对比练习

2024-06-20

对比练习（精选5篇）

对比练习篇1

1. The bridge _______ last year cost us 1 million dollars.

The building _______ now will be our school.

The building _______ next year will be on theother side of the street.

A. build B. being built C. built D. to be built

2. Is this school _______ you visited last week?

Is this the school _____ you visited last week?

Is this school ______ you work now?

Is this the school ______ you work now?

A. the one B. the one where

C. where D. that

3. ______ the key to the door, he looked veryworried.

______ in thought, he almost ran into the tree before him.

A. Lose B. Having been lost

C. Losing D. Lost

4. I remember _____ the light. You see, it’s dark.

Remember____ the light in order to save electricity

A. to turn off B. turning off

C. turned off D. turn off

5. ______ we all know, China is a great country with a long history.

The sports meeting is put off, _______ is whawe want.

A. Which B. which C. As D. as

6. _______ that he was wrong, he said sorry tous.

_______from the top of the mountain, the city looks more beautiful.

______ the mountain clearly, he fi nd a telescope.

A. See B. Seen C. Seeing D. To see

7. I would rather stay at home ______ going to the cinema.

I didn’t go to the cinema, ______, I stayed at home.

A. instead B. instead of

8. He was arrested _______ what he has stolen from the bank.

He came to school late ______ he didn’t catch the fi rst bus.

It must have rained last night, _______ the ground is wet.

A. because B. because of C. for D. since

9. He was lazy, ______, he did not pass the exam.

He succeeded ______ his hard work.

A. as a result B. as a result of

10. ______ on the top of the hill, and you will see the while city.

______on the top of the hill, you will see the while city.

A. Stand B. Standing

11. You had better speak slowly and clearly to make yourself ______.

You had better speak slowly and clearly to make all of us ______.

A. understand B. understood

12. Jean is _______ a good teacher _______ all of the students respect her.

Jean is _______ a good teacher _______ all of the students respect.

A. such; as B. such; that

C. so; as D. so; that

13._______many times, he still couldn’t makehimself understand.

_______many times, but he still can’t makehimself understand.

A. He has been told B. Having told

C. Having been told D. Tell

14. I will never forget the best days ________ we spent together in the _________ countryside.

I will never forget the days _______ we live together in the countryside.

Oct.1, 1949, ______ is very special for the Chinese people, will be remembered by all of us.

A. which B. that C. when D. then

15.______ he said so made the teacher angry.

______ he said made the teacher angry.

A. That B. Which C. What D. Whether

16. There was a sudden lightning, ______ by a terrible thunder

There was a silence ______ the terrible noise.

A. follow B. following

C. to follow D. followed

17. _____ is known to us that our school football team has won the match.

_____ is known to us, our school football team has won the match.

____ is known to us is that our school football team has won the match.

A. What B. It C. Which D. As

18. There are 60 people in my classroom, ______the teacher.

There are 60 people in my classroom, the teacher ________.

A. including B. included

19. This is our teaching building, in front of______ there is a big playground.

This is our teaching building and in front o______ there is a big playground

A. that B. which C. it D. this

20. He wants ________ his watch because it doesn’t work.

His watch wants ______ because it doesn’t work

A. repair B. repairing

C. to repair D. repaired

21. If you are busy, have your brother _____ it for you.

You had better have your letter ________if you can’t do it

His teacher had him _______ the new words all day because he can’t remember them.

I have an important letter _____today.

A. to write B. writing C. written D. write

22. There is a colour TV in my house and I like ______ very much..

I don’t have a TV.I will buy ______this year.

The TV in your classroom is bigger than _______in ours.

A. one B. it C. that D. this

23. He saw the headmaster ______at the back of the classroom when he entered.

This plane can _______ 200 people.

A. seat B. seated C. seating D. to seat

24. He ______a girl with a lot of money.

He has been _____to a girl for two years.

A. marry B. marries C. married D. to marry

25. He is used to _______in the countryside.

We used to ______together when we are young.

A. living B. live

26. There was much time left, you ______ much.

There is much time left, you ______ much.

A. needn’t hurry B. didn’t hurry

C. needn’t have hurried D. can’t hurry

27. My brother likes to live in the room _______windows facing the sea.

My brother likes to live in the room _______windows face the sea.

