中外传统节日中英对照（共4篇）
中外传统节日中英对照 篇1
中外合资企业章程 中英对照
Articles of Association for Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures
目 录
第一章 总则
第二章 宗旨、经营范围
第三章 投资总额和注册资本
第四章 董事会
第五章 经营管理机构
第六章 财务会计
第七章 利润分配
第八章 职工
第九章 工会组织
第十章 期限、终止、清算
第十一章 规章制度
第十二章 适用法律
第十三章 附则
Articles of Association for Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures INDEX
Chapter 1 General Provision
Chapter 2 The Purpose l Scope and Scale of the Business
Chapter 3 Total Amount of Investment and the Registered Capital Chapter 4 The Board of Directors
Chapter 5 Business Management Office Chapter 6 Finance and Accounting Chapter 7 Profit Sharing Chapter 8 Staff and Workers
Chapter 9 The Trade Union Organization
Chapter 10 Duration，Termination and Liquidation of the Jint Venture Company
Chapter 11 Rules and Regulations
Chapter 12 Applicable Law
Chapter 13 Supplementary Articles
第一章 总则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国中外合资企业法》，和中国×公司（以下简称甲方）与×国×××公司）合资经营合同，特制订本合营公司章和。
第二条 合营公司中文名称为：××有限公司
英文名称为：
缩写为：
合营公司的法定地址为：
第三条 甲、乙双方的名称、法定地址为：
甲方：中国×公司，其法定地址为
乙方：×国×××公司，其法定地址为
第四条 合营公司的组织形式为有限责任公司。甲乙方仅以现行或日后修改的本章程规定的各自认缴的出资额对合营公司承担责任。在上述前提下，各方按其认缴的出资额在注册资本中的比例分享利润和分担风险及亏损。
第五条 合营公司为中国法人，受中国法律管辖和保护，其一切活动必遵守中国的法律、法令和有关条例规定。
Chapter 1 General Provision
Article 1
In accordance with the “Law of the People‘s Republic of China on joint Venture UsingChinese and Foreign Investment” and the contract signed on in_________，china，by，×Co.（hereinafter referred to as Party A）。and ×××Co.，Ltd.（hereinafter referred to as Party A），to set up a joint venture，×× Limited Liability Company（hereinafter referred to as joint venturecompany），the Articles of Association hereby is formulated.Article 2
The names of the joint venture company shall be ××Limited Liability Company
Its abbreviation is
The Legal address of the joint venture company is at
Article 3
The names and legal addresses of each parties are as follows：
Party A： × Co.，China，and its legal address is
party B： ××× Co.，Ltd，and its legal address is
article 4
The organization form of joint venture company is a limited liability company.The liabilities of each party to the joint venture company just limits to its contributed capital，which stipulated in the Articles of Association or in the revised afterwards.The profits，risks and losses of the joint venture company shall be shared by the parties in proportion to their contributions of the registered capital.Article 5
The joint venture company has the status of a legal person and is subject to the jurisdiction and protection of Chinese laws concerned.All activities of the joint venture company shall be governed by the laws.decrees and pertinent rules and regulations of the People‘s Republic of China.第二章 宗旨、经营范围
第六条 甲、乙方合资经营的目的是：本着加强经济合作和技术交流的愿望，采用先进而适用的技术和科学的经营管理方法，提高产品质量，发民新产品，并在质量、价格等方面具有国际市场上的竞争能力，提高经济效益，使投资各方获得满意的经济利益。（注：在章程中要根据具体情况写明。）
第七条 合营公司经营范围为：
第八条 合营公司生产规模为：
第九条 合营公司向国内、外市场自行销售其产品，并开展有关的其他服务。合营公司将出口销售和取得外汇收入放在优先地位，以保证合营公司的成功和发展。
Chapter 2 The Purpose，Scope and Scale of the Business
Article 6
The purpose of the parties to the joint venture is in conformity with the wish of enhancing the economic cooperation and technical exchanges，to raise economic results and ensure satisfactory economic benefits for each investor by improving the product quality，developing new products，and gaining competitive position in the world market in quality and price through advanced and appropriate technology and scientific management.Article 7
Business scope of the joint venture company is
Article 8
The production scale of the joint venture company is as follows：
Article 9
The products of the joint venture company will be sold on Chinese market and overseas market and after-sale services will be provided by themselves.In order to pursuing the success and development of the joint venture company，the joint venture company shall give the top priority on export of the products and earning foreign currency.第三章 投资总额和注册资本
第十条 合营公司的投资总额为＿＿＿＿美元
合营公司的投资总额为＿＿＿＿美元
甲方：出资额为＿＿＿＿万美元，占注册资本＿＿＿％
其中：1.厂房设施＿＿＿＿美元
2.机器设备＿＿＿＿美元
乙方：出资额为＿＿＿＿万美元，占注册资本＿＿＿＿％
其中：
第十二条 甲、乙方应按合同规定的期限缴清各自的出资额。
第十三条 甲、乙方缴付出资额后，经合营公司聘请在中国注册的会计师验资，具验资报告后，由合营公司据此发给甲、乙各方出资证明书，确认种自的出资日期及金额。
第十四条 合营期内，合营公司不得减少注册资本数额。任何一方都不得将其在合营公司中认缴出资的任何部份抵押给任何第三方。
第十五条 合营公司注册资本的增加、转让，应由董事会一致通过后，并报原审批机权批准，向原登记机构办理变更登记手续。
Chapter 3 Total Amount of Investment and the Registered Capital
Article 10
The total amount of investment of the joint venture company is V.S.Dollars.The registered capital for the joint venture company is V.S.Dollars.Article 11
Both parties shall contribute the capital as follows：
Party A shall pay accounts for % includes）
2）
