carefully prepared for every student and full of resource.Language Teaching Humanities are responsible for training the students to awaken students’sense of respect to humanity and the people’s own sense of dignity.Such as:Hallelujah at the beginning of the piano is very shocking, singer Rufus Wainwright clear, and mellow voice, and its high-bass kind of comfortable with the transformation to the students to make sense of the soul to be promoted.“It’s not a cry you can hear at night.It’s not somebody who’s seen the light.It’s a cold and it’s a broken Hallelujah”.What a stirring lyrics!Thus, education is not the people have become trivial, but should respect people’s feeling of a sense of people’s souls become more noble.

Reviewing Knowledge

In learning in general in the future tense, the teacher can choose Boyz II Men to sing I Will Get There very rhythm of the song to enable students to appreciate at the same time review the tenses studied.Learning subjunctive mood, we can allow students to appreciate the song If I Never Knew You.In introducing some American slang, such as:What’cha=What have you, what do you, what are you gonna=going to, etc, can allow students to appreciate the song:I’m Gonna Get You Good.The lyrics are getcha=get you, wantcha=want you, betcha=bet you or you bet, wanna=want to slang and so on.Understanding these informal English language learners is not without a benefit.

ⅢConclusion

梨子的英文的英文例句 篇5

Overweight men tend to be “apple-shaped”, overweight women “pear-shaped”. For complexphysiological and biological reasons, this extra fat around the middle causes much greaterharm.

它是优雅的,任何东西放在上面,都能更进一步地强化这种感觉:鲜亮的绿色梨子,一些切碎粗糙的巧克力,一堆烤杏仁。

It’s elegant, enhanced by anything that touches its surface: a bright green pear, roughly chopped chocolate, a pile of toasted almonds.

研究者表示,研究发现有望发明新的药物来改变人体内脂肪堆积,药物将人体由“苹果型”身材改变成“梨子型”身材,以形成健康的体型。

The researchers said the discovery held out the hope of drugs that could alter fat distribution to the safer option - potentially turning “apples” at high risk of disease into “pears”.

当把东西放进瓷碟的时候,优雅的感觉被强化了:一颗新鲜的绿色梨子,一些粗糙琐碎的巧克力块,一小堆烤杏仁。

It’s elegant, enhanced by anything that touches its surface: a bright green pear, roughlychopped chocolate, a pile of toasted almonds.

超重男人的体型将趋向于“苹果型”,超重女人的体型将趋向于“梨子型”。

Overweight men tend to be “apple-shaped”, overweight women “pear-shaped”.

除此之外,它又有由梨子,西柚,白桃等其他进口的水果混杂在一起的一种难易琢磨的味道。

Rather, it has subtle hints of pear, grapefruit, white peach and other exotic fruits.

每颗梨子里面都有10个超高亮度发光二极管,以及几节充电电池。

Inside each pear are 10 ultra bright LEDs and some rechargeable batteries.

山顶上则种植了梨子树和桃子树。

The mountain peaks are planted with pear trees and peach trees .

我下山去买了苹果和梨子放在她的床头柜上。

I went down the hill to buy some apples and pears and left these on the bedside cupboard. She had never produced a baby.

尼克·富里(NickFoley)设计了一株“梨灯树”,树干是手工铸造的钢铁结构,上面长着三颗会发光的梨子。

The Pear Light, designed by Nick Foley, is a hand forged steel tree upon which grow threepears.

奶奶还把做好的草莓酱、番茄、豆子、辣椒、梨子和桃子装进罐子�,使它们的美味能保持一整个漫长的冬天。

Grandma put up strawberry jam,tomatoes,beans,peppers,pears and peaches in canning jam.

奶奶还把做好的草莓酱、番茄、豆子、辣椒、梨子和桃子装进罐子里,使它们的美味能保持一整个漫长的冬天。

Grandma put up stawberry jam,tomatoes,beans,peppers,pears and peaches in canning jam.

奶奶还把做好的草莓酱、番茄、豆子、辣椒、梨子和桃子装进罐子里,使它们的美味能保持一整个漫长的冬天。

本期论文英文摘要 篇6

Abstract:Whether the bank operates well depends on the public confidence, i.e. the bank credit worthiness. In-creasing bank capital adequacy and maintaining the stable bank income inflow, the steady support and guaranteed quality,etc. are the means to raise and maintain the bank credit worthiness. In our country the bank capital adequacy has not yetbeen up to the international standards; the credit asset quality is low; the profit is yearly decreased, and the state creditworthiness guarantee has become the key factor of prudently operating the state bank. Posterior to the accession to WTO,with the opening up of banking businesses, the role of the state credit worthiness guarantee has been weakening and itswithdrawal is faced with a series of difficulties.

