英语作文考研复习资料

2024-10-23

英语作文考研复习资料(共8篇)

英语作文考研复习资料 篇1

2009年考研英语议论文写作三大高分句式

新东方学校考研英语写作名师 张一楠

考研作文在考研英语考试中占据了30分的比例,是不容忽视的重要部分。根据《考研大纲》对作文这一部分的要求,对于“语言”的要求放在了第一位,即:语言第一,内容第二,思想第三。各位考研勇士要想在这一部分胜出,就必须在语言的“精美度”上下功夫,用高质量的语言吸引阅卷人的眼球,获得高分。笔者建议大家时刻培养“亮点设置”意识,在考研作文中设置“语言亮点”,从而为斩获高分打下坚实的基础。本文将为广大考研勇士介绍考研写作的三大高分句式——短句拉长,插入语和并列修辞。

高分句式一 —— 短句拉长

在考研英语作文中,任何短句都可以拉长为长句,而且,从理论上讲,一个句子的长度可以是无限的,但是出于实际情况,大家要学会写有限度的长句。

虽然《考试大纲》没有明确规定考研作文中长句的长度和数量,但是基于考研作文实战的需要,考生需要有一种“长句设置”意识,即通过在文中设置若干个长句,向阅卷者展示考生对于复杂语言的掌握能力,从而征服阅卷者的心,获得满意的分数。

短句拉长的写作要领:

名词:+形容词,+同位语,+定语从句

动词:+状语(时间、地点、目的、方式)

例句实战:

1、Officials have built highways.(4个单词)

In recent years, the responsible, hard-working and warm-hearted officials have built a great number of highways which have brought much convenience to the local citizens.(拉长后25单词)

例1中短句拉长的步骤:

1)在句首,加上时间状语in recent yeas

2)在名词officials前面加上responsible, hard-working, warm-hearted 三个形容词修饰它

3)在名词highways 后面加上定语从句which have brought much convenience to the local citizens.例

2、Factories have discharged gas and liquid.(6个单词)

In the developed areas, the newly-built chemical factories have discharged

harmful and even poisonous gas and liquid which had a seriously negatively impact on the surrounding environment.(拉长后31个单词)

例2中短句拉长的步骤:

1)在句首,加上地点状语in the developed areas

2)在名词factories前面加上两个修饰形容词newly-built和chemical

3)在名词gas and liquid 后面上加上一个定语从句which had a seriously negatively impact on the surrounding environment.高分句式二——插入语

增加句式复杂性的另外一种方法就是使用插入语。中国学生写的英语句子喜欢一通到底,没有任何语气的间歇,像一根笔直的竹竿,因此笔者称之为“竹竿句”。而英美人士写的句子则不同,他们偏爱插入语,通过插入语表现出作者语气的间歇和停顿。有了插入语,读者眼中的句子有一种跌宕起伏的感觉,这种句子像海浪一起忽起忽落,笔者称这种句子为“海浪句”。试比较:

Ancient men made tools of stone.For instance, they always used flint because it is easier to shape than other kinds.(不使用插入语)

Fortunately, however, ancient men made tools of stone, especially flint, because it is easier to shape than other kinds.(使用插入语)

我们用图形表示这两个句子,如下:

第一句: 竹竿句

however especial

第二句: 海浪句

由此我们看出:地道的英语句子要写得跌宕起伏。

考研的同学要在语言上下功夫,就必须学会写作“海浪句”,从而使得自己的作文“波涛汹涌,错落有致”。

插入语的写作要领:

1)插入语可以是一个词,一个短语,或者一个句子。

2)插入语两边分别用逗号,跟其他成分隔开。

3)插入语最好放在主语之后,便于掌握。

例1:副词插入——frankly, especially, fortunately, indeed, however“坦率地说,旅游可以促进国家之间的相互了解。”

Tourism, frankly, may promote the mutual understanding among nations.例2:短语插入语 ——generally speaking(总的来说), to tell the truth(老实说), in a sense(在某种意义上讲),in a word(总而言之), strange to say(说来奇怪)“总而言之,家长不该无视电脑游戏对小孩的副作用。”

Parents, in a word, should never lose sight of the side-effects of computer games on their children.例3:短句插入语——I suppose, as I see it, I believe, what is important(重要的是).“重要的是,环境对人的性格有深远影响。”

Personality, what is important, has a far-reaching influence on one’s personality.高分句式三——并列修辞

请大家欣赏历史上最精彩的三个并列修辞句式:

凯撒:I came, I saw, I conquered.(我来了,我看到了,我征服了。)

培根:Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.(学习可以怡情,可以博采,可以长才)

林肯的政治抱负:a government of the people, by the people and for the people.(民有,民治,民享的政府)

历史上,名人使用并列修辞写出了千古名句,流芳百世;今天,我们也可以使用并列修辞写出精彩句式,创造作文高分奇迹。

并列修辞的写作要领:

用and或者or 连接两个词性相同,意思相近的单词,就构成了并列修辞。比如:give support and assistance to„

„benefit from the education and instruction.„develop and promote the economic growth.并列修辞实战举例:

1)The American girl,dressed in traditional Chinese costume and ornaments,indicates and symbolizes the multinational communication of cultures and customs.(选自2002年考研作文真题,一句话包含三处并列修辞)

2)It goes without saying that the drawings aim at revealing a common and serious problem in China: how to educate and cultivate the young.Let’s take a closer look at the drawings.In an ideal condition, the flower blooms.But when moved out of the green house, it perishes under the rain and storm.It is obvious that the flower in greenhouse can’t withstand wind and rains.(选自2003年考研作文真题,一个段落包含四处并列修辞)

“亮点句式”是考研阅卷人定档次,给分数的主要凭据,所以同学们应该有意识的多训练自己“亮点句式”的写作。如果能将本文介绍的“三大亮点句式”天衣无缝地设置在考研作文当中,整篇作文就会看起来“星光闪闪”“炫人眼目”,那么,获得高分也就是水到渠成事情了。预祝天下的考研勇士金榜题名!

英语作文考研复习资料 篇2

关键词:雅思,考研英语,写作,对比

在任何标准化的语言测试当中,写作的分值占比都相当大,是英语水平考试的必考题型,如考研英语、四六级、托福、雅思等,都包含了写作,但侧重点各有不同,而在研究生英语入学考试(简称“考研英语”NETEM)和国外雅思考试(简称“IELTS”)这两种类型的写作测试当中都包含了同一题型,即图表型的作文。本文选取了这两种测试当中的图表型作文作为研究对象, 通过对比分析两种图表作文写作,揭示出当中的异同点,希望能够对写作教学和应试者有所帮助。

1图表写作测试理论

所谓“图表写作”,就是信息转化题,即利用文字的形式将图表中的数据信息表达出来(刘怡然,2009)。图表作文着重说明事实,常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的说明、分析、 比较,是一种客观描述题,对某种事物或现象的事实或变化情况等加以说明,考察的是学生的观察能力和逻辑分析能力,但在这一点上却是很多考生的难点。

2雅思与考研英语图表型作文对比

2.1组织与实施

考研英语是由教育部考试中心命题,考试性质为全国统考、联考、单独命题。从2010年开始,全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为英语(一)和英语(二)。考研英语大纲就考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构做出了改革,规定英语二当中的写作部分分为A、B两节组成,共两小题,25分,A节为应用文或摘要写作(字数为80~100词,10分),B节为图表作文(150个词,15分),考研英语采取百分制,图表作文占比15%。考试时间包括写作在内总共180分钟,分配在图表写作上的时间为半个小时左右。

雅思考试是由剑桥大学考试委员会外语考试部、英国文化协会及IDP教育集团共同管理,是一种针对英语能力,为打算到使用英语的国家学习、工作或定居的人们设置的英语水平考试。雅思考试分学术类和培训类两种,分别针对申请留学的学生和计划在英语语言国家参加工作或移民的人士。考试分听、 说、读、写四个部分,总分9分。其中学术类雅思写作包含两篇作文。在作文一中,题目会给出一个或多个互相关联的图表、 图解或表格,考生需对这些信息或数据进行分析、综合、描述, 文章字数不能少于150字。图表写作时间为20分钟,分数占比为8%。

通过以上信息对比发现,两者在写作字数上相差无几,但是时间上考研图表比雅思图表的写作时间要多1/3,分数占比也相应地多一倍。

2.2图表类型

考研写作类型:曲线图、饼状图、表格图、柱状图。表1是2010年至2016年考研英语图表作文真题。

雅思写作类型:曲线图、饼状图、柱状图、表格图、地图题、 流程图、混合图(图形类型也分为静态图和动态图)。表2是2015年1-12月份雅思学术类小作文图表类型分布。

其中有三次考试出现了AB卷:11月7日、11月19日、11月21日。

通过对比发现,雅思与考研英语中,柱状图都是最常考到的图形,而就话题而言,两者涉及的考点也十分接近,都是一些社会热点问题。比如说教育文化类、行业发展、经济现象类、职场职业类,社会负面话题等。

2.3题目要求

雅思与考研写作在要求上有着不同的准则,两者在题目当中都做了详细的要求,如下所列:

考研写作: 1. interpret the chart, and;2. give your comments.