Party B shall pay accounts for % includes）Factory site and others： us Dollars；
2）Equipment： us Dollars
Article 12
The amount of the investment in Article 10 shall be paid by Party A and Party B according to the time limit stipulated in the contract.Article 13
After the payment of investment by the parties to the joint venture，a Chinese registered accountant invited by the joint venture company shall verify it and provide a certificate for contributed investment.Thereafter the joint venture company shall issue an investment certificate to confirm the date and amount of the contribution.ArticIe14
Within the term of the joint venture，the joint venture company shall not reduce its registered capital.Neither party shall be allowed to mortgage any part of the investment to the third party.Article 15
Any increase，assignment of the registered capital of the joint venture company shall be approved by the board of directors and submitted to the original examining and approving authority for approval.The registration procedures for changes shall be dealt with at the original registration and administration office.第四章 董事会
第十六条 合营公司设董事会。董事会是合营公司的最高权力机构。
第十七条 董事会决定合营公司的一切重大事宜，下列事宜，董事会应一致通过方可做出决定：
1.合营公司章程和修改；
2.合营公司的中止与解散；
3.合营公司与另一经济组织的合并、兼并与联合；
4.合营公司注册资本的增加与转让；
5.设立合营公司的分支机构；
6.批准合营公司的中长期发展规划；
7.决定合营经营方针和计划；
8.批准财务预算，财务报告和会计报表；
9.决定合营公司利润分配方案；
10.总经理、副总经理的任免；
11.涉及任何一方各合营公司利润冲突的事项。
对以下事项，须出席董事会至少×名董事通过：
1.合营公司流动资金贷款的最高额及有关合营公司资产的购置、租赁、出卖或抵押
等事宜；
2.合营公司的劳动合同和重要的规章制度；
3.审查并批准总经理提出的经营报告；
4.任免由总经理提名报董事会聘任的高级管理人员、决定上述人员的工资和生活福利待遇；
5.按照中国政府的有关规定，制定合营公司职工的福利和工资制度；
6.确定调整合营公司的组织机构；
7.决定合营公司从税后利润中提取储备基金、企业发展基金和职工奖励及福利基金的比例；
8.决定合营公司的保险种类和投保范围；
9.关于董事会对总经理经营权限的授予；
10.决定合营公司职工的住房及各项福利事宜；
11.其它应由董事会决定的事宜。
第十八条 董事会由×名董事组成，其中甲方委派×名，乙方委派×名。董事任期×年，可以连任。甲、乙方在更换董事人选时，应事先书面通各董事会和另一方。
第十九条 董事会会议每年至少召开一次。经×名以上（含×名）董事提议，董事长可以召开董事会临时会议。董事会会议原则上在＿＿＿＿＿举行。
第二十条 董事长应在董事会开会前三十天书面通知各董事，写明会议、时间和地点。董事因故不能出席董事会会议，可出具委托书委托他人代表其出席和表决。如届时未出席祟不委托他人出席，则作为弃权。
第二十一条 出席董事会会议的法定人数为全体董事的四分之三。不够四分之三人数时，其通过的决议无效。会议决录应归档保存，会议记录用中、英文文字书写，并且每个出席会议的董事均应在会议记录上签字。
Chapter 4 The Board of Directors
Article 16
The joint venture company shall establish the board of directors which is the highest authority of the joint venture company.Article 17
The board of directors shall decide all major issues concerning the joint venture company.As for the following issues，unanimous approval shall be required：
l）amending the Articles of Association of the joint venture company ；
2）discussing and deciding the termination and dissolution of the joint venture company；
3）deciding the merger，affiliation and consolidation of the joint venture company with other economic organization；
4）deciding the increase and assignment of the registered capital；
5）deciding to set up branches；
6）ratifying the project of development on medium term and long term；
7）deciding an annual management strategy and plan；
8）ratifying fiscal budget，fiscal report and accounting statement；
9）deciding the plan on annual profits sharing；
l0）inviting and dismissing the general manager and the deputy general managers；
11）settling the disputes between each party to the joint venture and joint venture company.As for other matters，approval by more than_________ directors shall be required.such as；
1）deciding the top line of annual circulating capital and issues on purchasing，leasing and mortgage of assets in the joint venture company；
2）approving.the labor contracts and other important regulations of the joint venture company；
3）examining and approving the annual business report submitted by the general manager；
4）inviting and dismissing the senior administrative personnel who shall be recommended by general manager，and deciding their salary and welfare；
5）deciding the system of salary and welfare for staff and workers in joint venture company in accordance with the relevant regulations of China；
6）defining and adjusting the structure of the joint venture company
7）deciding the proportion of allocation for reserve funds，expansion funds and bonuses from the taxed profits of joint venture company；
8）deciding the types and scope of insurances for joint venture company
9）deciding the scope of authorized power for the general manager；
10）deciding the plan on living houses and other welfare for staff and workers of joint venture company；
11）deciding other matters which shall made decision by the board of directors.Article 18
The board of directors shall consist of directors.of which directors shall be appointed by Party A，by Party B.The term of office for the directors is four years and may be renewed.When appointing and replacing directors，a written notice shall be submitted to the board and the other party.Article 19