Key Words: guaranteed state credit worthiness; state bank; capital fund; guaranteed deposit system

英文 篇7

关键词:城市史,近代史,现代转型

From a modest start in the 1970s,the history of modern China became one of the most active fields of academic research in recent years.On the basis of the increasingly availability of source materials and the development of social science theories,the past three decades saw a substantial reassessment of China’s Republican era(1911-1949).

1 Beyond the Revolutionary Paradigm and the Anti-urban Stance

Originally,scholarly priorities were focused on the early history of the Chinese Communist Party and on the socio-economic analysis of the countryside where the Chinese revolution had achieved its first success.In the two Republican-era volumes of the Cambridge History of China,the 1911-1949 period was seen as one of destructive disintegration of an old,predominantly rural,social and political order presided over by a corrupt and ineffective Nationalist state.Accordingly,the Republican era was often perceived as a passing moment epitomized by political corruption,student movements,and revolutionary parties,a confused interregnum between the Qing dynasty and the Communist state.

Since 1980s,the scholarship has broken away from the revolutionary paradigm and the anti-urban stance of the Maoist era,and viewed the Republican period increasingly as part of a continuous transition during which China modified its traditional society and adapted to new roles in world affairs——sometimes with considerable success.[1]The research focus has shifted away from early Republican national governments and national revolutionary movements towards local social organizations,cultural history and so on.

Particularly,cities,as the locus of modern and vibrant centers of economic,social,and cultural change,have received a growing interest in both China and abroad.Actually before the1970s,cities and urban life were not of major interest to scholars researching modern Chinese history,perhaps because,as Mark Elvin and G.William Skinner suggested,scholars were“bemused by the fact that the Maoist revolution came from the countryside and seem?ingly(though only seemingly)bypassed the cities as agents of change.”[2]In The Chinese City between Two Worlds which was published in 1974,Elvin and Skinner asserted the his?torical significance of cities in China,and launched studies on the modernization of traditional Chinese cities.As they indicated,“China’s first encounter with modern industrial civilization took place in the cities;it was in the cities too,that Chinese efforts at moderniza?tion began.”

2 Remaking Chinese Cities in Early Twentieth Century

The early twentieth century,from the last decade of the Qing dynasty(1644-1911)through the republican era(1911-1949),saw a major effort to remake Chinese cities,which before had been treated mainly as hubs for trade and seats of central government.Thethrusts of reformist efforts concentrated in a few spheres,above all,remaking the urban spatial regime(architecture and urban planning),and sprucing up the city and its people(sanitation and public hygiene).[3]Drawing on Western models as well as established Chinese institutions,urban reformers began to apply modern city planning and administration,and sought to remake Chinese cities clean,healthy,safe,orderly,efficient,productive by promoting a new type of orderly and productive urban community.This kind of urban transformation,with both physical and social manifestations,has been acquiring historians’earnest concerns.

Since the 1980s,some studies have crossed the old chronological boundaries like 1911,and centered on the last years of the Qing dynasty and the republican period,when Chinese administrators and entrepreneurs attempted to come to terms with and/or take advantage of the new urban culture developing in the foreign-run areas of the treaty ports.[4]

Some scholars have investigated a much broader range of issues related to the physical,political,social and cultural transformation of the modern Chinese city,for instance,Michael Tsin’s on Guangzhou municipal government,Kristin Stapleton’s on urban planning and administration in Chengdu,Frederic Wakeman’s on the Shanghai police,Ruth Rogaski’s about Bureau of Public Hygiene in Tianjin,Brett Sheehan’s on banks,and Shi Mingzheng’s urban infrastructure in warlord Beijing,and other researches about public utility companies.These studies,mostly focusing on one aspect of a specific city,articulate the development of new institutions and infrastructure in modern Chinese cities,and make diversified evaluations of urban reformist projects.

Besides,certain amount of works puncture the modern fa?ade and present a much more complex view of republican Chi?nese cities.Beyond male-dominated elites,some studies have paid attention to the experiences of the industrial working class,sojourners and migrants from the countryside,and women of different classes and statuses.Others explore urban culture through tourism,newspapers,popular novels,pictorials,radio broadcasting,movies,and other popular forms of entertainment.They attempt to uncover connections between urban popular and consumer cultures,and issues whose significance extends beyond the city itself,such as nationalism,the construction of gender identity in a changing society,and Chinese modernity.