雅思写作: Summarise the information by selecting and report-ing the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

通过题目要求对比发现,这两者最大的区别就在于考研写作要求考生做出相应的评论,而雅思写作更加强调通过对比, 客观地陈述总结图表的内容。

2.4评分标准

根据出题形式和题目要求,教育部考试中心和剑桥雅思官方也对考试的评分标准做了详细的规定,如下所列。

考研写作: 1) 很好地完成了试题规定的任务,包含了所有内容要点;2) 使用丰富的语法结构和词汇;3) 语言自然流畅,基本上没有语法错误;4) 有效地采用了多种衔接手法,文字连贯, 层次清晰;5) 格式与语域(正式、一般或非正式的语言)恰当贴切;6) 对目标读者(即语言的接受对象)完全产生了预期的效果。

雅思写作:Task 1: Task Achievement(写作任务完成情况)、Coherence and Cohesion(连贯与衔接)、Lexical Resources(词汇丰富程度)、Grammatical Range and Accuracy(语法多样性及准确性) (斐石,2006)。

对比可以发现,两者都强调内容的完整性,文章组织的连贯性,语法结构和词汇的多样性以及语言的准确性,但是考研写作还特地强调了文体和目标读者的反应问题。

2.5信度和效度

提高一项考试的质量,最主要的是提高考试的信度和效度,信度是指对学生的语言水平提供可靠的度量,效度是指考试能准确地反映学生实际应用语言的能力(杨惠中,1999)。国外也有一些对于雅思本身的评分机制及其效度和信度的分析检验,如IELTS Collected Papers: Research in Speaking and Writ-ing Assessment(罗哲怡,燕丽勤,2013)。从信度角度出发,虽说两者均有相应的较为清晰且严格的评分标准,但其题型多样, 给予考生更多的答题灵活性,从而降低了他们的信度;就效度而言,分析发现,雅思和考研图表型的作文不仅是考查学生英语写作水平的一种有效手段,同时也考察了他们从非文字材料中获取信息的能力。根据方秀才(2011)年的研究与调查发现, 考研英语的表面效度较高。根据Alderson, Clapham&Wall的论述,尽管表面效度多是一些“外行”人群对某一项测试的评价, 自身测试可能欠缺依据,但他们更相信,如果被试认为某项考试,表面效度较高,被试就更可能最大限度地发挥自己的能力和水平,更合理地答题,进而影响该项考试的应答效度(re-sponse validity) (1995:172-175)。甚至很多交际学家认为表面效度是最重要的效度种类之一(Heaton 1988:160)。两类考试中的图表写作主要涉及的都是一些热门话题,对这些话题的分析一方面可以反映考生的语言基本功,另外一方面可以反映其逻辑思维能力,尤其是考研图表写作中还要求考生发表自己的看法,更能体现其语言表达和思维能力,故这两种考试是具有一定的效度的。

2.6写作要领

通过观察课堂上考生做的练习以及修改他们的课后作文, 笔者发现大部分考生在写雅思小作文和考研作文时容易出现以下两个问题。

(1) 选择信息太过细化

很多考生在写小作文时往往会把他们看到的所有信息都描述出来。假设题目给出的图表中有三根曲线,有些考生会把每一根曲线上自己认为重要的点都列举出来,如起点、转折点、 最高点、最低点、终点、交叉点等。这样写不仅在考官看来是过度陈述,还会导致小作文字数过多(150词是底线,180词较合适,但很多考生会写到200~300词)。考研和雅思图表的写作都不超过30分钟,这样过多的陈述势必会影响到其他部分的答题。过度陈述带来的更严重问题是言多必失,内容过多就更容易出现句子使用不恰当或词汇拼写错误的问题,导致不必要的失分。

(2) 单纯描述信息而没有对比

这个问题出现的主要原因是考生在平时训练时没有培养好在短时间内快速提取信息的能力,所以只会一味地描述显而易见的信息,如上升、下降、波动等。如果单纯描述这些信息, 考生不仅不容易达到字数要求(150词),也会使文章因为没有明显的对比和比较而不够全面,使用的衔接词也会较少。

针对以上两个问题以及结合两类考试自身的题目要求特提出以下写作要领:

在写考研图表作文时,常采用三段式。文章的第一段往往分析图表中的数据变化或趋势,通过趋势对比和极值、特殊值描述来概述图表所揭示的信息,注意不要过多的陈述每个节点信息,采用对比的方法比较差异,总结起来就是,总括大趋势、 描述关键点和作对比。第二段分析造成这一问题或趋势的原因。第三段则展望未来或提出解决问题的办法或建议。这一结构可以表述为:

第一段:概述图表内容

第二段:分析产生的原因

第三段:展望未来或提出方法或建议

而雅思图表作文则完全不同,雅思图表写作只需要把这当中的信息表达出来,不需要就这一信息发表自己的看法。简单地表述为:

第一段:开头引言(开头段题目改写)

第二段:描述特征

第三段:可能总结(总结整体特征或特殊值,非分析原因或提出建议)

在雅思小作文的写作中,文章反映数据的关系要全面,文章要有概括性。有全面也要有重点,对于一些极值数据和特殊情况要做一个重点的介绍(张克松,2003)。

注意两者虽在整体架构上有所不同,但是在数据分析模块方面还是有共通之处的,笔者就图表描述模块给广大考生提出了一些写作技巧:

(1) 注意时态,大部分的图表都是就过去的一些数据的分析,但是也不乏会有对未来的一些预测,如果是过去则毫无疑问采用一般过去时,但是如果是对未来的预测,时态方面一定注意不要使用will+do或其他构成一般将来时的形式,而应当采取be predicted to或者be estimated to等形式进行预测。

(2) 注意无论是考研英语还是雅思当中的图表,都可以划分为静态图和动态图两种类型。

静态图常见的是柱图、饼图和表格图。静态图的写作思路相对比较多元化,重点在比较关系上,利用比较和排序来展开。归纳总结为挑出极值(最大值与最小值),挑选剩余数值(倍数关系,变化明显的数值);

1) 占据:take up, make up, cover, be shared by, form, com-prise, represent, occupy, account for, constitute, be the instrument of等

2) 剩余事物:the rest, sth is in the charge of, the remainder等

注意在静态图中抓住一些数据之间的倍数关系,占据最大和最小的模块分别是什么,同时注意句型的套用。

有时间推移变化的图我们通常叫作动态图。曲线图都是动态图,但是对于表格图,柱图和饼图却有动态和静态之分。 对于大多数的动态图,都可以大致当作线图来处理。动态图的关键点在于横向的趋势分析和纵向的极值与特殊值(强调交点、拐点、最高点、最低点)的描述。

1) 趋势词汇

上升类:increase, rise, surge, shoot up, grow, jump, soar

下降类:decrease, decline, drop, sink, fall down, dip

波动类:plateau at,fluctuate around

持平类:remain stable,stay steady,stabilize,remain constant

2)变化程度

slightly, slowly, gradually, steadily, rapidly, moderately, con-siderably, sharply, significantly, dramatically, drastically

3) 极值类词汇和表达

最高点:reach the peak,top,the highest point,peak at

最低点:reach the bottom,the lowest point,bottom out at

注意,为了迎合评分标准当中的词汇的丰富性,在考试当中,考生可以尽量变换词性,同义词替换以及句型的变换使用, 以达到丰富文章的效果。

(3) 以上讲到的是词汇使用上的一些注意的点,除此之外在句子结构上面,考生一定要注意以下三个语法点的利用。

1)复合句的使用(包括定语从句,名词性从句和状语从句)

2)非谓语动词的使用(包括不定式,动名词和分词结构)

3) 介词结构的使用

3结束语

综上所述,雅思写作当中涉及的图表类型更加广泛,主要注重通过对比,客观地陈述总结图表的内容,对事实信息进行描述,而考研写作则要求考生在描述信息的基础之上,通过逻辑分析,做出相应的评论。二者都具有表面效度,但由于两者题型多样,给予考生更多的答题灵活性,从而降低了他们的信度。考研和雅思图表型的写作各有异同,通过对比分析,希望能帮助学习者深入了解考试,掌握写作技巧,为其参加写作测试且提高英语水平提供一定依据。

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[2]Heaton J B.Writing English Language Tests[M].London:Longman Group UK Limited,1988.