The board of directors shall convene at least one meeting every year.The chairman may convene an interim meeting based on a proposal made by more than _______（including）directors.The board meeting will be held in principle in ________.Article 20
The chairman shall give each director a written notice thirty（30）days before the date of the board meeting.The notice shall cover the agenda，time and place of the.Should the directors be unable to attend the board meeting，he may present proxy in written
form to the board.In case the director neither attends nor entrusts others to attend the meeting，he will be regarded as abstention.Article 22
The board meeting requires a quorum of over three quarter of the total number of directors.When the quorum is less than three quarter，the decisions adopted by the board meeting are invalid.Detailed written records shall be made for each board meeting and signed by all the attended directors or by the attended proxy.The record shall be made in Chinese and in English，and shall be filed with the company.第五章 经营管理机构
第二十二条 合营公司设经营管理机构，负责合营公司的日常管理工作。合营公司设总经理一名，副总经理×名总经理、副总理由董事任命，任期×年，经董事会决定可以连任。
第二十三条 合营公司实行董事会领导下的总经理负责制。总经理直接对董事会，执行董事会会议的各项决定。组织领导合营公司的日常生产、技术和经营管理工作。
第二十四条 副董事长、董事经董事会委派可兼任总经理、副总经理或经理助理。
第二十五条 总经理、副总经理除非得到董事会的批准不得参与和本合营公司有商业竟
争的其他经济组织。
第二十六条 总经理、副总经理及其他商级管理人员请求辞职时，应提前向董事会提出书面报告。以上人员如有营私舞弊或严重失职行为的，不能胜任工作的，经董事会决定可随时撤换。
Chapter 5 Business Management Office
Article 22
The joint venture company shall establish a management office which shall be responsible for its daily management.The management office shall have one general manager，deputy general managers.They shall be invited by the board of directors whose term of office is four years and may be renewed by the board of directors.Article 23
The system of job responsibility of the general manager under the board of directors is adopted by the joint venture company.The general manager shall be responsible to the board of directors directly，carry out the decisions of the board of directors and organize the daily
works on production，technology and management of joint venture company.Article 24
At the invitation of the board of directors，the chairman，vice chairman of directors of the board may concurrently be the general manager，deputy general manager and general manager assistant of the joint venture company.Article 25
The general manager or deputy general managers shall not hold positions concurrently as general manager or deputy general manager of other economic organizations on commercial competition with their own joint venture company without the approval of the board of directors.Article 26
The general manager，deputy general managers and other senior administrative personnel who ask for resignation shall submit their written reports to the board of directors in advance.In case any one of the above-mentioned persons conduct graft or serious dereliction of duty，they may be dismissed at any time upon the decision of the board.第六章 财务会计
第二十七条 合营公司的财务会计按照中华人民共和国财政部制定的《中华人民共和国外商投资企业会计制度规定》办理。
第二十八条 合营公司会计采用日历年制，从每年一月一日起至十二月三十一日止为一个会计。一切记账凭证、单据、报表、帐薄，用中文书写。
第二十九条 合营公司应采用人民币为记账的本位货币。人民同其它货币折算，按实际发生之日中华人民共和国外汇管理局公布的汇价计算。
第三十条 合营公司在中银行或中国银行同意的其它银行开立人民币及外币账户，第三十一条 合营公司采用国际通用的权责发生制和借贷记账法记账。
第三十二条 合营公司的财务会计账册应记载如下内容：
1.合营公司所有和现金收入、支出数量；
2.合营公司所有的物资出售及购入情况；
3.合营公司注册资本及负债情况；
4.合营公司注册资本的缴纳时间、增加及转让情况。
第三十三条 合营公司财务部门应在每一个会计头三个月编制上一个会计的资产负债表和损益计算书，经审计师审核签字后，提交董事会会议通过。
第三十四条 合营各方有权自费聘请审计师查阅合营公司账簿。查阅时，合营公司应提供方便。
第三十五条 合营公司按照《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法施行细则》的规定，由董事会决定合营公司固定资产的折旧年限。
第三十六条 合营公司的一切外汇事宜，按照《中华人民共和国外汇管理暂行条例》和有关规定办理。
Chapter 6 finance and Accounting
Article 27
The finance and accounting of the joint venture company shall be handled in accordance with the “Stipulations of the Finance and Accounting System of the Joint Venture Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” which formulated by the Ministry of Finance of the People‘s Republic of China.Article 28
The fiscal year of the joint venture company shall be calendar year from January 1 to December 31.All vouchers，receipts，accounting statements and reports，accounting books shall be written in Chinese and English.Article 29
The joint venture company adopts Renminbi（RMB）as its accounts keeping unit.The conversion of RMB into other currency shall be in accordance with the exchange rate of the converting day published by the State Administration of Foreign Exchange Control of the People‘s Republic of China.Article 30
The joint venture company shall open accounts in RMB and foreign currency with the Band of China or other banks which agreed by the Bank of China.