3 Shanghai as a Research Focus

Among the existing works on modern Chinese cities,research on Shanghai has flourished since the 1980s.As China’s largest city with its economic and cultural dominance,it has become a singular focus.Marie-Claire Bergere’s The Golden Age of the Chinese Bourgeoisie,1911-1937 connects Republican China’s failed democratic institutions to the relationship between the city’s financial elites and the political authorities.[5]Jr.Parks M.Coble’s The Shanghai Capitalists and the Nationalist Government,1927-1937 refutes the Maoist thesis that the Nationalist regime was bourgeois in class composition.[6]Concerning the lower level of Shanghai society,Emily Honig’s Sisters and Strangers:Women in the Shanghai Cotton Mills,1919-1949 shows that workingclass consciousness in Shanghai was conspicuous only by its absence.[7]Elizabeth J.Perry’s Shanghai on Strike examines the division of the labor force into levels of skill and groups of common places of origin and explores the political significance of such divisions in affiliations with the Nationalists versus the Communists.[8]

Other scholars devote their attention to the social tension and political unrest that troubled the city for most of the Republican period.Po-shek Fu,in Passivity,Resistance,and Collaboration:Intellectual Choices in Occupied Shanghai,1937-1945,presents typologies of moral and political choices made by Shanghai writers living under Japanese military occupation.[9]Jeffrey N.Wasserstrom,in Student Protests in Twentieth-Century China:The View from Shanghai,analyzes the symbolic mediation of collective political protests.[10]How the city was administered and whether it was effectively controlled is masterfully explored by Frederic E.Wakeman in Policing Shanghai,1927-37.[11]How the newly ascendant Guomindang regime established control of this complicated city via the Shanghai municipal government from 1927 to1937 is the subject of Christian Henriot’s informative study,Shanghai,1927-1937:Municipal Power,Locality,and Modernization.[12]On the other side of law and order,Brian Martin studies the Green Gang,[13]and Gail Hershatter analyzes the world of Shanghai’s prostitutes.[14]

There are important studies of Republican Shanghai’s national and international businesses like Big Business in China:Sino-Foreign Rivalry in the Cigarette Industry,1890-1930.[15]On merchant organizations,Joseph Fewsmith and Bryna Goodman examine respectively the transformation of such groups in Republican society.[16]

Besides,Shanghai Sojourners contains discussions of many important aspects of Shanghai’s social,political,and cultural history and draws together new research findings made by several of the scholars named above.[17]Lu Hanchao’s Beyond the Neon Lights unforgettably describes the housing projects known as Stone Portals(shikumen)as a locus for the daily life of Shanghai urbanites.Leo Oufan Lee,in Shanghai Modern,remaps Shanghai’s cultural geography,marking out the intricate relations between city and coloniality in the1930s and 1940s.[18]In Shanghai Splendor,Wen-hsin Yeh sketches the rise of a new maritime and capitalist economic culture among Shanghai's middle class,and uncovers the socio-cultural dynamics that shaped the people and their politics.[19]In Cinema and Urban Culture in Shanghai,1922-1943,the contributors,representing the disciplines of film,literature,and ethnomusicology,seek to redefine concepts of cinema and urban culture in Chinese historiography.[20]Traditional performing arts have also received attention.For instance,Carlton Benson examines the transformation of tanci,a popular storytelling genre,and Jin Jiang dissects the rise of the Yue Opera actress in a changing urban public culture,both to highlight the social and cultural changes in Republican Shanghai.[21]

Together these micro-histories of Shanghai offer a kaleidoscopic view of China's leading metropolis as the major site of Chinese modernization in the twentieth century.They present a multi-layered,diversified,cosmopolitan urban fabric interweaving the new and the old,the modern and the traditional.To certain degree,these works have reflected a growing integration into Chinese studies of not-sonew developments in sociology and cultural studies as well as growing access to Chinese archives,which has facilitated a burgeoning of research on topics that were previously largely inaccessible.

However,Shanghai cannot represent the full range and diversity of the urban experience in modern China.The history of modern Chinese cities,in Joseph W.Esherick’s words,lies“beyond Shanghai”.Esherick’s Remaking the Chinese City correspondingly examines other cities like Tianjin,Changchun,Chengdu,Hangzhou,Beijing,Nanjing,Wuhan and Chongqing,seeking to address,in a comparative way,issues that affected modern cities in China and the world.[22]And as researchers from history,political science or international studies,these authors obviously directed much attention to social manifestations,but gradually,some of them have started to turn to spatial practices for their evidence.