[3]斐石.IELTS考试首次公布评分标准细则[J].留学生,Over-seas-Educated Scholars,2006,02.

[4]方秀才.全国英语考研试题质量评价[J].科技信息,Science&Technology Information,2011,12.

[5]教育部考试中心.全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲(非英语专业)[Z].北京:高等教育出版社,2010.

[6]刘怡然.浅谈雅思写作图表作文的写作技巧[J].今日科苑,Modern Science,2009(2).

[7]罗哲怡,燕丽勤.雅思写作现状与研究批评[J].科教导刊(中旬刊),The Guide of Science&Education,2013(11).

[8]英国文化协会.雅思考试官方指南[M].北京:北京语言大学出版社,2014.

[9]杨惠中.语言测试与语言教学[J].外语界,1999(1).

考研英语冲刺复习攻略 篇3

如何制定复习时间表

在备考过程中,科学的时间安排能极大地提高复习效率。在制定复习时间表时,考生可以按照具体的考试时间来规划,也可以根据自身的学习情况来安排。本文笔者试着以当天的考试时间为参照,为考生制定出一个简单的复习时间表。

由上表可知,政治和专业课考试多在上午进行,而考生比较担心的英语考试则安排在下午。所以,政治和专业课的复习尽可能放在上午,英语的复习要尽量放在下午或晚上进行,这样可以最大限度地和当天的考试时间吻合。有些考生是夜猫子型,晚上学习最有效率,但考研不可能在夜间进行,所以考生应调整好自己的生物钟,避免晚上精力充沛,白天精神萎靡。

考生可以参照以上表格制定自己的复习时间表,也可以根据自己的生活习惯制定复习方案。但是在离考试30天左右时,一定要将复习时间调整为以白天为主,尽量不要熬夜。

如何复习单词

进入最后冲刺阶段,在单词复习方面,考生需要适当提高背单词的速度。首先,考生要调整方法,不要再逐一“背”词,而要“过”词。逐个背单词是一线平推,既无策略,亦无章法。最后阶段时间有限,如果背单词占去大量时间,考生就无暇进行阅读和写作等方面的练习。所以考生要压缩背单词的时间,挑重点词汇记忆,非高频词大致了解即可。

有些考生可能愿意按照字母表顺序背单词,觉得这样比较保险,不会遗漏。但是这样背单词的问题在于,冲过第一个字母群ABCDEFG十分困难,这个字母群中的A、C、D、E、F都是高频字母,能坚持背到字母C已经很不容易了。所以考生可以先从低频字母,如J、K、O、Q、X、Y、Z开始,这些字母下的单词较少,复习相对快些。然后再重点过字母群CDEF、ILMN、PRST,这样背单词的速度就上来了。

同时,考生可以将“过”单词的时间分成三段:早晨、下午、晚上。每段时间30分钟。早晨“过”词时注意控制进度,如每次看5页或10页,在30分钟内过完,并用纸张盖住中文释义,依次筛查,将认识的和不认识的分开,不认识的单词用荧光笔标注。下午依然用30分钟“过”词,这个时段重点记忆那些用荧光笔标注的词。晚上就寝前再过第三遍,依然用30分钟,最后过一下当天不认识的单词。这样一天三轮复习,将生疏的单词筛查出来(也可以将自己背的单词读一遍,并用手机录下来,然后回放复习,做听词训练)。这样扫描、排查、复习相结合,既不耽误词汇复习,也不耽误阅读、写作等的复习。笔者姑且将此法称为“游击战法”:打得赢就打,打不赢就走,决不逐点争夺,而是穿插、迂回、逆袭。

考研英语大纲要求考生掌握的词汇有五千多,高频难词两千多,如果考生方法得当,把单词来回过几遍、筛几遍,基本都能掌握,可是为什么很多考生还是觉得难呢?笔者觉得,未必是考生不用功,而是心态过于急躁。英语学习的一大特点就是记了忘、忘了记。考生若能调整好心态,找到适合自己的学习方法,对于考试来说已经成功了一半。在最后的冲刺阶段,方法和技巧其实未必是最重要的,心态才是最重要的。

如何复习阅读

很多考生反映,在做阅读题时,文章中的大部分单词都认识,但就是看不懂整句话是什么意思。这类考生的问题主要出在没有注意以下句子结构:介词结构、定语从句、与非谓语动词有关的句子、同位语从句、what引导的名词性从句、被动语态、否定句。在这七种句型中,what引导的名词性从句经常需要进行主谓宾辨析;否定句经常被误解,导致考生对文章意思的曲解。这些句型一旦分布于文章的首尾和转折处,如果恰巧转折词由but、however、nevertheless变成了in fact、actually、as a matter of fact或unfortunately、amazingly、surprisingly、paradoxically,考生往往就看不清段落主干了。而文章一旦针对这些地方出题,考生就经常读不懂题意,做不对题目。所以,笔者建议考生复习时,加强分析和练习长难句,对每种句型都要做到熟记于胸。

在最后阶段,除了做阅读真题,考生还需要对做错的题目进行分析,找出做错的原因。每道阅读题有三个错误选项,一个正确选项。做题时,考生经常因为找不到正确选项而发愁。殊不知,命题者也不容易,他们也发愁:怎样用隐晦的方式写出三个错误选项呢?所以那三个错误选项一定有其特点,归纳起来一般有以下三种:①无(选项中的内容在文章中找不到);②反(选项中的因果关系和文章内容相反;选项中的肯定/否定关系和文章内容相反);③过(选项中出现一些绝对化的词汇,比如最高级或者一些不存在的比较级)。如果考生能对错题的每个选项进行仔细地筛查,并写出答题分析,做题准确率也就慢慢提高了。所以考生平时需要加强对答案辨析的训练。

如何复习写作

考研英语写作的出题方法是给出一幅图画,让考生根据图画内容分析图画想表达的主题,然后进行写作。图画上有时会给出一句评语,有时是人物说的话,但不会直接给出图画所要表达的主题。这样一来,很多考生看不懂图画所要表达的主题,因此也就无法有深度地展开文章。很多考生爱在文章中写“这幅图画很深刻,引人深思”这样的空话,就是由于找不到主题,失去了写作方向,只好用套句应景。其实,就是将英美人士放在考研英语考场里,他们如果看不懂这种带有“中国特色”的图画,也不见得就能写出好的英语作文,比如老外就不见得能想明白2012年考研英语写作的图画(见下图)。

在上图中,两个人盯着一个瓶子,里面看不出是牛奶还是酒,一个哀叹:“全完了!”另一个欣喜:“幸好还剩点儿。”如果让老外来写这道考研英语作文题,他们可能会觉得:“这明明是两个酒鬼,怎么能看出主题是‘乐观’呢?”所以有些考生的英语写作水平虽然不错,但是如果看不懂这种具有“中国特色”的图,抓不住图片想要表达的主旨,最后也会导致文章跑题,使作文得分较低。因为思想是基础,没有思想,表达便是无源之水。所以,平时考生应加强主题预判训练,多看一些报刊上与社会生活相关的漫画,了解漫画的背景和主题。