Article 3l
The accounting of the joint venture company shall adopt the internationally used accrual basis and debit and credit accounting system in their work.Article 32
The accounting books of the joint venture company shall include the following contents：
（1）all amount of income and payment and payment in cash of the joint venture company；
（2）situations concerning sale and purchasing the materials of the joint venture company；
（3）situations concerning registered capital and debt of the joint venture company；
（4）situations concerning and assignment of the registered capital.Article 33
In the first three months of each fiscal year，the manager shall prepare the profits year‘s balance sheet，profit and loss statement and proposal regarding the disposal of profits which should be examined and signed by the auditor，then submit them to the board of directors.Article 34
Parties of the joint venture company have the right to invite an auditor to undertake annual financial check and examination at his own expense.The joint venture company shall provide convenience for the checking and examination.Article 35
The depreciation period for the fixed assets of the joint venture company shall be decided by the board of directors in accordance with the “The Income Tax Law of the People‘s R-public of China for Foreign Investment Enterprises and Foreign Enterprises”
Article 36
All matters concerning foreign exchange shall be handled in accordance with the “provisional Regulations for Exchange Control of the People‘s Republic of China” and other pertaining regulations.第七章 利润分配
第三十七条 合营公司从缴纳所得税后的利润中提取储备基金、企业发展基金和职工奖励及福利基金。每年提取的比例，上董事会根据合营公司经营情况讨论确定。
第三十八条 合营公司依法纳税和提取三项基金后的利润，按照甲、乙方在注册资本中的出资比例进行分配。
第三十九条 合营公司每年分配利润一次，每个会计后三个月内公布前一年利润分配方案及各方应分的利润额。
第四十条 合营公司上一个会计亏损未弥补前不得分配利润。上一个会计未分配的利润，可并入本会计利润分配。
Chapter 7 Profit Sharing
Article 37
The joint venture company shall allocate reserve funds，expansion funds and bonuses welfare funds for staff and workers after payment of taxes.The proportion of allocation shall be decided by the board of directors.Article 38
After paying the taxes in accordance with law and drawing the various funds，the profits in net will be distributed according to the proportion of each party‘s investment in the registered capital.Article 39
The joint venture company shall distribute its profits once a year.The profit distribution plan and amount of profit distributed to each party shall be published within the first three months following each fiscal year.第八章 职工
第四十一条 合营公司员工的招收、招聘、辞退、工资、生活福利、奖惩、劳动保险、劳动保护。劳动纪律等事宜，按照《中华人民共和国外合资经营企业劳动管理规定》及其实施办法和××省（市）的有关规定办理
第四十二条 合营公司有权对违犯合营公司的规章制度和劳动纪律的员工，给予警告、记过、降薪的处分，情节严重，可予以开除。开除职工须报当地劳动部门备案。
第四十三条 中方职工的工资待遇，按照北京市劳动局的规定，根据合营公司具体情况，由董事会确定，并在劳动合同中具体规定。合营公司随着生产的发展，职工业务能力和技术水平的提高，相应提高职工的工资。合营公司中方退休人员的工资按北京市劳动局的规定办理。
第四十四条 合营公司根据中华人民共和国和××省（市）关于职工劳动保护的有关规定，确保职工在正常生产条件下工作。
Chapter 8 Staff and Workers
Article 41
The employment，recruitment，dismissal and resignation of the staff and workers of the joint venture company and their salary，welfare，labor insurance，labor protection，labor discipline and other matters shall be handled according to the “Regulations of the People‘s Re-public of China on Labor Management in Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and its implementation rules，and relevant regulations issued by ×× province（City）。
Article 42
The joint venture company has the right to take disciplinary actions，such as warning，demerit recording and salary reducing against those staff and workers who violate the rules and regulations of the joint venture company and labor disciplines.Those with serious cases
may be dismissed.Discharging of workers shall be filed with the local labor and personnel department.Article 43
The salary treatment of the staff and workers shall be set by the board of directors ac-cording to the specific situation of ________，and the joint venture company，with reference to the regulations issued by the Bureau of Labor of _________，and shall be specified in detail in the labor contract.The salary of the staff and workers shall be increased correspondently with the development of production and the progress of the worker‘s ability and technology.The pensions of the staff and workers who retired from the joint venture company shall be paid ac-cording to the specific regulations issued by the Bureau of Labor of __________.Article 44
The matters concerning the welfare funds，bonuses，labor protection and labor insurance，etc，shall be stipulated respectively in various rules by the joint venture company in accordance with relevant regulations of the People‘s Republic of China and________，to ensure that the staff and workers go in for production and work under normal condition.第九章 工会组织
第四十五条 合营公司职工有权按照《中华人民共和国工会法》的规定，建立工会组织，开展工会活动。
第四十六条 合营公司工会是职工利益的代表，它的任务是：依法维护职工的民主权利和物质利益；协助合营公司安排和合理使用福利、奖励基金；组织职工学习政治、业务、科学、技术、知识，开展文艺、体育活动；教育职工遵守劳动纪律，努力完成合营公司的各项经济任务。
第四十七条 合营公司工会负责人有权列席有关讨论合营公司的发展规划、生产经营活动等问题的董事会会议，反映职工的意见和要求。
第四十八条 合营公司工会参加调解如工和合营公司之间发生的争议。
第四十九条 合营公司每月按合营公司职工实际工资总额的百分之二拨交工会经费。合营公司工会按照中华全国总工会制定的《工会经费管理办法》使用工会经费。
Chapter 9 The Trade Union Organization
Article 45
The staff and workers of joint venture company have the right to establish trade union organization and carry out activities in accordance with the stipulation of the “Trade Union Law of the people‘s Republic of China”。
Article 46