4 The Issue of Urban Space

Since the 1990s,the issue of urban space has been advanced as part of the agenda for research in modern China.For instance,Shi Mingzheng deals with the public space to investigate the roles of both the state and society in Beijing’s transformations.He argues that the late Qing and early republican reforms transformed urban space,and the interplay of official and private forces–the municipal government and local gentry and merchants–shaped the outcome.[23]

Regarding the built environment and people’s consciousness of space as a crucial factor to the formation of urban identity in Republican Beijing,Dong Yue scrutinizes spatial and administrative transformations of Republican Beijing,the pattern of power relations revealed in the struggle among different forces to control urban spaces,and statesponsored projects to construct new public,symbolic,and ceremonial spaces.In conclusion,she develops the concept of“recycling”,which describes and theoretically frames a primary mode of material and cultural production and circulation that came to characterize Republican Beijing.[24]

Besides,focusing on the construction of the symbolic legitimacy of a capital city,Charles Musgrove delineates the scientific methodology used to plan the Nationalist Nanjing,the aesthetic experiments used to construct it,the reinvention of traditions used to make official spaces seem sacred and etc.His intention is to demonstrate that the legitimacy was the product of conflicts,rather than the unanimity under the charisma of the late Sun Yat-sen.[25]

In addition to capital cities,Peter Carroll investigates the late nineteenth and early twentieth century transformation of Suzhou’s intellectual,physical,and social urban spaces as government officials,business elites,and common citizens strove to remake a traditional city into a vibrantly modern and distinctly Chinese urban center.[26]There are also studies exploring the changing urban landscapes in cities like Hangzhou,Ningbo,Chengdu,Xiamen,Dalian and so on.

These studies,taking the changing urban landscape as a new forum for discussions,have considerably engaged new developments in cultural history and urban studies.Informed by Michel Foucault’s problematization of disciplinary power,many of them examined the city as a site of both cultural production and cultural representation,and correspondingly presented diversified and complex pictures of the internested physical,intellectual,and social transformations within late Qing and early Republic cities.

5 Conclusion

英文 篇8

1.An introduction to romance

In order to acquire a thorough understanding of the artisticcharacteristics of romance upon early English novel,it is necessary to give a brief account of romance.

A.Definition of romance

Romance is the most prevailing kind of literature form in feudalEngland."It was a long composition in verse,sometimes in prose,describing the life and adventure of a noble hero (Liu,2007,p.8)."As Chen Jia states that"Romances,alliterative and metrical,constitute the bulk of the literary works in England in the three centuries after 1066 (1982,p.33)."Based on these two similar definitions of romance,generally speaking,the central character of romance was the knight,a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons.The major theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance,and usually emphasized the chivalric love of the Middle Ages in Europe.

B.Romance in Middle Ages and Renaissance period

Romance was born in the Middle Ages of Europe and wonpeople’s taste immediately.In the Middle Ages,romance was usually written to the noble men,and has nothing to do with the common people.Most of the early middle Age romances depict an antique story in the guise of poetry.At the very beginning,romance appears in a verse form with obvious features of poetry,but the conversion from verse romance to prose romance has produced a revolutionary effect on the creation of romances,which paves the way for the coming of early English novel.Anyway,the invention of romances is a transitional literature form from narrative poetry to early English novel,and the contribution made by romances to the coming of English novel is,without doubt,very unique (Jiang,2005,p.18).In a word,the Middle Age romances are prelude of English novel,and we could hardly acquire a good understanding of English novel without some knowledge of romance (Gao,2003,p.14).

If we say the Middle Age romances are more like poetry,thenthe romances produced in Renaissance period are actually the infants of early English novel.

During the period of Renaissance of England,English romancesget a considerable progress,and hold a large number of readers.To name some of the best works,we have George Gascoigne's The Adventures of Master F.J.Robert Greene’s Pandosto,Philip Sydney's Arcadia.These works best exemplify the artistic characteristics of romances in the Renaissance period,and further mold the shape of early English novel.

Ⅱ.Artistic characteristics of romance

To some extent,we could state that romances provide us withan artistic model early English novel (Hou,2005,p.22).These general artistic characteristics of romance play a significant role in the formation of early English novel.As Li Weiping states,there are generally five major artistic characteristics of English romances (2003,p.30).They are as following:

Romances are inclined to present chivalric spirit and romanticlove,trying to make a perfect combination of these two.