图片的主题搞清楚了还不够,还要在表达上下功夫。表达是方式,没有好的表达,也无法获得高分。有些考生说:“我背了不少范文,可为什么还是不会写?”在笔者看来,这其实是主题判定不清的一种延续:如果只背诵不思考,只背诵不练习,只背诵不总结归纳,那便是只训练而不实战。以上图为例,从图画信息看,该图和2004年的考题“终点又是新起点”及2007年的考题“自信”无相似之处,但是如果进行主题思想判定,就会发现三篇文章同为励志话题。考生如果光死记硬背,不分析总结,文章主题和内容都等上了考场再“随机应变”,又怎能获得理想的成绩呢?所以,笔者提醒各位考生要善于归纳总结,多多练习。

考研英语写作的题材众多,同一个题材的考查间隔期也比较长,出题者采取的是“跳考”的方式。比如文化交流这个话题,2002年的考题是“民族文化是世界文化”,2010年的考题是“文化火锅可口又美味”。又如环境保护话题,2000年考的是“商业捕鱼简史”,2011年考的是“旅途之余”。考生如果把历年范文逐篇背诵,当然也可以将文章背熟,不过这样思维上会十分跳跃,难以看出类似题材之间的联系,不利于总结归纳。所以,考生应采用“跳背”的方式:按照考研英语写作常考的话题(如环境保护、亲情关爱、文化交流、子女教育、人生价值、心理健康等)进行归纳总结。“跳背”时,考生可以先从比较熟悉、难度小的题材背起,然后再处理较生疏、难度较大的题材。当考生在短时间内集中背诵某个题材时,对于这种题材中的常用句子的印象就更深刻一些。

最后,考生要注意模拟训练。考研英语(一)的写作真题有15幅图画,英语(二)的写作真题只有5幅图画,看多了会形成审美疲劳。同样的主题换个图画,考生不见得就能总结出主旨来,所以做模拟题可以帮助考生熟悉各类主题的图画类型。此外,考生注意熟悉一下和“沟通”“学校教育”“假货销售”“炫富”“文化”有关的题材,这几个话题有几年没考了。

如何复习翻译、完型填空和新题型

就考研英语翻译来说,笔者认为该题型的难度还是挺大的。但是对付翻译并非没有破解方法,最基本的就是吃透真题。考研英语翻译题的命题思想是以学术翻译为主,解题的基本思路为“语法为线,直译为先”,要翻译的选段一般不会是小说、散文、杂文。考生如果以真题为复习重点,就会发现考点基本不会离开介词结构、名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句、被动语态、否定结构、比较结构、强调结构、插入结构。从翻译理论方面复习的话,时间上来不及,唯有从真题入手,进行翻译练习,从实践中体会翻译技巧,才能有所成效。几十句话翻译完,慢慢地也就有了心得体会。

完型填空和新题型所占的分值较小,但复习的力度并不小。从语境阅读到熟词僻义,从逻辑关系到介词结构,从基本语法到否定结构,无一不需要大量练习。但是一些考生单词储备量小,很多完型填空的词汇不熟悉,如果大量做题,肯定耗时过长。而如果耗时过多,又会挤占阅读和写作的复习时间,结果往往得不偿失。所以,笔者建议考生根据自身情况对此部分进行复习,不要投入过多的精力。在考场上,考生做这两类题时,先做有把握的题目,之后运用概率原则做没有把握的题目,尽量做到少丢分。

英语作文考研复习资料 篇4

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考研英语小作文万能模板

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辞职信

模板1: Dear ,I am writing to inform you about the decision to resign from my current position.There are a few factors involved.First and foremost,.Secondly,.Last but not last,.I would like to tcke this opportunity to express my gratitude for the rewarding experience that I have enjoyed during my employment.I sincerely wish you could approve of my resignation, and I apologize in advance for any inconvenience thus caused.Sincerely yours,Li Ming 模板2 Dear ,I am sure it will come as no surprise that I wish to resign my position as

.Though I have enjoyed working with you and other colleagues in the company / organization, there are a few reasons that force me to give up my current work.For one thing,.For another,.Moreover / Besides / In addition,.I appreciate the plenty of help and encouragement from you constantly, and I am very sorry for any inconvenience thus caused.I promise that I will stay through the next month to help you find a replacement for my position.Sincerely yours,Li Ming

请求信

模板1: Dear,I am

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Dear,My name is , and I am

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建议信

模板1: Dear,I am very glad to hear that you want to seek some suggestions about

in order to.From my point of view,.Also, to you, I highly recommend that.On the one hand,.On the other hand,.Besides, it is unnecessary for you to.Consequently, I believe that.I hope that my opinions are of help to you, and please feel free to contact me for more questions.Yours sincerely,Li Ming 模板2: Dear,I am writing to express my views concerning

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求职信

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To Whom It May Concern,I have learnt from yesterday’s newspaper that you are employing

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道歉信

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感谢信

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申请信

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投诉信

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询问信

模板1: Dear,I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide some information regarding.Currently, I am doing

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英语小作文模板

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英语小作文模板(自写)

一、建议信 Dear Sir or Madam I am a and I am writing to make some suggestions as to.I would like to suggest first that with the help of we can Besides if you we would be able to.And finally I think that.I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestions into consideration,and your prompt attention to my suggestionswould be highly appreciated.Sincerely yours Li Ming

二、求职信(1)Dear Sir or Madam I’m writing this letter to apply for the position as advertised inof.My qualifications I believe just amply meet your requirements.In the first place my majorensures that my educational background is right in line with this job.In the second placemy previous experience as a职位has helped lay a solid foundation for the work here please refer to my attached resume for more details.I would appreciation it very much if you could schedule an interview.If you want to know more about me please feel free to contact me at.Thank you for considering my application.Looking forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours Li Ming 求职信(2)Dear Sir or Madam I’m writing this letter to apply for the position ofadvertised in.In时间I will graduate fromwith adegree inand I would like to be considered for the post.I believe I can do satisfactory work for your company/firm because my education and work experience have been in line with the requirements you outlined in your ad.As indicated in my attached resume my main degree courses are concerned with----.And I have also taken other courses(such as----).The fact that I’m qualified for the job is confirmed not only by my achievement in study but also by the experience I gained when I worked part time for a××× company those years.As for my English ability.I have already passed CET-6.If you also feel that I am up to the post I would be available for an interview any time at your convenience.I would greatny appreciate any word you might send me regarding my application.Sincerely yours

Li Ming

三、投诉、批评、抱怨信Dear Sir or Madam My name is I am a I write this letter to place a complaint against.The reasons of the complaint are as follows.First.Second.Finally.As a result.I honestly hope that you would look into this matter and take steps toso that.Thank you for your time and consideration.Sincerely yours Li Ming 附:I really appreciate it if you would and could do something about my complaint.I’m looking forward to an improvement.四、致歉信Dear Sir or Madam I’m writing this letter to apologize to you.I am excessively sorry that(I do know that it is very impolite of me to do that and must have caused you much trouble.)I do reckon that at present any explanation is pale and futile.However I wish you not to misunderstand me.The reason for my delay/absence was that.I had no way out because.Therefore it’s not in my power to 导致的结果.I do hope that you would be kind enough to I am looking forward to hearing from your generous forgiveness.Sincerely yours Li Ming 附:Anyway I feel so sorry for what had happened I will make compensation for your loss as best as I can.五、感谢信Dear Sir or Madam I’m writing this letter to express my sincere thanks for.I’d like you to know how much your

meant to me.You have a positive genius for 对收信人某一方面赞美.I not only enjoyed but also.I shall ever remember this gift/the time we got together as one of the most precious things/valuable moments in my life.I hope to have the opportunity of reciprocating.I repeat my thanks again for your.Sincerely yours Li Ming 附:结尾段

1.You have been more than kind and I won’t ever forget it.My love and deepest gratitude now and always!2.Would you kindly let me know what time you are at convenience? I will feel very pleased if you have time to make me a lall.How nice it would be to see you again and I am looking forward to seeing you next time!