The trade union in the joint venture company is the representative of the interests of the staff and workers.The tasks of the trade union are： to protect the democratic rights and material interests of the staff and workers pursuant to the law； to assist the joint venture company to arrange and make rational use of welfare funds and bonuses； to organize political，professional，scientific and technical studies，to carry out literary，art and sports activities； and to educate staff and workers to observe labor discipline and strive to fulfill the economic tasks of the joint venture company.Article 47
The persons in charge of the trade union of the joint venture company has the right to attend as nonvoting members and to report the opinions and demands of staff and workers to meetings of the board of directors held to discuss issues such as development plans，production and managing activities of the joint venture company.Article 48
The trade union shall take part in the mediation of disputes arising between the staff and workers and the joint venture company.Article 49
The joint venture company shall allot an amount of money totally 2% of all the salaries of the staff and workers of the joint venture company as trade union‘s funds which shall be used by the trade union in accordance with the “Managerial Rules for the Trade Union Funds” formulated by the All China Federation of Trade Union.第十章 期限、终止、清算
第五十条 合营期限为 年。自营业执照签发之日起计算。
如经双方同意，董事会会议一致通过，可以在合营公司期满前六个月，向原审批机构申请延长合营公司期限。
第五十一条 甲，乙方如一致认为终止合营符合各方最大利益时，可提前终止合营。但应在终止前九十天经董事会会议决定，并报原审批机构批准。
第五十二条 发生下列情况这一时，甲、乙任何一方有权依法终止合营。
1.合营公司期限届满；
2.合营公司严重亏损，天力继续经营；
3.由于不可抗力造成严重损失，以致无力继续经营；
4.双方中任何一方无力或不能履行本合同和章程所规定的义务，致使合营公司无法继续
经营；
5.合营公司未达到预计的经营目的，同时已无发展前途。
第五十三条 合营期满或提前终止合营时，董事会应提出清算程序、原则和清算委员会人选，组成清算委员会，对合营公司财产进行清算。
第五十四条 清算委员会任务是对合营公司的财产、债权、债务进行全面清查，编制资产负债表和财产目录，制定清算方案，提请董事会通过后执行。
第五十五条 清算委员会对合营公司的债务全部清偿后，其剩余的财产按甲、乙方在注册资本中的出资比例进行分配。
第五十六条 清算结束后，合营公司应向审批机构提出报告，并向原登记机构办理注销登记手续，缴回营业执照，同时对外公告。
第五十七条 合营公司结业后，其各种账册，由甲方保存。
Chapter 10 Duration，Termination and Liquidation of the Joint Venture
Article 50
The duration of the joint venture company is ___________ years.The establishment of the joint venture company shall start from the date on which the business license of the joint venture company is issued.An application for the extension of the duration.proposed by one party and unanimously approved by the board of directors，shall be submitted to the original examining and approving authority 6 months prior to the expiry date of the joint venture.Article 51
With the agreement between both parties on the termination which should be pursuing the best benefits for the parties，the joint venture will be terminated.In this case，the decision for the termination shall be made by the board meeting 90 days before the date of termination of the joint venture，and be submitted to the original examining and approving authority.Article52
When the following situations happened，either party have right to terminate the joint venture：
1）expiration of the duration of the joint venture company；
2）inability to continue operations due to heavy losses；
3）inability to continue operations due to heavy losses caused by the Force Majeure；
4）inability to continue operations due to the failure of the party to fulfill its obligations prescribed in the contract and the Articles of Association；
5）failure to obtain the desired objectives of the operation and no prospects for the future development of the joint venture company.Article 53
Upon the expiration of the duration or termination of the joint venture company，the board of directors shall work out procedures and principles for the liquidation，nominate candidates for the liquidation committee for liquidating the assets of the joint venture company.Article 54
The task of the liquidation committee are： to conduct through check of the property of the joint venture company，its claims and indebtedness； to work out the statement of assets and liabilities and list of property； to formulate a liquidation plan.All these shall be carried out upon the approval of the board of directors.Article 55
The remaining property after the clearance of debts of the joint venture company shall be carried out upon the approval of the board of directors.Article 56
On completion of the liquidation，the joint venture company shall submit a liquidation report to the original examining and approving authority，go through the formalities for nullifying its registration in the original registration office and hand in its business license，at the same time，make an announcement to the public.Article 57
After winding up of the joint venture company，its accounting books shall be left in the care of Party A.第十一章 规章制度
第五十八条 合营公司董事会制定的规章制度有：
1.经营管理制度（包括所属各个管理部门的职责与工作程序）；
2.职工守则；
3.劳动工资制度；
4.职工考勤、升级与奖惩制度；
5.职工福利制度；
6.财务制度；
7.其它必要的规章制度。
Chapter 11 Regulations
Article 58
Following are the rules and regulations formulated by the board of directors of the joint venture company：
1）Management regulations，including the powers and functions of the managerial branches and its working rules and procedures；
2）Rules for the staff and workers；
3）System of labor and salary；
4）System of work attendance record，promotion and awards and penalty for the staff and workers；
5）Detailed rules of staff and worker‘s welfare；
6）Financial system；
7）Liquidation procedures upon the dissolution of the joint venture company；
8）Other necessary rules and regulations.第十二章 适用法律
第五十九条 本章程的订立、效力、解释、履行均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
Chapter l2 Applicable Law
Article 59
The formation of this contract，its validity，interpretation，execution and settlement of the disputes shall be governed by the relevant laws of the People‘s Republic of china.第十三章 附则
