小说《1984》（精选3篇）
小说《1984》 篇1
小说《1984》是英国著名作家乔治·奥威尔的代表作之一,自出版以来就被当成一部政治寓言小说由人们广泛阅读。奥威尔在这部作品中虚构了一个国度,人们在其中过着缺失人性的生活。整部小说反映了极权主义统治对人性的压制,显示出奥威尔对人类未来命运的深切担忧。
小说中四个部门的名称本身就是对其工作内容的一个绝妙反讽。主人公温斯顿工作的真理部,其职责在于负责日常篡改、伪造历史,他们把过去改变成统治者希望看到的样子。一方面,这样使得当下与过去相隔绝,个人失去了比较和判断的标准。另一方面,这样又保卫了党的一贯正确性,确保党的预言的准确性。由真理部的工作内容可以看出,极权主义虽然控制思想,但它并没有固定思想,它控制的是变化着的客观事实。从小说中不难发现,极权主义对人们思想的控制,不是体现在不允许人们表达某种思想,而是以一种意识形态来规定人们应该怎么去思、去想。这里,“双重思想”是其控制人们思想的内核所在。双重思想,它要求在一个人的思想中同时保持并且接受两种相互矛盾的认识的能力,如“战争即和平、自由即奴役、无知即力量”的大洋国口号。这样使得思想者形成一种自我欺骗。通过建立的这种意识形态的支配方式,极权主义者运用这种意识形态,把它统治的世界,打造成为了一个虚拟的世界。在极权统治之下,个人思想自由受到了极其严格的限制。例如,小说中有一个“二加二等于几”的问题,对于其结果究竟是四还是五的判断,则是一个政治层面上的问题。在对诸如此类问题的思考当中,个人进行独立思考的自由消失殆尽。因为,“党认为是真理,就是真理”,“除了通过党的眼睛,是不能看到现实的”。这样一来,那些试图对这种极权统治进行反抗、想要拥有自我思考能力的人,必然会遭到残酷地对待。
要达到对思想者进行思想上的控制,必须运用相应的媒介和语言。在小说中,无论是温斯顿工作的大楼里,还是其他人迹罕至之处,几乎到处都安装了电子屏幕和窃听器。人们说话做事稍有不慎,就有落入思想警察手中的可能,甚至还有“脸罪”的可能,可见人们言行被监视到了何种程度。温斯顿和裘莉亚互相爱慕的那些时间里,连“眉目传情”都不可能,他们的幽会只可能在远郊僻静的田园,或是却林顿老头的私人旅馆里(然而事实证明,后者并不安全)。除了电子屏幕和窃听器,小孩、青少年成为“党”最忠实的信徒。他们自小就接受“党”的教育,并训练记忆力以更早更快地接受双重思想。除此之外,恐怖是极权主义统治者手中最大的一张牌,它成为“党”控制思想的最好武器。
这样一来,极权主义作为一种政府形式,它不仅摧毁了人要行动的条件和空间,切断了人与人之间的联系。它还消除了人际界限,摧毁了个人私人生活。派斯顿是个忠厚的为党服务的小老头,用他自己的话说,“即便对党有何不满,也只敢在心里想想”。就是这样一个“只敢在心里想想”的人,也难逃牢狱之灾。其原因在于说梦话不小心泄露了自己内心的秘密,并被自己才几岁的孩子告发。温斯顿在可能会遭老鼠咬得面目全非的恐怖感所侵袭和包围的时候,本能地想要把厄运转嫁给自己的爱人。这不难体现出极权主义对人们的亲情、友情、爱情的破坏、对私人生活空间的摧毁到了无以复加的地步。当人与人之间彼此疏远,当亲情、友情、爱情链条不断被破坏,当个人的情感也受政府控制时,对所谓“老大哥”的崇拜、敬仰之情则会不断加深。
小说中写温斯顿身处牢狱之中的部分尤为精彩。可以看出,恐怖成为了极权主义摧毁世界的现实性以及切断人与人之间联系的最好途径,它极力摧毁人与人之间通过法律构建起来的活动空间。从单个的个体来讲,他们失去了自我判断的能力,失去了一切证明其个体存在的东西。到最后,直至个人丧失自我这一特性成为一种普遍状况,所有人都等同划一。极权主义统治所建构的虚假世界将变成了真正“真实的世界”。极权主义消除了人际间的多元特性,它力图使得万物达到集体同一性。它抹杀了人的个性,使得所有人成为了同一个人,万物同一性的代价就是万物不能与自身认同。《1984》中的温斯顿在被摧残致死之前,终于还是顺从了党的思想统治。从这个角度来讲,我们可以理解为,极权主义统治,实则可以看作是启蒙倒退成神话的表现形态之一。
在这部小说中,奥威尔通过对一个令人窒息、绝望的极权主义社会的描绘,充分表现了极权主义统治之下要实现个人自由的不可能。因为作者本人多次亲身参与战争的经历,对战争、和平、极权、自由等关系人类生活的命题进行了深刻思考。时至今日,《1984》这部小说仍然对世人有着深远的影响,彰显了持久的文学生命力。
参考文献
[1]汉娜·阿伦特.极权主义的起源(第2版[M].林骧华译.三联书店,2014.