六、求学信Dear Sir or Madam I am writing in the hope that I may obtain an opportunity to further my study intoward Master/Doctor degree in your university.My name isan undergraduate/a postgraduate student of the Department of University.I will graduate and get mydegree.I plan to continue my study in this field under the instructions of first-class professors and in dynamic atmosphere I closebecause you have plenty of famous professors and sophisticated research facilities I believe I can benefit a lot by pursuing my studies

in such universit{.And my academic background will meet your requirements for the intensive study I would be very grateful if you would send me the necessary forms and other relevant information.I am looking forward to hearing from you soon.Sincerely yours Li Ming

七、邀请信Dear Sir or Madam On behalf of I would be very pleased to invite you to infrom to.You are a Your participation /lecture/help will be.We sincerely hope that you could accept our invitation.As you know this is the and we plan to make it a truly success.I/We would appreciate it if you would give me a reply at your earliest convenience so that the necessary arraggements can be made without delay.We are looking forward to your acceptance.Sincerely yours Li Ming

八、祝贺信Dear Sir or Madam I have learned with delight that you.I would like to extend to you my utmost congratulations on.You must be very proud of your.And I feel very happy for you.成绩is quite exciting news!You are really.I know this is surely owing to 努力.It is a reward you richly deserve for your优点.With your 优秀品质,I am sure that you will be a success in whatever you will be a success in whatever you undertake.My best wishes for your further success.Sincerely yours Li Ming

九、推荐信Dear Sir or Madam It is my great honor to recommend to you.A worthy candidat/student for of your college.I have known him/her for he/she has过去的学习或工作sine时间起点.showed.He/She is very interested inand does a good job in it.I am impressed by his/her.He/She dispnays a.He/She is enthusiastic cooperative and cheerful.With this good character he/she will be able to.I strongly feel thatis fully qualified to.Your favourable consideration of his/her application will be highly appreciated.I look forward to your reply early.Sincerely yours Li Ming 英语大作文模板(自写)

一、有用句型: 1.大作文开始段:

It is depicted/shown/described in the picture that......The about two pictures have shaped sharp contrast to each other the first one show us that-But the other depicted that.The two picture show us that.The cartoon is fairly enlightening and thought-provoking which intends to convey to us this message:.We can easily identify/recognize the significance of diligence in term of achieving success.On the one hand.On the other.Without.It is advisable that we highly valueand apply it in our study life and work.Examples to prove the view are too numerous to mention.2.大作文结尾段:(问题型)If nothing is done to check this problem its effects will soon”be shown.Which will inevitable hinder the steady development of a harmonious society.Therefore drastic measures must be taken to arouse public’s attention to this issue.As you as I am concerned the proper attitude towardsis that.In the first place government of all levels should launch campaigns to educate the public how grave the situation will be if------Take a rational attitude towards.Enhance one’s awareness in environmental protection be aware of.Relevant laws and regulations must be set up to severely punish those who/stop.A long-term and nation-wide campaign must be launched to popularize the importance ofamong the general public.(意义型)

Concrete plans should be made so as to combine The Long March Spirit with every detail of our life work and study.It is universally accepted/acknowledged thatis a traditional virtue/positive phenomenon which should be accepted respected appreciated and advocated.3.例证大作文很有用的例证:

Libai’s story in filling an iron stick into a needle is a case in point.(奋斗篇)

We know that at Einstein’s time Newton’s theory about the universe is well established.According to Newton time and space are absolute and never changing.Unlike many scientists who accepted Newton’s theory easily Einstein tracked a new way and proved the relativity of time and space and set up the epoch-setting theory of relativity.(创新篇)

Dengjiaxian who succeeded in making the atom bomb and H-bomb under very harsh conditions and it is the faith that works.*信念篇)

Edison In searching for the right material for electronic bulb he tested thousands of materials and failed again and again.But after each failure he always said that he had found another material not to be used for bulb instead of.Due to his outstanding perseverance he found the right material for electronic bulb at last and brought a revolution to the whole world.(毅力,勤奋篇)

Marie Curies the finder of the element radium.In searching for the element she worked hard without considering her own comfort.In the end she makes such splendid progress in her career and is respected by the whole world.(奉献篇)

Isaac Newton as we know that he laid the foundation for modern physics but when being praised for his achievement Newton said he had done nothing but standing on the shoulder of the former scholars。(谦虚篇)

二、作文模板:

现状+原因+评论篇 From the picture we can see clearly that(As we can see clearly from the picture).It is safe to draw the conclusion that主题.There are many reasons to explain the effect/phenomenon/case/instance and the following are the typical ones.The first reason is that.The second reason is that.The third reason is that.In order to improve the situation/confronted with such an issue/.We are supposed to find several

measures.On the one hand.On the other hand.Only in this way can.描述+举例+评论篇 It is shown /depicted /described in the picture that描述.As is symbdicaly revealed in the pictures 生活中的意义.we can safely come to a conclusion that对寓意引申归纳.There are many examples found to prove that 主题句.Take _________as atypical example__________/The first example is that__________.Opposite case in point is that/The second example is that________.Therefore/Only _____ can段落总结主题句.In order to improve the situation To sum up the above argument/Confronted with such an issue We should find several solutions to is/need to tale some positive measures.On the one hand.On the other hand.Only in this way can 段落总结句.原因分析型

What"a vivid picture!From it we can see clearly that.Obviously the drawer of this picture intends to convey to us this message: To the best of my knowledge several reason cam be identified and the following are the typical ones.The first reason is that.The second reason is that.Last but not least.Considering all the points discussed above it is sensible that we take effective and adequate measures to solve this problem.In the first place _______In the second place __________.Only by enforcing these measures can we effectively and eventually resolve the problem therefore a more harmonious society built up.附: And only in this way can we crack the hard nut and make our society develop in a dynamic/ vibrantharmonious and prosperous direction/way.In the first place government of all levels should launch campaigns to educate the public how grave the situation will be if……

例文 With the fast are pale of modern life more and more people.Some people are afraid of pres

2009年考研英语作文模板

创建时间:2009年11月8日(星期天)中午1:31 | 分类:未分类 | 字数:6608 | 发送到我的Qzone | 另存为...| 打印

2009年考研英语作文模板

大作文

模板一:图画作文

This illustration depicts_________(图画中的人物)Ving, with______________(补充说明).Recently it has become common for people in many walks of life to_____________(进一步阐释)

It seems to me that the cartoonist is sending a message about _______(图画主题), which is ______________(进一步的说明).He seems to be saying that_______________(给出细节).In my opinion, ___________(个人阐述).This simple picture is a wake up call for ______(所涉群体,如the whole of the human race).Therefore, it is imperative for us to take drastic measures to put an end to _____________(问题所在).One the one hand, we must _________________(建议一).It is clear that the drawer of the illustration is urging us to _________(进一步说明).On the other hand, ________________(建议二)Only in this way can we___________(展望前景).模板二:图表作文

The chart gives us an overall picture of the ____________(图表主题).The first thing we notice is that_______________(图表最大特点).This means that as __________, _________________(进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that _______________(图表细节一).After ving_________(细节一中的第一个变化), the _____Ved+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化).The figures also tells us that_________________________(图表细节二).(数据位置,如In the second column), we can see that ____________accounts for _______(进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that___________(结论).The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that_____________(给出原因)./ It is high time that we Ved(发出倡议)

模板三:利弊型作文

Recently the issue of whether or not______(讨论话题)has been in the limelight and has aroused wide concern in the public.There are two major arguments that can be made for_________.For one thing, __________can bring ____ to_____________(优点一).For another, it is widely hold that people usually ____when ________________________________(优点二).But we must not lose sight of the fact that there are also drawbacks to__________, among which are ____________(列举缺点).For instance, it can be __________to _____________(举例说明).In addition, many people find it ________(形容词)to _______________(第二个缺点)

When asked to __________, I tend to ____________.This is because I _______________(原因一).Furthermore, _______________________(原因二).Finally, ______________(原因三).模板四:展望未来型

With the rapid advances of _____________ in recent years, ___has____________(引出现象).However, _______ has________________, as____________(提出问题).As a result, _____has ____________________(指出影响).The effects ___________ has produced on____________ can be boiled down to two major ones.First , __________________(影响一).More importantly, ________________(影响二).Hence, I believe that we will see a ____________(提出展望)/ Nevertheless, I do not think we will see a ______(或反面展望)

There are numerous reasons why ____, and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here.The first is that the more(比较级)_____, the more(比较级).In addition, we all agree that________________________(第二个原因)

小作文

1:投诉信

Dear_______,I am.(自我介绍)I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍).In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面).In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面).Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉)to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely

Li Ming

2:询问信

Dear ______,I am _________________________(自我介绍).I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide me with information regarding_______.(要询问的内容)

First of all, what are _________________________________?(第一个问题)Secondly, when

will________________________________?(第二个问题)Thirdly, is _________________?(第三个问题)

I would also like to inquire _________________________________(将最重要的问题单独成段).Could you be so kind as to send me some relevant booklets on the above-mentioned aspects?