第六十条 本章程的修改。必须经董事会会议一致通过决议，并报原审批机构批准。
第六十一条 本章程用中文和英文书写，两种文本具有同等效力。上述两种文本如有不符，以中文本为准。
第六十二条 本章程须经中华人民共和国对外经济贸易委员会批准才能行效。
第六十三条 本章程于××年×月×日由甲、乙双方的授权代表在中国北京签字。
中国×公司 ×国×××公司
代表签字： 代表签字：
职务： 职务：
年 月 日
Chapter 13 Supplementary Articles
Article 60
The amendment to the Articles of Association shall be unanimously agreed and decided by the board of directors and submitted to the original examining and approving authority for approval.Article 61
The contract shall be written in Chinese and in English.Both languages are equally authentic.In events of any discrepancy between the two aforementioned versions，the Chinese version shall prevail.Article 62
The Articles of Association shall come into effect upon the approval by People‘s Republic China.The same applies ×× Economic Relation and Trade Commission，in the events of amendments.Article 63
The Articles of Association is signed in province（city）China by the authorized representatives of both parties on DD/MM/YY
Representative signature：
Position：
Date：
中英文对照 篇2
随着人们对低油耗、低废气排放、发动机低噪声的需求越来越大，对发动机和燃油喷射系统的要求也越来也高。对柴油发动机燃油喷射系统提出的要求也在不断增加。更高的压力、更快的开关时间，以及根据发动机工况修订的可变的流量速率曲线，已经使得柴油发动机具有良好的经济性、低污染、高动力性，因此柴油发动机甚至进入了豪华高性能轿车领域。达到这些需求的前提是拥有一个可以精确雾化燃油并具有高喷油压力的燃油喷射系统。同时，喷油量必须精确计算，燃油流量速率曲线必须有精确的计算模型，预喷射和二次喷射必须能够完成。一个可以达到以上需求的系统即共轨燃油喷射系统。
共轨系统包括以下几个主要的部分： ①低压部分，包含燃油共轨系统组件。
②高压系统，包含高压泵、油轨、喷油器和高压油管等组件。
电控柴油机系统EDC主要由系统模块，如传感器、电子控制单元和执行机构组成。共轨系统的主要部分即喷油器。它们拥有一个可以快速开关喷嘴的执行阀(电磁阀或压电触发器)，这就允许对每个气缸的喷射进行控制。
所有的喷油器都由一个共同的油轨提供燃油，这就是“共轨”的由来。在共轨燃油喷射系统中，燃油喷射和压力的产生是分开的。喷油压力的产生与发动机转速和喷油量无关。EDC控制每个组件。
(1)压力产生。
燃油喷射和压力的产生是通过蓄能器分离开来。将具有压力的燃油提供给为喷射做好准备的共轨系统的蓄能器。
由发动机驱动的连续运转的高压泵提供所需喷油的压力。无论发动机的转速高低，还是燃油喷射量的多少，油轨中的压力均维持在一定值。由于几乎一致的喷油方式，高压泵的设计可以小的多，而且它的驱动转矩可以比传统燃油喷射系统低，这源于高压泵的负载很小。
高压泵是径向活塞泵，在商用车上有时会使用内嵌式喷油泵。(2)压力控制
所应用的压力控制方法主要取决于系统。
一种控制油轨压力的方式是通过一个压力控制阀对高压侧进行控制。不需喷射的燃油通过压力控制阀流回到低压回路。这种控制回路允许油轨压力对不同工况(如负载变化时)迅速做出反应。
在第一批共轨系统中采用了对高压侧的控制。压力控制阀安装在燃油轨道上更可取，但是在一些应用中，它被直接安装在高压泵中。
另一种控制轨道压力的方式是进口端控制燃油供给。安装在高压泵的法兰上的计量单元保证了泵提供给油轨精确的燃油量，以维持系统所需要的喷油压力。
发生故障时，压力安全阀防止油轨压力超过最大值。
在进口端对燃油供给的控制减少了高压燃油的用量，降低了泵的输入功率。这对燃油消耗起到积极的作用。同时，流回油箱的燃油温度与传统高压侧控制的方法相比得到了降低。
双执行器系统也是一种控制轨道压力的方式，它通过计算单元对压力进行控制，并且通过压力控制阀对高压端进行控制，因此同时具备高压侧控制与进口端燃料供给控制的优势。
(3)燃油喷射
喷油器直接将燃料喷到发动机的燃烧室。它们由与燃油轨道直接相连的短高压油轨提供燃油。发动机的控制单元通过与喷油器结合在一起的控制阀的开闭控制喷油嘴的开关。
喷油器的开启时间和系统油压决定了燃油供给量。在恒压状态下，燃油供给量与电磁阀的开启时间成正比，因此与发动机或油泵的转速(以时间为计量的燃油喷射)无关。
(4)液压辅助动力
与传统燃油喷射系统相比，将压力的产生与燃油的喷射分离开来，有利于燃烧室的充分燃烧。燃油喷射压力在系统中基本可以自主选择。目前最高燃油压力为1600巴，将来会达到1800巴。
共轨系统通过引入预喷射或多次喷射可以进一步减少废气排放，也能明显降低燃烧噪声。通过多次触发高速转换阀的开闭可以在每个喷射周期内实现多达5次的喷射。喷油针阀的开闭动作是液压辅助元件助力的，以保证喷射结束的快速性。
(5)控制和调节
发动机的控制单元通过传感器检测加速踏板的位置以及发动机和车辆的当前工况。采集到的数据包括：
① 曲轴转速和转角； ② 燃油轨道的压力； ③ 进气压力；
④ 进气温度、冷却液温度和燃油温度； ⑤ 进气量； ⑥ 车速等。
电控单元处理输入信号。与燃烧同步，电控单元计算施加给压力控制阀或计算模块、喷油器和其他执行机构(如EGR阀，废气涡轮增压器)的触发信号。
喷油器的开关时间应很短，采用优化的高压开关阀和专业的控制系统即可实现。
根据曲轴和凸轮轴传感器的数据，对照发动机状态(时间控制)，角度/时间系统调节喷油正时。电控柴油机系统(EDC)可以实现对燃油喷射量的精确计算。此外，EDC还拥有额外的功能以进一步提高发动机的响应特性和便利性。
其基本功能包括对柴油燃油喷射正时的精确控制，和在给定压力下对油量的控制。这样，它们就保证了柴油发动机具有能耗低、运行平稳的特点。
其他开环和闭环控制功能用于减少废气排放和燃油消耗，或提供附加的可靠性和便利性，具体例子有：
① 废气在循环控制； ② 增压控制； ③ 巡航控制；
④ 电子防盗控制系统等。(6)控制单元结构。
由于发动机控制单元通常最多有8个喷油器输出口，所以超过八缸的发动机需要两个控制单元。它们通过内置高速CAN网络的“主/从”接口进行连接，因此也拥有较高的微控制器处理能力。一些功能被 分配给某个特定的控制单元(如燃料平衡控制)，其功能根据需求情况(如检测传感器信号)可以动态地分配给一个或多个控制单元。
The Common Rail Calls for lower fuel consumption, reduced exhaust-gas emission, and quiet engines are making greater demands on the engine and fuel-injection system.The demands placed on diesel-engine fuel-injection systems are continuously increasing.Higher pressures, faster switching times, and a variable rate-of-discharge curve modified to the engine operating state have made the diesel engine economical, clean, and powerful.As a result, diesel engines have even entered the realm of luxury-performance sedans.These demands can only be met by a fuel-injection pressure.At the same time the injected fuel quantity must be very precisely metered, and the rate-of-discharge curve must have an exact shape, and pre-injection and secondary injection must be performable.A system that meets these demands is the common-rail fuel-injection system.The main advantage of the common-rail system is its ability to vary injection pressure and timing over a broad scale.This was achieved by separating pressure generation(in the high-pressure pump)from the fuel-injection system(injection).The rail here acts as a pressure accumulator.Principle of the Common Rail The common-rail system consists of the following main component groups: ① The low-pressure stage, comprising the fuel-supply system components;② The high-pressure system, comprising components such as the high-pressure pump, fuel-rail, injector, and high-pressure fuel lines.The electronic diesel control(EDC), consisting of system modules, such as sensors, the electronic control unit, and actuators.The key components of the common-rail system are the injectors.They are fitted with a rapid-action valve(solenoid valve or piezo-triggered actuator)which opens and closes the nozzle.This permits control of the injection process for each cylinder.All the injectors are fed by a common fuel rail, this being the origin of the term “common rail”.In the common-rail fuel-injection system, the function of pressure generation and fuel injection are separate.The injection pressure is generated independent of the engine speed and the injected fuel quantity.The electronic diesel control(EDC)controls each of the components.(1)Pressure Generation.Pressure generation and fuel injection are separated by means of an accumulator volume.Fuel under pressure is supplied to the accumulator volume of the common