Romances have a relatively free narrative form,which clearlyreveal the artistic taste and ideas of early writers in the process of exploring the ways of writing narrative essays.

Apparently,romances display artistic traces of poetry left uponthem,and rhetorical devices of poetry were frequently employed in romances which actually were based on narrative essay.

Romances were written from a relatively mature,sensitive,philosophical and civilized point of view,so they were favored by upper class intellectuals.

Early romances have already shown a sense of realism in theircontents.

Besides,there are still other subtle artistic characteristicsreflected in romances.For instance,the real description of natural surroundings,the psychological portrayal of characters,the relatively neat organization of plots,the sense of moral education,and the universal value of goodness,etc.As a matter of fact,the above artistic characteristics of romance paved a way for early English writers to exploit a new form of literature which immediately won the taste among people all over the world,that is,the birth of early English novel.

Ⅲ.Artistic characteristics of early English novel

The influences of romance upon early English novel areapparent to us,because the artistic similarities between romance and early English novel can never be ignored.Actually,early English novels always show traces of these influences clearly or subtly.

Stylistically speaking,romances often describe a hero whoexperienced lots of adventures in a remote past or somewhere unknown to us.This kind of work can easily arouse reader's interest as much as possible.Coincidentally,Early English novels are inclined to place its hero in a remote environment and envelop him in a series of adventures as well.Daniel Defoe is always regarded as the forerunner of English novel,and his work may best show us the races of romances left on early English novel.Defoe's masterpiece Robinson Crusoe tells us a seemingly realistic story in an autobiographic form.But in nature,Defoe uses his vast imagination to create a hero who has survived in a remote island for several years.Defoe uses his imagination to create a romantic story to reveal the spirit of the rising bourgeois class.

Thematically speaking,most of the romances extol for man's right to pursue happiness and deserved rights,which propose a contest against the religious doctrine that regards the pursuit of happiness as a kind of human deterioration.In Defoe's masterpiece,Robinson Crusoe,Robinson was born in a family of an old English gentle man who wants his son Robinson to become a lawyer,yet Robinson has set his mind on becoming a sailor.Here,Robinson's pursuit of happiness and freedom in right overshadow the senior man's order,which is a kind of rebellion against power.

The psychological painting in early English novel comes has itsorigins in romances.Romances depict the psychological world of its characters for the first time (Gao,2003,p.5).This kind writing style affect early English novel greatly.In the work of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,Gawain is painted as a chivalric knight journeyed to meet a sever fighting.Although Gawain is not a real man,the psychological analysis of him is still presented vividly and analyzed as Sir Gawain encounters one strange event after another (Chen,1982,p.38).Well,in Pamela,or,Virtue Rewarded,written by Samuel Richardson and Tom Jones,written by Fielding's,the psychological movements of the characters are frequently presented.

Realistic description in early English novel also has somethingto do with romances.As (Jiang,2005,p.19) States that though romances are more romantic,fictional and chivalric,yet there are still realistic factors rooted in them.In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight,Sir Gawain is an imagined hero who experienced various adventures to challenge the Green Knight.Though many scenes in the story are fabricated,yet the elaborate descriptions of the seasons as well as the places and things witnessed by the hero in the course of his adventure are real reflection of nature (Chen,1982,p.38).It is a sort of realistic presentation of environment.

The artistic characteristics of early English novel show itsintimate relationships with romances.But we should bear in mind that romance is still different from novel in many ways,and it is improper to mix these two literature genres.One thing needs our attention is that romance is a Middle Age literary product which opens the door for diverse flourishing of English literature genres,especially English novel.

Conclusion

Romance does lose its popularity among people's readingflavor,but the abundant literary heritages left by romance are definitely a body of legacies for literature.The artistic characteristics of romance merit our focus if we want to get more knowledge about the birth of English novel.

摘要:英文小说的产生包含了各种复杂的因素,诸如古代希腊文,罗马神话,浪漫主义以及其他复杂的社会因素。在这些因素当中,浪漫主义对英文小说的形成有着密不可分的关系,本文旨在分析浪漫主义的艺术特点对早期英文小说的影响。

关键词:浪漫主义,艺术特点,影响,早期的英文小说

参考文献

[1]、陈嘉.英国文学史[M].北京:商务印书馆,1982;33-39.

[2]、高继海.英国小说史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社, 2003:3-15.