[2]乔治·奥威尔.1984[M].董乐山译.上海译文出版社,2010.
小说《1984》 篇2
故事的背景发生在1984年，这是一个三足鼎立的年代，三个超级大国之间不断发生战争，而国内的社会秩序全无，一切进入战时状态，为战争服务。
大洋国的老大哥为了进一步巩固他的统治地位，对民众实行了极端的独裁统治：党的意志高于一切，个人的行为24小时暴露在电幕之下，思想由“思想警察”来监视并且鼓励亲人间互相监视与揭发，篡改历史，建立他国为仇恨目标来统一国内民众思想。这样的结果就是造成了国内大众几乎变成了毫无情感与思想的机器。在这个冰冷的国度里，主人公温斯顿产生了自己想法，对老大哥的个人崇拜主义产生质疑，不满英社党的独裁统治而产生了一系列的斗争。
我国的斗争历史告诉我们“星星之火可以燎原”，那么这本书告诉我们的就是，星星之火同样容易被熄灭。斗争未果，温斯顿经历了英社党对其肉身和精神的再次“洗礼”，这个“星星之火”还是变成了他最不想变成的人，甚至热爱上了老大哥，个人自由最终屈服于独裁主义。
在这样一个思想被束缚，行为被监视，人性被异化的年代，无疑是黑暗且压抑的。在我看来，思想的自由才是自由一词的真谛。一如鲁迅先生所言：有些人死了他还活着，有些人活着他却死了。文中的人几乎都可以称得上是“死了的人”，而唯一“活着”温斯顿也因组织力量过于强大，抗争无效而归于“正统思想”。
从这本书我得到的警醒就是，反对个人崇拜主义，我们需要是思想上的百花齐放，只有不同思想之间的碰撞才能让社会进一步的发展，正如我国近代史的三次思想解放运动，让我国从半殖民半封建社会逐步走向了民主社会，这是思想的进步，也是思想胜利的结晶。
小说《1984》 篇3
While 1984 tells an even more terrible story. A super dictator named Big Brother and his party rule a superpower in the future world. It’s a world of endless war, omnipresent government surveillance and public manipulation, dictated by a political system named English Socialism. There’s no human rights or freedom in the future. The party seeks for absolute power, everything is under control, even one’s mind. Big Brother controls the present so that he can change the past and future.Through Thought Polices, the party can arrest anyone who hate the party and abuse them to “cure” their “mental disease”.
The protagonist of 1984, Winston Smith, is an Outer Party member. He secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother. He had a lover and they even believed in the existence of the Brotherhood, a secret organization that intends to destroy the Party. However, everything was wrong, he was arrested by the Thought Polices, all of his beliefs were destroyed, the only thing he know now is that he loves Big Bother. In this book, we can hardly find any hope.
The two novels have many similarities, especially the social environment and their political systems. Their political systems are both dictatorships. But there are also many differences. The political system in the Animal Farm can be viewed as the early version of the political system in the 1984. With the development of modern technology, the party can use telescreen to monitor everyone. The animal farm’s dictatorship may finally evolve into the one in the 1984. A comparison between the two kind of dictatorship can find some differences and similarities of their ruling methods.