A. whose B. its C. with D. and

28. It was 7 _____ they arrived in Tokyo.

It was at 7 _____ they arrived in Tokyo.

A. when B. that C. which D. what

29. Which is _____ larger country, America or China?

Which is _____ larger, America or China?

A. the B. a C. very D. /

30. Who would you like to _____ there with you, Rose or Mike?

Who would like to _____ there with you, Roseor Mike?

A. go B. to go C. have go D. have gone

31. My friends asked me ______ I was getting onwith my classmates.

My friends asked me ______ I was getting on well with my classmates

A. if B. how C. what D. it

32. If he goes to school by bus, ______.

He goes to school by bus, ______.

A. so I do B. so do I C. so will I D. so I will

33. He’s getting better, so ________ is no need to send for a doctor.

He’s getting better, so ______ is unnecessary to send for a doctor

A. that B. it C. there D. which

34. — May I go and play with Tom this afternoon, Mom?

— No, you cannot go out _____ your work is being done.

— May I go and play with Tom this afternoon, Mom?

— No, you cannot go out ______ your work has been done

A. whether B. until C .as D. with

35. I will go to Beijing this weekend. Do you have anything ______ to your son?

You will go to Beijing this weekend. Do you have anything ______ to your son?

A. take B. to take C. to be taken D. taken

36. He dislikes to play the violin and _____.

He doesn’t like to play the violin and ______.

A. so do I B. so I do C. nor do I D. nor I do

37. They ought to have attended the meeting, forthey ______several times of it.

They ought to attend the meeting, for they ______several times of it.

A. have been invited B. had been invited

C. have been informed D. had been informed

38. There were so many beautiful things that it was hard _____.

There were so many beautiful things that they were hard _____.

A. choosing B. choosing from

C. to choose D. to choose from

39. In the two years’ time, they _____ on the project.

In two years’ time, they _____on the project.

In the past two years, they ______on the project.

A. have worked B. will work

C. worked D. had worked

40. — How would you like your coffee?

— _______.

— How do you like your coffee?

— _______.

A. It’s well done B. The stronger, the better

C. One cup; that’s enough D. Very well

41. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, ____ I will always treasure.

Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment ____ I will always treasure.

A. that B. one C. it D. what

42. ______ he will return to his native land.

______ he returns to his native land.

A. It is long before that

B. It is before long that

C. It won’t be long before

D. It will be long before that

43. We hadn’t been out for long ___ she felt sick.

We were not out for long ___ she felt sick.

A. when B. as C. while D. after

44. Jenny _____ here on time this time.

Jenny _____ here on time this time.

A. come B. came C. comes D. was coming

45. The secretary worked late into the night, ______a long speech for the president.

The secretary worked late into the night ______a long speech for the president.

A. prepared B. preparing

C. to prepare D. was preparing

46. We all _____ Liu Hua, our monitor.

We all _____ Liu Hua our monitor

A. helped B. thought C. wanted D. elected

47. He said nothing _____ made her angry.

He said nothing, _____ made her angry

A. what B. that C. which D. as

48. Hard work results ______success.

Success results ______hard work.

A. in B. from

49. We go to school ________ except Sunday.

In order to improve your spoken English, you should practice _____ English.

A. every day B. everyday

50. He usually goes to school at 7 ____ the morning.

He came to school late ____ a rainy morning.

A. on B. in

51. Would you mind if I _____ here?

Do you mind if I ______ here?

Do you mind my _____here?

A. smoke B. smoking

C. smoked D. to smoke

52.I doubt _____ he can help us when we need his help.

I don’t doubt ______ he can help us when we need his help

A. that B. if C. which D. what

53.— Is _____ here? — No, Li Ping isn’t here.

— Is ____at home? — Yes, please come in.

— I really don’t know how to make a good relationship with that person over there.

— Just be careful. He is really ______ here.

A. everybody B. anybody

C. somebody D. nobody

54. He is one of the boys who ____ from the USA.

He is the only one of the boys who ____ from the USA.

A. is B. are

55._____ being ill makes his mother worried.

_____ being ill, his mother was worried.

A. He B. His C. That he D. It

56.___ seems a long time before we meet again.

After_____ seems a long time, we meet again.