[3]、侯维瑞.李维屏.英国小说史(上)[M].南京:译林出版社, 2005:18-35.

[4]、蒋承勇.英国小说发展史[M].浙江:浙江大学出版社, 2005:18-22.

[5]、李维屏.英国小说艺术史[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2003;2-30.

[6]、刘炳善.英国文学简史[M].郑州:河南人民出版社,2007;8-10.

[7]、左金梅.张德玉.英国文学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2004;17-20.

夜的声音(英文) 篇9

Cleela,Cleela,

The crckets chirp.

Ooo oooo whoo whoo The owl’s almost

Silent

Yet shuddering sound.

The cast of the Whispering wind Sends the dark Blanket

The stillness

The coolness of the night.Whisp win whisp win

The night has come Again.

夏之眠(英文) 篇10

And dress by yellow candle-light.

In summer,quite the other way,

I have to go to bed by day.

I have to go to bed and see

The birds still hopping on the tree,

Or hear the grown-up people’s feet

Still going past me in the street.

And does it seem hard to you,

When all the sky is clear and blue,

And I should like so much to play,

春节英文小介绍 篇11

Introducing Spring Festival

The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West. It originated[起源] in the Shang Dynasty from the people’s sacrifices[祭品] to gods and ancestors[祖先] at the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one.

During the last ten days before Spring Festival, store owners are busy as everybody goes out to purchase[购买] necessities for the New Year. Materials not only include edible[食用的] oil, rice, poultry[家禽], fish and meat, but also fruit, candies and all kinds of nuts. What’s more, various decorations, new clothes and shoes for the children as well as gifts for the elderly, friends and relatives are all on the list of purchasing.

Before the New Year comes, people completely clean the inside and outside of their homes. Then they begin decorating[装饰] their clean rooms with an atmosphere[气氛] of joy and festivity[欢庆]. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets[对联]. Also, pictures of the gods of doors and wealth will be posted on front doors to ward off[避开] evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance[充裕]. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass.

According to custom, each family will stay up to count down for the New Year on the eve of the Spring Festival. Lighting firecrackers[爆竹] was once the most typical custom during the Spring Festival. People thought the banging and popping could help drive away evil spirits. Children will get money as a New Year’s gift, wrapped[包裹] up in red packets. A series of activities such as lion dancing, dragon lantern[灯笼] dancing, lantern festivals and temple fairs will be held for days. The Spring Festival then comes to an end when the Lantern Festival is over.

春节是我国民间最重要的传统节日,就像西方的圣诞节一样,这是一家团聚的时刻。春节起源于殷商时期辞旧迎新之际的祭神祭祖活动。

在春节前最后十天,大小商铺生意兴隆,因为人们都忙于置年货。年货包括油、米、鸡、鸭、鱼、肉,还有糖饵果品及各式各样的果仁。除此之外,人们还要准备各种各样的装饰物,为小孩子添置新衣新鞋,以及准备过年时走亲访友、孝敬长辈的礼品。

春节前,人们会把屋子里里外外都打扫得干干净净。然后,他们会把家装饰得充满节日气氛—门的两侧贴上春联,大门前还要贴上门神和财神的画像以避邪迎福,在窗户玻璃上贴上红色剪纸。

秋千和拥抱(英文) 篇12

It was a warm,sunny,Saturday afternoonsome fifteen or sixteen years ago.I had volunteered to take my two older kids to the local playground while my wife put the youngest down for a nap.As soon as we got there my daughter headed for the swings and asked for a push.As I was helping my daughter to go higher and higher,I noticed another little girl trying in vain to get her own swing going.Her elderly grandmother was sitting quietly on a nearby bench and smiled at me.

I gave my daughter one big push andthen walked over to the little girl and asked if she could use a push too.She smiled and said"Yes!"I soon had her feet soaring(高飞,翱翔) towards the clouds while she laughed happily.For the next two hours I found myself pushing swings and playing tag(捉迷藏) with my son,daughter,and the other little girl.By the time we headed home,I was physicallyexhausted,but my spirits was still flying higher than those swings.

Two years later I was exhausted again aftera long day's work.Still,I needed to pick up my kids from the local grade school(小学) before heading home.I stood wearily in the parents'waiting area watching for my children.Suddenly,I felt two tiny arms wrap around my stomach.I looked down and there was the little girl from the playground smiling up at me.She gave me one more big hug before heading off to catch her school bus.As I watched her back,I didn't feel quite so tired anymore and my spirits were once again soaring in the Heavens.

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