rail ready for injection.A continuously operating high-pressure pump driven by the engine produces the desired injection pressure.Pressure in the fuel rail is maintained irrespective of engine speed or injected fuel quantity.Owing to the almost uniform injection pattern, the high-pressure pump design can be much smaller and its drive-system torque can be lower than conventional fuel-injection systems.This results in a much lower load on the pump drive.The high-pressure pump is a radial-piston pump.On commercial vehicles, an in-line fuel-injection pump is sometimes fitted.(2)Pressure Control The pressure control method applied is largely dependent on the system.One way of controlling rail pressure is to control the high-pressure side by a pressure-control valve.Fuel not required for injection flows back to the low-pressure circuit via the pressure-control valve.This type of control loop allows rail pressure to react rapidly to changes in operating point(e.g.in the event of load changes).Control on the high-pressure side was adopted on the first common-rail systems.The pressure-control valve is mounted preferably on the fuel rail.In some applications, however, it is mounted directly on the high-pressure pump.Another way of controlling rail pressure is to control fuel delivery on the suction side.The metering unit flanged on the high-pressure pump makes sure that the pump delivers exactly the right quantity of fuel rail in order to maintain the injection pressure required by the system.In a fault situation, the pressure-relief valve prevents rail pressure from exceeding a maximum.Fuel-delivery control on the suction side reduces the quantity of fuel under high pressure and lowers the power input of the pump.This has a positive impact on fuel consumption.At the same time, the temperature of the fuel flowing back to the fuel tank is reduced in contrast to the control method on the high-pressure side.The two-actuator system is also a way of controlling rail pressure, which combines pressure control on the suction side via the metering unit and control on the high-pressure side via the pressure-control valve, thus marrying the advantages of high-pressure-side control and suction-side fuel-delivery control.(3)Fuel Injection.The injectors spray fuel directly into the engine’s combustion chambers.They are supplied by short high-pressure fuel lines connected to the fuel rail.The engine control unit controls the switching valve integrated in the injector to open and close
the injector nozzle.The injector opening times and system pressure determine the quantity of fuel delivered.At a constant pressure, the fuel quantity delivered is proportional to the switching time of the solenoid valve.This is, therefore, independent of engine or pump speed(time-based fuel injection).(4)Potential Hydraulic Power.Separating the functions of pressure generation and fuel injection opens up future degrees of freedom in the combustion process compared with conventional fuel-injection systems;the injection pressure at pressure at present is 160 MPa;in future this will rise to 180 MPa.The common-rail system allows a future reduction in exhaust-gas emissions by introducing pre-injection events or multiple injection events and also attenuating combustion noise significantly.Multiple injection events of up to five per injection cycle can be generated by triggering the highly rapid-action switching valve several times.The nozzle-needle closing action is hydraulically assisted to ensure that the end of injection is rapid.(5)Control and Regulation.The engine control unit detects the accelerator-pedal position and the current operating states of the engine and vehicle by means of sensors.The data collected includes:
① Crankshaft speed and angle;② Fuel-rail pressure;③ Charge-air pressure:
④ Intake air, coolant temperature, and fuel temperature: ⑤ Air-mass intake: ⑥ Road speed, etc.The electronic control unit evaluates the input signals.In sync with combustion, it calculates the triggering signals for the pressure-control valve or the metering unit, the injectors, and the other actuators(e.g.the EGR valve, exhaust-gas turbocharger actuators, etc.).The injector switching times, which need to be short, are achievable using the optimized high-pressure switching valves and a special control system.The angle/time system compares injection timing, based on data from the crankshaft and camshaft sensors, with the engine state(time control).The electronic diesel control(EDC)permits a precise metering of the injected fuel quantity.In
addition, EDC offers the potential for additional functions that can improve engine response and convenience.The basic functions involve the precise control of diesel-fuel injection timing and fuel quantity at the reference pressure.In this way, they ensure that the diesel engine has low consumption and smooth running characteristics.Additional open-and close-loop control functions perform the tasks of reducing exhaust-gas emissions and fuel consumption, or providing added safely and convenience.Some examples are:
① Control of exhaust-gas recirculation;② Boost-pressure control;③ Cruise control;
中英对照 篇3