A. What B. It C. what D. it

KEY TO THE EXERCISES

1.CBD 2.ADBC 3.CD 4.BA 5.CB

6.CBD 7.BA 8.BAC 9.AB 10.AB

11.BA 12.BA 13.CA 14.BCA 15.AC

16.DB 17.BDA 18.AB 19.BC 20.CB

21.DCBA 22.BAC23.BA 24.BC 25.AB

26.CA 27.CA 28.AB 29.AD 30.CA

31.BA 32.CB 33.CB 34.CB 35.CB

36.AC 37.DC 38.CD 39.CBA 40.BA

41.BA 42..BC 43.AB 44.AB 45.BC 46.AD

47.BC 48.AB 49.AB 50.BA 51.CAB 52.BA

53.ABC 54.BA 55.BA 56.BC

对比练习篇2

科目：数学班级：五年级下学期数学第4章第9节

教学目标： 1.使学生掌握有关圆柱和圆锥体积的应用。

2.进一步了解圆柱和圆锥体积的关系，熟练运用所学公式计算解答实际问题

教学重难点：熟练运用所学（圆柱、圆锥）的公式解答实际问题。

教具准备：多媒体

课件链接：无

教学过程：

一、回顾旧知。

师：前面我们学习了圆柱和圆锥的体积，你能说说它们的体积应用有哪些吗？

二、运用知识，解决问题。

(一)基本练习。

（运用圆锥体积公式解决实际问题，提高了认知能力）

1.填空：

（1）一个圆柱的底面直径是4厘米，高10厘米，它的侧面积是（）平方厘米，体积是（）立方厘米。

（2）在平地上挖一个圆柱形的水池，水池深4米，直径是6米。这个水池的占地（）平方米，需挖土（）立方米。

（3）把一个圆柱的侧面展开，得到一个正方形。这个圆柱的底面半径是2厘米，圆柱的高是（）厘米，它的体积师（）立方厘米。

2.选择。

（1）等底等高的圆柱、正方体、长方体的体积相比较，（）

A正方体体积大 b长方体体积大

c圆柱体积大 d一样大

（2）如果圆柱的高增加2倍，底面积不变，圆柱的体积就（）

A扩大2倍 b扩大3倍 c扩大4倍

（3）用一块长28.26厘米，宽15.7厘米的长方体铁皮，配上直径是（）厘米的圆形铁皮就可以作成一个容积最大的容器。

A2.5 b4.5 c5 d9

(4)一个圆柱形的水桶可装水200升，这个水桶的（）是200升。

A重量（质量）b体积c表面积d容积

（二）提高练习。

1.用铁皮制作圆柱形的通风管100节，每节长24米，底面周长是0.628米。至少需要铁皮多少平方分米？（适当渗透与此相关的滚筒、烟囱、水管、柱子等数学情境。）

2.砌一个圆柱形的水池，底面半径是2.5米，深4米，在池的周围与底面抹上水泥，抹水泥的部分面积是多少平方米？水池的容积是多少？

3.一个圆柱形的木头，长6分米。如果沿着与底面平行的方向把它平均锯成3段，表面积比原来增加12.56平方分米。求每段木头的体积是多少？

4.压路机的滚筒是一个圆柱，它的长是3米，滚筒横截面的直径是1米。如果滚筒每分钟转4周，那么压路机每分钟能压路面多少平方米？

（进一步体验立体图形与生活的关系，感受立体图形的学习价值，提高学习数学的兴趣和学好数学的信心。）

三、总结：通过本节课的学习，你有哪些收获？

非谓语动词对比性练习集锦篇3

A. takingB. to be taken

C. takeD. taken

(2) Why do you have the lights ___________ all night?

A. burnB. to burn

C. burningD. burned

2. (1) Alice could do nothing but___________her young son.

(2) Alice has no choice but___________ heryoung son.

A. look afterB. looked after

C. to look afterD. looking after

3. (1) When I got home, I found the gas burning but the door remained ___________ .

A. lockingB. locked

C. to lockD. lock

(2) Choosing a trip abroad is, of course, good for many young couple. But it remains ___________ whether they will

appreciate it.

A. to seeB. seeing

C. seeD. to be seen

4. (1) Little Jim should love ___________ to thetheatre this evening.

A. to be takenB. to take

C. being takenD. taking

(2) Little Jim found that he really loved___________ all kinds of magic story.