Thank you for you kindness, and your prompt attention to this letter will be highly appreciated.Yours sincerely

Li Ming

3:请求信

Dear___________,I am writing to formally request to___________(请求的内容)

The reason for ______________is that______________________________(给出原因).I________, so I ___________________________________(给出细节)

I would also like to request ________________________(提出进一步的要求).I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused.Thank you for your attention to these requests.If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact me at____________(电话号码).I look forward to a favorable reply.Yours sincerely

Li Ming

4:道歉信

Dear ___________,I am truly sorry that_________________________(道歉的原因).The reason is that ______________________________________(介绍原因)Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation.Yours sincerely

Li Ming

6:建议信

Dear ___________,You have asked me for my advice with regard to _______, and I will try to make some conductive suggestions here.In my humble opinion, you would be wise to take the following actions:_________________(建议的内容)

I hope you will find these proposals useful, and I would be ready to discuss this matter with you to further details.Good Luck with your_______(祝愿)

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

7.求职信

Dear Sir or Madam,I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in____________(报纸名称)of________(广告发布时间).Not only do I have the qualifications for this job, but I also have the right personality for a __________(工作名称).In the one hand,_______________________________(第一个原因).On the other hand, __________________________________(另一个原因).Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful.If you need to know more about me, please feel free to contact me at any time at _______________(电话号码)

Thank you for considering my application, and I am looking forward to meeting you.Yours sincerely

Li Ming

8:邀请信

Dear________,There will a ________________(内容)at/in________________(地点)on___________(时间).We would be honored to have you there with us.The occasion will start at ___________(具体时间).This will be followed by a _______(进一步的安排).At around______(时间),____________________________(另一个安排)

I really hope you can make it.RSVP before ____________(通知你的最后期限)

Yours sincerely

考研英语大作文复习策略 篇5

描述图画一段中最为重要的亦是全文最关键的语句就是描述图画,我们不妨将描述图画这一句的核心内容首先从图中找出,核心内容应该涵盖如下内容:

①描述事物的名词;②描述事物状态的动词;③描述事物位置的介词短语;④描述事物的形容词;⑤描述事物特点的动词;⑥修饰动词内容;⑦概括图画的名词,

其中②处可以使用的动词主要以表存在的不及物动词为主,如:stand、stay、sit、run、lie、hang、float、crouch、appear等。

其中⑤处可以使用的动词主要以与事物直接相关的动词为主,如lamp与glow,flower与bloom(),goalkeeper与guard()等;但如果事物较为抽象或难于有具体动作,如a traditional Chinese costume(),the name of Beckham()等,则可使用如show,imply,indicate等表示意味的动词来拓展内容。

Sentence 2(概括寓意):

首段在描述图画之外的句子则只需对于图画的寓意(话题)做简要概括即可,因而在句式上也并没有太多要求,而概括图画的寓意的内容用词主要如下:phenomenon、problem、trend、fashion、issue、a matter of fact、a matter of concern等,

备考资料

而辅助内容则如下:

The picture aims at revealing a ① phenomenon: ②.

The notion conveyed in the picture is that ② is a ① phenomenon.

其中①为对于概括词的修饰成分,多为如common、popular、severe、significant等词;②则为对于寓意的简要概括。

Sentence 3(时代背景):

本句只是为了托衬出下一句的观点,因而句子结构尽管可以写得复杂,但内容却简单,只是为了引入下一句的话题。

英语作文考研复习资料 篇6

英语作文是非常考验考生英语综合能力的试题,一个字就是“难”。大小作文在英语中占三十分,一个词就是“重要”。所以在作文上,要求我们能考个高分,最不济也要保持在平均水平。选择一个好的英语复习书,将非常有效的提升我们的成绩。《写作160篇》就是一个可以有效提升我们作文成绩的复习书,那它都有哪些特点呢?

一、全面覆盖可考话题——考试题目就在书中,不看保准你后悔

本书最大的特点就是全面涵盖当年可考话题,并创下考研英语写作连续11年命中原题的骄人纪录。具体来说就是本书在注重历年真题研究的同时,能结合当前社会的发展和变革,对可能考到的话题进行全面系统的筛选,科学的圈定重点话题。所以大家一定要认真学习此书,考试题目就在其中,相信大家只要认真复习此书,考研看到作文题目时一定会有似曾相识的感觉。本书的全面性和准确性,完美的契合考生需求,成为考生备考必备书籍。

二、按照重要程度分类——书中内容主次分明,怎么复习你决定

本书将160篇范文按照话题的重要程度区分为“真题写作话题38篇”“重点预测话题32篇”“热点浏览话题90篇”三大类。这样使得本书内容主次分明、重点突出、从而切合不同基础、不同阶段考生的实际,满足考生的备考需要。本书内容的明确分类,使得考生可以根据自己的情况,进行复习和巩固,极大的迎合了考生的复习计划。本书从考生角度出发,想考生之所想、应考生之所急、为考生所服务。强烈建议大家把“预测话题32篇”背过,考试题目基本在其中。

三、“词句段篇”逐层引导——手把手教你写作文,马上写出好文章

一篇好文章的形成是一个筛选词汇、打磨句式、谋划段落、整合篇章的过程。本书从词汇、句式、段落、篇章四个层面帮助考生掌握写作技巧和方法,使考生可以从这四个层面充分理解写作的含义和注意事项。本书还从词汇、句法、语篇层面指出考生在考场写作中常犯的写作错误,从另一方面教会考生如何写作。本书循序渐进的引导考生,从如何写出文章到如何写出好文章。

英语作文考研复习资料 篇7

为了了解学生英语阅读现状, 笔者在太原某考研培训学校对个别备考的学生做了访谈, 访谈结果显示:1) 当前学生备考的思路仍然是以语言知识为重点, 背单词, 学习语法。背单词还是停留在传统的机械记忆层面上, 完全脱离语境得, 孤立地记忆语言要素。学语法还是依靠大量语法练习来巩固。2) 从情感因素角度看, 学生背单词情况不容乐观, 很多单词背了就忘, 所以绝大多数学生对于背单词处于无奈, 消极被动的状态;语法学习过于抽象单调, 时间久了, 特别是当学生发现积累的语言知识不能潜移默化为语言能力时, 学生必然会产生倦怠情绪。3) 学生在阅读过程中很多单词都认识, 语法现象也熟悉, 就是读不懂文章。4) 受“转换生成语法理论”的影响, 学生专注于文章中的语言细节, 阅读速度太慢, 阅读过程中获得的仅是语言现象, 而非语言信息。5) 学生则往往只专注于语言知识的积累, 而忽视了对英美国家的文化背景知识的扩充。

总之, 学生在备考阅读过程中存在很多问题, 从现代的阅读理论的观点来看, 这种阅读备考模式是不符合阅读本质的。

2 阅读的本质及阅读的模式

关于阅读本质的问题, 向来都是众说纷纭, 莫衷一是。各种理论都是既有瑕疵, 又各有千秋, 不过从总的趋势上来讲, 由于语言研究吸收了现代科技的众多研究成果, 阅读理论趋于成熟。

十九世纪中叶, 心理学理论认为阅读既是语言活动, 更是思维活动, 在心理学理论的指导下, “自下而上”的阅读模式就相应诞生了, 该模式认为阅读过程是从“左到右对字母—单词—词组—句子—语篇”的有组织, 有层次的自下而上的解码过程。该阅读模式把阅读过程难题看作是单纯语言问题, 使学生注意力始终停留在语言的低级阶段, 养成消极被动的语言学习习惯。

二十世纪六七十年代, 心理语言学认为阅读是一场心理猜谜游戏, 是读者在预测的基础上的选择过程。心理语言学的代表人物是古德曼 (Goodman) , 他把阅读看作是语言和心理相互作用的过程, 并提出了“自上而下”阅读模式。该模式不要求读者字斟句酌, 而是从冗长的语言信息中选择重要线索并提出初步论断, 随着阅读的进行而不断的修正, 否定, 证实最初的预测。阅读结束时, 读者感觉预测得以证实, 则说明阅读最终达到了理解的程度。