Whether the administrative subject has to give the reasons why making negative administrative decision on administrative counterpart, which appears accompany with the development of democracy and the rule of law.The administrative procedure law in France, Germany, the United States, Japan, Taiwan and Macao of china has relative regulations, and giving the reasons has become an important system in administrative procedure system.When the administrative subject takes administrative actions that will impact the rights and obligations of the administrative counterpart, it should explain to the administrative counterpart the fact and foundation and the law, on which it take the action, also it should explain the public interests, social habits, policy considerations and other factors that it has to take into account when make discretions.on one hand, this is conductive to standardize the administrative subject to execute administrative power according to the law, and guarantee the administrative legality and rationality, reduce administrative arbitrariness and abuse of administrative power;on the other hand, to inform the administrative decision basis of facts, law and discretion factors to the administrative counterpart could enhance the understanding and recognition of the decisions for the administrative counterpart.Besides, if the administrative counterpart doesn’t accept the decisions, could according to the foundations and reasons of the administrative decisions seek for legal redress to protect his/her legal interests.This report base on the reasons explanation system to summarize the characteristics and existing problems of the persuasive administrative penalties notifications in our country’s industrial and commercial systems, and make suggestions on how to improve it, in order to make the administrative decision be applicable to administrative penalty, administrative compulsory enforcement and other executive fields, to enhance the rationality and legitimacy of the administrative decision, effectively regulate the use of the administrative power, protect the legal rights and interests of the citizens.本文分为五部分：
The report has five parts:
引言部分简单介绍我国学界关于行政程序中说明理由制度的研究概况，说明当前关于说明理由制度研究重心和热点问题。
The brief introduce the general situation of the study of the reasons explanation system in administrative procedure of our law circles, and illustrates the focus and hot issues in current study of the reasons explanation system.第一部分为全文概述，简要介绍选题依据和来源，从宪政角度分析行政决定的说理性理论基
础，并从行政机关、行政相对人和受理争议机关复审三方面分析行政决定说理性的价值所在。第二部分着重研究我国工商系统推行的说理式行政处罚决定书案例，总结工商系统说理式行政处罚决定书的特点及存在的问题。
The first part is the general overview of the report, give a brief introduction to the basis and resource of the selection of the topic, analyze the rationality theory foundation of the administrative decision from the constitutional perspective, and analyze the value of the administrative decision rationality from the administrative organ, the administrative counterpart and the request of the controversy dispute acceptance organ.Part two focuses on the study of the cases on the persuasive administrative penalty notification pushed by our country’s industrial and commercial system, and summarize the characteristics and existing problems of the persuasive administrative penalties notifications in our country’s industrial and commercial systems.第三部分对我国目前关于行政决定说理性的立法规范进行分析，指出当前我国相关立法存在的缺陷和问题。
物流中英对照总结 篇4
1、第三方物流（3PL）：Third party logistics 【也有人将其称为合同物流～Contract Logistics 】资源型
2、实物配送（PD)：Physical Distribution
3、物流模数（LM): Logistics Modulus
4、流通技术（DT): Distribution Technics
5、美国物流管理协会（CLM): The Council of Logistics Management
6、军事后勤：Logistics
7、后勤管理： Logistics Management
8、后勤工程：Logistics Engineering
9、后勤分配：Logistics of Distribution
10、柔性制造系统（FMS): Flexible Manufacturing System
11、计算机集成制造系统（CIMS): Computer Integrated Manufacturing System
12、敏捷制造（AM): Agile Manufacturing
13、资源计划（ERP): Enterprise Resource Planning
14、大量定制化（MC):Mass Customization
15、供应链（SC)：Supply Chain
16、客户驱动：Consumer-driven
17、附加价值链：Value Chain
18、需求连：Demand Chain
19、供需连：Supply and Demand Chain 20、协调供应链：Coordinated Supply Chain
21、核心竞争力联盟：Core Competence Alliance
22、竞争力外取策略：Out-competence Tactics
23、供应链之间的竞争：Supply Chain Competition
24、供应链联盟：Supply Chain Management
25、战略联盟：Strategy Alliance
26、企业与企业之间的竞争：Corporate Competition
27、物料需求计划（MRP）：Material Requirement Planning
28、中央分发中心（CDC): Distribution Center Built by Catalogue Saler
29、多个区域物流中心（RDC): Region Distribution Center 30、前端物流中心（FDC): Front Distribution Center
31、企业性：Corporate Level
32、经营性：Business Level
33、职能性：Functional Level
34、批发商：Wholesale Distributor
35、集合商：Consolidator
36、团队销售：Team Selling
37、成本领先：Cost Leadership
38、专业化（集中性）：Focus
39、差异化: Differentiation
40、业务流程重组（BPR): Business Process Reengineering
41、SWOT: S-优势（strength）W-劣势（weakness）O-机会（opportunity）T-威胁（threats）
42、数字化备货（DP): Digital Packing
43、标准图形客户界面（GUI): Graphical User Interface
44、分销需求计划（DRP)：Distribution Requirement Planning
45、及时制生产物流管理（JIT): Just In Time 46、3S1L: 速度-speed
安全-safety
可靠-surely
低费用-low
47、流转中心（TC)：Transfer Center
48、配送中心（DC)： Distribution Center
49、储存中心（SC): Stock Center 50、流通加工中心（PC)：Process Center
51、电子商务（EC): Electronic Commerce（EB): Electronic Business
52、电子数据交换（EDI): Electronic Data Interchange
53、联合国经济合作和发展组织～OECD
54、联合国国际贸易法律委员会～UNITRAL
55、国际标准化组织～ISO
56、增值网络（VAN): Value-added Area Network
57、地理信息系统～GIS
全球卫星定位～GPS
条形码（技术）～Barcode（Technology）
外包～Outsourcing
客户关系管理～CRM
企业信息门户～EIP
58、资源型～Asset-based
非资源型～Non-asset-based 59、7R: 恰当的时间～Right Time
恰当的地点～Right Place 恰当的 条件～Right Condition
恰当的产品或服务～Right Product or Service
恰当的方式～Right Way
恰当的成本～Right Cost
恰当的客户～Right Customer 60、净收益～Net Revenue
收入～Gross Revenue
储存单位（SKU)～Stock Keeping Unit
61、第四方物流（4PL): Fourth party logistics 62、仓库管理系统技术（WMS): Ware Management System
无线通信技术（RF): Radio Frenquency
信息系统（IS): Information System