A. to be readB. reading

C. readD. to read

5. (1) ___________dark now, we had to stay in the village for night.

(2) ___________dark now, so we had to stay inthe village for night.

A. It was gettingB. It getting

C. GettingD. Being getted

6. (1) Li Yong made up his mind to devote all he could ___________his oral English before going abroad.

A. improveB. to improve

C. improvingD. to improving

(2) The excellent doctor has done all he could ___________ the dying patient.

A. to treatB. treat

C. treatingD. treated

7. (1) ___________ different cultures, we often payattention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.

(2) ___________with the size of the whole earth,the biggest ocean doesn’t seem big atall.

A. When compared

B. When being compared

C. When comparing

D. When having compared

8. (1) The missing boy was last seen___________near the West Lake.

A. playingB. play

C. playedD. to play

(2) The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___________the nextyear.

A. carry outB. carrying out

C. carried outD. to carry out

9. (1) I’m going to Wuhan this weekend. Do you have anything ___________ to your aunt?

A. takenB. to take

C. takingD. to be taken

(2) You are going to Wuhan this weekend.Do you have anything ___________ to youraunt?

A. takeB. to take

C. takingD. to be taken

10. (1) The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ___________the film stars hadleft.

(2) Alice returned from the manager’soffice ___________ me that the boss wanted to see me at once.

A. to tellB. to be told

C. toldD. telling

11. (1) He had to speak loud in the lecture in order to make himself___________.

A. hearB. hearing

C. to hearD. heard

(2) His cheerful joking made us ___________ our tireness.

A. forgetB. forgot

C. to forgetD. forgetting

12. (1) The whole class went to plant trees the other day ___________ the teacher.

(2) The whole class went to plant trees the other day, the teacher ___________ .

A. includedB. including

C. containedD. containing

13. (1) Have you seen the girl ___________ in thecorner?

A. sitB. sitting

C. seatD. seating

(2) Did you notice the girl ___________ in thecorner?

A. sit B. satC. seatedD. seating

14. (1) The book is worth ___________ .

A. to read

B. to be read

C. reading

D. being read

(2) Your suggestions are worthy ___________ .

A. to considerB. to be considered

C. of consideringD. considering

15. (1) Tom can’t help ___________ the roombecause she’s busy with her homework.

A. to cleanB. cleaning

C. cleanedD. being cleaned

(2) While shopping, many people, especially woman, sometimes can’t help ___________into buying something they don’t really need.

A. to persuadeB. persuading

C. being persuadedD. be persuaded

16. (1) Why do you consider___________ your jobwhen you have got a good one?

A. to changeB. change

C. changingD. changed

(2) Charles Babbage is generallyconsidered ___________ the first computer.

A. to have invented

B. inventing

C. to invent

D. having invented

17. (1) There is a new problem involved inthe popularity of private cars thatroad conditions need ___________ .

A. to be improvedB. to improve

C. improvedD. improve

(2) With everything he needed___________ ,he left the supermarket.

A. to buyB. having bought

C. buyD. bought

18. (1) Can you tell me the way you thought of ___________ the garden?

A. take care of

B. to take care of

C. taking care of

D. how to take care of

(2) We are thinking of ___________ France forour holiday but we’ve not decided forcertain yet.

A. how to go toB. to go to

C. going toD. go to

19. (1) A cook will be immediately fired if heis found ___________ in the kitchen.

A. smokeB. smoking

C. to smokeD. smoked

(2) It was getting dark; I found a car ___________ in a pool by the side of the road.

A. to be stuckB. stuck

C. stickingD. stick

20. (1) Passing the entrance examination means___________into college.

A. being admittedB. admitting

C. to admitD. admitted

(2) He means ___________ next bus to pay a visit to his grandmother.

A. takeB. taking

C. to takeD. took

21. (1) With a lot of difficult problems___________, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.

(2) With a lot of difficult problems___________, the newly-elected president have been arranged to visit some Asian countries.

A. settledB. settling

C. to settleD. being settled

22. (1) The program was so exciting that the children kept their eyes ___________ on the screen.

A. to fixB. to be fixed

C. fixedD. fixing

(2) I’m sorry but I kept you ___________ so long in such a cold day.