七十年代末到八十年代初, 认知论认为阅读的文字本身并不具有意义, 读者最终能否准确解读文字取决于他大脑中已有的认知结构, 即背景知识。认知论把阅读过程定义为语言知识和背景知识双向互动的过程。语言知识是基础, 背景知识可以为语言的准确解读提供线索, 也可为宏观预测语义提供方法, 同时语言知识又进一步核实预测的准确性。基于认知论, 70年代末, 鲁姆哈特 (Rumelhart) 吸收了人工智能的最新成果提出了“相互作用阅读理论”, 进一步强调背景知识和语言知识的相互作用在阅读中的重要性。“相互作用阅读理论”吸收了“自下而上”理论和“自上而下”理论的合理因素, 把两者有机结合, 从而既肯定了高层次和低层次对阅读的作用, 又有效实现了读者与作品的互动, 是目前为止学术界普遍认可的阅读理论。

综上所述, 阅读的理论随着时间和技术的成熟而不断地进步。阅读过程不是一个机械解码的过程, 而是一个复杂的心理和思维过程。要想取得良好的阅读效果, 除了语言因素与非语言因素的结合外, 相应的阅读理论也起举足轻重的作用。现代语言学理论的成功应用将会起到锦上添花的作用。本文接下来拟以语言学的理论为指导, 对英语阅读备考的方法及技巧提出建设性的建议。

3 从语言学角度分析阅读技巧和方法

1) 采用语篇分析的方法从宏观上把握语义

在英语阅读备考的过程中很多学生抱怨文章当中单词都认识, 就是读不懂文章, 特别是作者的观点态度, 主旨要义等。其实学生在阅读过程中存在着只见树木不见森林的这种现状从侧面反映了学生的阅读始终是停留在句子这个微观层面。对此韩礼德 (Halliday, 1976) 年指出:“语篇是一个语义单位”, “语篇是一个语义概念”, “语篇是语境的产物, 又同时在语境中起作用。”从以上对语篇的定义我们能得出这样的结论:即语篇是存在于特定语境中有逻辑结构的也是有交际功能的语言整体。在阅读过程中如何站在语篇的角度感悟语境, 是语篇分析的内容。语篇分析的对象是超越句子的具有交际功能的语言片段。语言片段因篇章的体裁, 作者的风格, 主题的表现形式等因素的不同而呈现出多样的结构。在语篇分析领域, 语言学家关注的不仅有语篇的微观结构, 还有它的宏观结构。微观结构研究的是语篇的衔接和连贯机制, 包括从表层结构入手的语法手段 (照应, 替代, 省略等) 和词汇手段 (复现关系和同现关系) 。语篇的逻辑结构则涉及衔接问题, 语篇语义功能则涉及连贯问题。语言整体性则说明语篇的组织是有规律可循的, 语义上具有连贯和一致的特点。宏观结构即篇章的总结构, 从心理学角度看, 文章的形成总是受特定动机的支配, 所以作者往往会把注意力集中在文章的主要环节。语篇宏观结构的分析就是从表达完整意义的语篇结构入手, 分析句与句之间, 段与段之间的表面衔接, 进而深层次分析它们的语义连贯性。宏观语篇分析的目的在于透过语篇的表层结构, 挖掘隐藏在其后的深层含义, 也即作者的创作意图。语篇分析有利于读者把握文章的主旨, 熟悉各种篇章结构的组织方法。同时, 语篇分析还为语义及语篇的发展模式提供了理论依据。

2) 应用图式理论指导阅读

图式 (schema) 原是心理学的一个概念。图式是输入并存储在大脑中的所有的背景知识。图式理论认为人在接收理解新事物之前要将新事物与已有的储存在大脑中的知识与经历产生联系。图式理论很快引起了认知心理学家和人工智能专家的注意并在外语阅读教学中得以应用。具体到阅读理解, 图式理论认为任何语篇本身没有任何意义, 而仅仅是引导读者应用已有的知识去构建意义的手段。用图式理论来解读阅读强调的就是背景知识的作用, 并把阅读过程看作是读者头脑中的图式和阅读材料双向交流的过程。根据图式理论, 阅读理解首先输入信息, 然后在记忆中搜寻与输入信息向匹配的图式, 当新旧信息发生联系时, 理解便产生了。图式理论对外语学习有很大启示。按照学习者的知识结构, Carrel将图式分为以下三种类型:语言图式 (linguistic schema) , 形式图式 (formal schema) 和内容图式 (content schema) 。语言图式指学习者对语言知识的掌握程度。具体到备考的学生来讲, 大脑中没有足够量的语言图式, 就谈不上对输入语言的解码, 更谈不上理解。形式图式指学习者对各类体裁文章篇章结构的把握。文章体裁多种多样, 说明文, 议论文, 记叙文等, 不同体裁的文章的结构不同。如若读者对各类体裁文章的结构很熟悉, 在阅读时就会迅速抓住文章脉络, 思路清晰, 逻辑缜密, 读起文章来如行云流水般顺畅。内容图式指学习者对文章主题的熟悉程度, 即储存在大脑的相关主题背景知识的了解。语言是文化的载体, 尤其是读地道的英美人士写的东西, 没有储存必备的西方文化背景知识是行不通的。三种图式与阅读材料的语言, 形式及内容相互作用来决定读者对文章的理解程度。对于中国的学生来讲, 首当其冲要培养的是语言图式, 语言图式是开启其他两项图式的钥匙。此外, 内容图式和形式图式也很重要, 内容图式有助于学生根据上下文推测语义, 形式图式有助于学生把握文章宏观脉络, 进而更深刻地理解作者写作意图。同时, 图式理论还能解释困扰学生许久的阅读速度问题。图式理论认为, 阅读速度的快慢不是取决于眼睛, 而是取决于读者短时记忆的处理能力和长时记忆中储存的背景知识, 所以真正意义上的阅读训练在于脑而非眼睛上下功夫。总之, 图式理论不仅具有指导阅读的意义, 还有解决具体问题的意义。

3) 应用词块理论扩大语言记忆单位

词块来源于心理学研究的语块这一概念。心理学家认为人类记忆有意义的内容比记忆零散的信息要容易且持久。传统语言学认为, 语言交际是通过两大部分词汇来实现的, 即可以借助语法规则自由组合的单词和不能用语法规则解释的固定短语。但是, 随着语料库语言学的发展, 语言学家们发现自然话语中的90%都是由介于这两者之间的一些固定或半固定的大于单个单词的单位构成的。 (杨玉晨, 1999:24) 大量语料研究表明, 这些模式化的语言结构以一个整体形式储存在人的大脑中, 是语言交际、语言处理的最小也是最理想的单位, 这种集词汇和语法的特征于一身的单位被不同的研究者从各自不同的研究角度赋予不同的名称, 但笔者偏向于采用Lewis的术语—词块 (lexical chunks) 。简言之, 词块就是事先预制好且被频繁使用的多个词的组合, 这种词汇组合有自己特定的结构和相对稳定的意思, 可整体或稍作改动后作为预制组块供学习者提取和使用。由于对词块定义众说纷纭, 所以词块分类标准也不一。目前在国内比较有影响的是Lewis的分类方法, 他从结构和功能上把词块分为四类:1) 单词和聚合词, 单词指传统意义上的单词, 而聚合词指由一个单词以上的单词构成的“固定搭配”。2) 搭配词, 指较高频率出现的单词的组合。常见的有动词+名词和形容词+名词的搭配, 3) 惯用话语, 也指习语, 是文化色彩很浓厚的一类话语。4) 句子框架和引语, 这类词形式上属于固定或是半固定的, 是典型的书面语。二语学习得研究表明:词块学习在二语学习的过程中起着非常重要的作用。首先, 词块能减轻语言编码和解码的负担, 有利于提高交际的流利度。语言学家通过数据研究表明语言的流利度不是取决于大脑中的词汇量和语法知识的多少, 而是取决于词块量的多少。其次, 能够提高近似本族语的选词能力, 促进语言表达的地道性。再次, 能够增强语用意识, 有利于提高语言使用的得体性。最后, 能够进一步提高词汇记忆的质与量。词块在很大程度上给单词记忆提供了特定的语境。