The first similar ruling method is establishing a new ideology. For governors, give the public an ideology to believe in is important. Both the pigs in Animal Farm and the Party in1984 have their ideologies. In Animal Farm, old Major’s theory is named Animalism. While in the 1984, the Oceania also has its own ideology called English Socialism. Ideology’s propaganda combined with terror can indoctrinate people into absolute obedience, gaining mass-based supporters.
The second similarity is changing history, by doing this, people can only see the filtered history. Who controls the past, controls the future; who controls the present, controls the past.Winston’s work is to rewrite the news on the newspaper to erase the true history. Big Brother controls the present, he can easily change the history, the past was erased, the erasure was forgotten, the lie became truth. The data in the telescreen shows that they are enjoying a much better life than fifty years ago, but no one knows what life really was fifty years ago. If a person is “guilty”, he will not only be killed, every evidence that can prove his existence will be erased. The person will evaporate.
In Animal Farm, Napoleon cheats other animals in the same way. He tells them it was him who defeated Mr. Jones. He also rewrites the Seven Commandments written on the wall such as “No animal shall sleep in a bed.” into “No animal shall sleep in a bed with a sheet.” So the other animals allow pigs to sleep on the bed. From then on, more and more commandments were changed by the pigs. The other animals don’t know what is wrong, until the Seven Commandments become one: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.”That means the revolution was finally betrayed by the pigs.
The method of language control is also similar in Animal Farm and 1984. Language is the basis of thoughts. Controlling language means controlling people’s thoughts. Therefore, the rulers use equivocal language to mislead and deceive people. In Animal Farm, only those clever animals can know enough words.As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. It’s easy for pigs to do what they want because other animals don’t know how to refute. In 1984, there’s a more complex projects that aimed at killing the old language and invent a new language called “Newspeak”. Newspeak is the only language in the world whose vocabulary gets smaller every year. The whole aim of new speak is to narrow the range of thought, making thoughtcrime literally impossible. The revolution will be complete when the language is perfect.
In Orwell’s novel language is a weapon, without language, thoughts cannot be spread and shared. The governors like using easy slogans for propaganda. In Animal Farm, there are“The Seven Commandments” for every animal to learn their ideology, animalism. In 1984, the slogans are: WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, and IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH.They are words of opposite meanings. Only those who know doublethink can understand them. The Seven Commandments are painted on the wall, and the party’s slogans can be see everywhere, so they can exist in everyone’s mind.
The last but not least method is creating an enemy. Rulers always create an enemy and distract people’s attention to cover their own guilty and evil intentions. It’s not important who the“enemy” is. Even he does not exist, the rulers can create one.In Animal Farm, the animal’s enemy is Snowball. When the windmill was perished, Napoleon told everyone it was Snowball who destroyed it. The animals then all hate Snowball and became afraid of him. It’s the same in the 1984, Big Brother has an enemy called Emmanuel Goldstein, it is said that he has a group of people called Brotherhood, who want to overthrow the party.Snowball and Emmanuel Goldstein resemble to each other. They are the founder of their farm or the party and then betrayed it.The “enemies” can undertake the responsibility of crimes committed by the dictator.
Although the two political systems are resemble to each other, there are some differences. First one is the international environment, in Animal Farm, there are many enemies around the farm, because human beings are afraid of their animals rising up against them too. While in 1984, all the superpowers own similar ideologies with different names. They all use endless battles to consolidate their regime. To some extent, they rely on each other to exist. Besides, in Animal Farm, animals still have some privacy.In 1984, all belongs to the Party, there is hardly any freedom.
All the ruling methods rely on absolute power. Governors use their power to limit other’s freedom. George Orwell, a socialist, wrote 1984 and Animal Farm to indicate the essence of totalitarianism by literary language. One power system should know its drawbacks and be aware of the dangers. Only in this way can give everyone a peaceful world.
参考文献
[1]Orwell, George.Animal Farm[M].北京十月文艺出版社.
[2]Orwell, George.Nineteen Eighty-four[M].中国宇航出版社.
[3]苏绘泉.《动物庄园》和《1984》中极权统治方式分析[J].绥化学院学报.