A. waitB. to wait

C. waitedD. waiting

23. (1) Some teachers find it no use ___________ their students too much knowledge inclass.

(2) If ___________ more attention, the treecould have grown better.

A. givenB. to give

C. givingD. having given

24. (1) Which do you enjoy ___________ your weekend, fishing or watching footballmatch?

A. spendingB. spent

C. to spendD. being spent

(2) Every time he stepped into the library,he always enjoy ___________ some books on political theory.

A. choosingB. choose

C. to chooseD. being chosen

25. (1) ___________ the soldiers well prepared forthe flood fight, the general nodded withsatisfaction.

(2) ___________from the top of the highest building, the Hanjiang River looks more beautiful than usual.

A. SeenB. Seeing

对比练习篇4

目前针对“把”字句的练习设计主要集中在“把”字句练习设计的语境上。金立鑫(1997)指出“把”字句的使用受句法、语义、篇章等多种因素的影响,因此在练习的语境中经常出现可以用“把”也可以用其他句式的情况。刘颂浩、汪燕(2003)则专门对练习设计的语境问题进行了考察,明确指出“把”字句练习设计的语境都是非自然语境。

本文拟通过对中美两国常用的8套初级汉语教材进行对比分析,发现两国所使用的初级汉语教材中“把”字句练习设计方面都存在一些差异。我们认为这些差异是教学时间、语言环境和思维方式的差异所造成的。这些差异必定会对教学效果产生影响,因此我们在梳理和分析的基础上,考察各种教材的优缺点,给中美两国教师和教材编写者提出进一步改造完善教材和教学设计的建议。

本文所考察教材如下:中国教材:《汉语教程》(修订本)第二册(下)、《博雅汉语》(初级起步篇)(I、II)、《新实用汉语课本》(《New Practical Chinese Reader》)(2—3)、《发展汉语·初级综合(II)》(第2版);美国教材:《中文听说读写》(《Integrated Chinese》(Level 1 Part2)、《通俗汉语》(《Colloquial Chinese 2》—The next step in language learning)、《中文天地》(《Chinese Link》)(Elementary Chinese)、《中文入门》(《Chinese Primer》)。两国教材的共同点是:第一,适用对象是零基础汉语初学者。第二,教材使用对象主要为大学生,属于学历教育。第三,4本中国教材的发行量均超过5万册,美国教材则是调查了30所大学一年级综合汉语教材使用情况,采用高校百分比最高的4本教材。

一、两国教材的练习设计“数量”对比

两国教材关于“把”字句的练习题量的统计结果如下:“句型转换”练习最多,“造句”“填空”的练习也不少;而“多项选择”“判断正误”和“把词语放在合适的位置上”的练习设计得很少。中国教材的练习题量比美国教材多很多。中国教材中“句型替换”“填空”“造句”练习比较多,着重句法层面的练习;而美国教材中“翻译”“限制性语段表达”和“看图写作”比中国教材多,突出美国教材比较注重考察学习者的交际能力和汉英互译。

二、两国教材的练习设计“项目”对比

通过分析上表,我们发现:中国教材的优点是练习设计题型较为多样化且题量较大;而美国教材的优点是用英语对题目要求进行说明,并有大量的汉英对应翻译练习。但是,同时二者又存在着各自的不足之处,如中国教材的练习集中在“替换”“组织成句”“句型变换”三种题型上,而美国的教材中关于句法语义方面的练习很少。