4 备考中的应对策略

通过应用语言学理论科学深刻地剖析了语言学习的规律, 针对学生在备考中存在的问题, 笔者提出以下几点建设性的意见。

1) 养成良好的阅读习惯。学生在阅读过程中要站在语篇的角度从整体出发把握文章的发展脉络, 还要学会在语言形式中摸索语言所要传达的功能。具体体现如下:首先, 学生在阅读过程中要有语篇的意识, 即不拘泥于语言细节而不可自拔。对于阅读中遇到的生词, 学生要积极调动主观能动性去预测, 并在之后的阅读中不断地修正猜测。其次, 要特别注意句子与句子之间的表面衔接, 有效利用衔接手段进而从逻辑语义上达到整体连贯一致。

2) 不断扩大词汇量, 从深度和广度上提高词汇水平。学生在单词的记忆方面要打破传统的孤立单词记忆法, 而是通过大量阅读不断地提高对词块识别的敏感度, 扩大大脑中词块量的储存。

3) 要善于总结。根据图式理论, 学生要在阅读中不断地总结语言知识, 篇章结构及文化背景, 扩大大脑中的图式内容的丰富性以便今后阅读过程中有效地调动储存在大脑中的图式, 加快对新知识的接收速度。

4) 有针对性的扩大阅读量。考研阅读所选文章涉及的知识面广泛, 涉及自然科学, 人文科学和社会科学等诸多领域。文章来源于英美国家各大报刊杂志, 具有很强的时代性和文化特色。所以在备考中学生可以充分利用母语优势迅速扩大英美国家背景知识积累, 在大量英语阅读中熟悉英语编码的思维模式, 养成英语思维的习惯。

5) 掌握阅读方法和阅读技巧。就阅读方法而言, 笔者建议长期坚持精读和泛读结合的阅读技巧。精读的目的是为了培养学生利用词和句的线索提高阅读解码能力。泛读主要目标是训练在有限时间内获取信息的能力。精读和泛读应该贯穿在整个英语阅读备考的过程中, 精读求质, 泛读讲究量, 在量变到质变的过程中学生在潜移默化中提高阅读能力。

5 结束语

阅读是个复杂的心理过程, 本文通过向学生介绍阅读的理论发展过程, 希望学生在备考的过程中应用最新的阅读理论来指导他们的实践。

参考文献

[1]张金生.图式阅读理论的一次应用[J].解放军外语学院学报, 1996 (3) .

[2]顾晔.论图式理论与阅读教学[J].北京第二外国语学报, 1998 (3) .

英语作文考研复习资料 篇8

考研英语大纲重点扫描

作为选拔研究型人才的国家级考试,考研英语与国内其他英语考试有着明显的不同。它突出了英语的学术性与知识性,淡化了其交际性。在考研大纲中,听力和口语没有被列为考查目标,而进行学术研究必备的阅读、翻译和写作能力,一直都是考查的重点。为了在考研英语初试中取得好成绩,考生应对大纲中的以下几个方面予以重视:

基本能力

人们运用英语的基本能力已被概括为经典的五个字:听、说、读、写、译。在考研初试中,前两项不考,对后面三项的考查力度是逐级递减的:阅读最为主要,其次是写作,再次是翻译,大纲中甚至把翻译列为阅读的一部分。如果我们对这几项再进行分析简化,就可能发现,考研对英语的考查,重点是对词汇和语法的考查。发源于拉丁语解析的经典外语习得理论就把外语学习归结为“记忆单词+训练语法+练习翻译”。虽然新的理论更加强调语言的交流与应用,但在考研英语的考场上,词汇和语法仍是十分重要的。大多数考研英语失败的同学,要么是在词汇与语法上有一项复习不够,成为“跛足巨人”,要么是两样都乏善可陈,最终成为分数的“侏儒”。

思辨能力

考研英语肩负着为国内众多高校选拔研究型人才的重任,它不仅考查语言能力,更考查一个人通过语言,用思辨的眼光去审视问题的能力。考研英语的选材也因此常游走于引起激烈争论的热点话题之间:环境保护主义者是不是反科学?安乐死到底应不应该合法化?在互联网时代如何保证个人信息的安全?讨论这些话题的文章,无论用哪种语言写成,对一个思维浅薄的人都可能造成脑震荡式的冲击。因此从这个角度来说,平时有意识地接触一些热点话题,培养多问几个为什么的意识,对理解考研文章还是有帮助的。

较广泛的背景知识

考研英语所选取的文章纷繁复杂,源头众多,但总体来说,这些文章大多来自西方大学本科生所使用的经典书目以及各种报纸杂志的新闻报道与专栏。最近几年,后一来源得到了命题老师的青睐,Time, Newsweek, Economist等西方著名刊物上的文章经常出现在试卷中。这些文章所涉及的内容极其广泛,从互联网的应用到对未来经济形势的判断,从赌博是否应合法化到环境保护的具体措施,各种在西方社会成为热点的话题在考研英语试卷上悉数登场。大纲这方面的要求,迫使我们保持与时俱进的心态,做到“风声、雨声、读书声,声声入耳;国事、家事、天下事,事事关心”。不过,关于国际政治的问题,考研英语一般是不会选取的。

英语复习规划

现在距离考试还有几个月的时间。这几个月,是复习的黄金阶段,也是复习最紧迫、任务最繁重的时刻。在这时,合理科学地安排时间尤为重要。以下是复习中需注意的几个方面:

考研英语复习的U形曲线

从整体上看,英语在考研各科复习中所占的时间比重,应呈U形分布。这就意味着,在刚开始复习的3~6月份或更早的时候,应把大部分时间投入到英语复习中来。因为政治的大纲尚未揭晓,自己报考的学校和专业也没有完全确定。在这一阶段,词汇与语法是关键,也是基础。等到7~10月份,随着考研政治大纲的明确和自己考研目标的明朗,考生不可避免地会把更多时间投入到政治、数学和专业课的复习中去。这时,英语复习所占的比重会有所下降。但是下降并不意味着放任自流,这个时间比例上的低谷实际上是英语复习的关键点,此时的重点应当是历年真题的细读与研究,同时力争达到这样的效果:真题中没有一个单词是生词;真题中没有一个长句是难句。弄懂真题中所有的选择题四个选项中的三个错项为什么错,正确项为什么正确。从 11月份到次年1月份,随着考试日益临近,考生投入在英语上的时间应该有所增加。这时的复习应是全面的,单词、语法、真题研读、模拟练习,一个都不能少。

模拟训练的量与度

复习考研英语不等同于做模拟题。随着考生们复习思路的科学化,题海战术已经被抛进了历史的垃圾堆。模拟训练只能让考生考研英语的分数锦上添花,而不能雪中送炭。对于四级尚未通过、英语基础薄弱的考生(近年来这样的考生在考研中的比重有增加的趋势),盲目模拟无异于“盲人骑瞎马”,并不能到达理想的彼岸。模拟训练宜少而精,模拟时应该一气呵成,从头到尾全面模拟考试的过程,从而考查自己的时间分配能力和在高强度压力下的耐受力。更为重要的是,在模拟训练结束后,认真地回顾和总结得失是必不可少的。很多人在模拟训练上有“重模拟,轻总结”的倾向,这是极其有害的。我们一般提倡模拟训练与之后的归纳分析至少应该保持1:2的时间比例,即如果用一个小时模拟训练,就应用两个小时分析得失。对于基础薄弱的考生,这个比例还应该加大。

英语学习中的“边际效益递减”原则

英语学习的规律是残酷的。当考生们在英语学习上投入越来越多的时间与精力,一旦过了一个平衡点时,就会沮丧地发现投入的时间精力与所得并不成正比,换言之,所付出的越来越多,而得到的越来越少了。这时,考生们已经触摸到了这一学习阶段的天花板,要想打破它,就需要付出加倍的心血和努力。考研是一项系统工程,英语只是成功的必要而非充分条件。在复习时,考生们千万不能太过着急,把有限的时间精力全都投入到英语复习上,而应该静下心来审时度势,看看自己目前的英语复习到了什么程度。如果对于你要报考的学校和专业来说,你现在的英语水平已经有了八成的把握,那就不要在这方面投入太多精力,而应集中优势兵力,去攻克专业课、政治等其他制高点。无数成功考生的经验证明,在考研中取得最后胜利的人,不一定在某一方面特别优异,但一定在各方面发展都很平衡。

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