从练习题型上来看,中国教材的题型比美国教材丰富得多,特别是《新实用》采用了13种,《教程》也应用了9种。值得一提的是,美国教材《天地》的练习题类型也有7种。

两国教材的练习题型有很多相似之处,都比较固定,当然,两国教材也都有自己独有的题型。

我们试图分析两国教材的共有题型和独有题型,从而找出共有题型的特点和分析为什么会有独有题型。

从上表我们可以发现,两国教材中有较多的共有题型。比如:都有填空、替换、句型变换、组织成句、完成对话、翻译、造句、听力、朗读、回答问题、限制性语段表达。

除了上述中美两国教材中共有的题型外,我们还发现它们也有各自的独有题型,这些题型体现了教材的不同特点,值得借鉴。

中国教材:完成对话、回答问题、搭配、判断正误、多项选择、把词放到合适的位置。

美国教材:看图写作。

三、两国教材练习题练习形式的定型

我们结合前文对“把”字句练习题练习形式的分析,来探讨教材中“把”字句练习题的具体设计问题。我们从以下三方面进行分析。

(一)练习形式主观型与客观型

题目的主观型和客观型是由答案是否唯一来决定的,答案唯一即是客观题,如答案为多种则应是主观题。客观型练习形式主要分为两种:第一,答案限定在选项中。第二,练习题本身的性质来限定。主观型练习形式的答案形式和意义都不受限制,例如自由语段表达、翻译、造句等。我们分别考察了两国8套教材的“把”字句练习题主客观练习形式所占的比例,结果如下图所示:

由上图可知,8套中美教材的练习题中,客观题所占的比例较大,主观题相对较少。客观题均是针对练习语法结构的,而主观题是考察学习者对于“把”字句的输出的。这也说明这8套教材比较偏重语法结构,句法层面的练习。

(二)练习形式有语境和无语境

此处所涉及的语境主要是指上下文语境。总的来说,有语境的语言形式主要分为两种形式:有两三个句子的小对话和一段连续的话或完整的语篇。练习形式如果没有超出单句这个层面,那么这样的形式就不能算是有语境的练习形式。以下我们对两国8套教材“把”字句练习题是否涉及语境做了考察分析,结果如下:

从上图可知,8套教材中的“把”字句练习题的练习形式涉及语境的设置较少,特别是《发展》和《入门》几乎没有涉及,但同时我们也发现,美国教材《中文》和《天地》练习中涉及语境设计的较多,不仅包含两三句的小对话,而且达到成段表达的练习题数量也很多,值得借鉴。

(三)练习形式有情景和无情景

这里的情景指的是非语言语境。涉及情景的方式主要有:用文字、图片或影像形式,或提供事物实景。以下我们对两国8套教材“把”字句练习题是否涉及了情景做出了考察,结果如下:

由上图可知,教材“把”字句的练习题中,无情景的练习题数量占到绝大多数,有情景的练习题数量非常少。美国的教材比中国的教材在这方面做得要好一些,特别是《中文》《天地》和《通俗》,有情景的练习题占到了多数。据我们考察,中国的4套教材关于有情景的“把”字句练习题所设计的情景要么比较简单,要么就是提供的情景真实性不高。而在这一点上,美国的教材不仅提供了详细的情景说明,更是搭配了很多的图片进行补充。

四、两国教材练习题练习设计的特点

总的来说,中国教材的练习不但量多,而且题型多样。但绝大多数的练习题都涉及句法,忽视了语用。针对“把”字句的不同句式,《新实用》采取了不同类型的练习题,而其他的教材变化较少。在练习题的分布和复现上,《新实用》对于“把”字句的练习分布松散,涉及的课数较多,非常重视语法点的复现,有利于学习者更好地掌握“把”字句的各种用法。从练习题的内容上来说,中国的教材比较具有系统性,包括机械性练习、句法结构的练习、语义特征的练习同时也有一些篇章表达的练习。但有一些语境的设计过于简单或缺乏真实性。练习方式体现了一定的层次性,从“替换”“填空”到“造句”“改病句”再到最后的根据情景进行会话,都体现了由易到难、先输入后输出和先理解后表达的原则。

美国教材中练习题的关于机械性的练习较少,更加注重培养学习者的交际能力和技能训练的学习习惯。练习中设置的情景都是真实自然的,有助于学习者更好地掌握语法点的应用。翻译题也是美国教材的独有题型,翻译可以将学习者的母语作为学习资源加以充分利用,此外,学习者在做翻译题的同时也能更好地理解和对比自己的母语和目的语之间的区别和联系。《天地》的题型最多,题量也最大,这本教材的练习很具有实用性,特别是练习题型中专门安排了一个环节:交际练习(Communicative Exercises),练习中提供特定一些情景,要求学习者根据情景和提示基于内容进行交际任务的运用训练。由于这些情景都是社会生活的实例,都是学习者很感兴趣的话题,所以,学习者在学习时可以倍感真切。提供情景的同时搭配了图片,这样既有利于学习者的理解,也增强了趣味性。同时我们也发现,美国教材关于“把”字句的练习题量较少,题型也比较单一,多为交际练习和任务型练习,这跟美国学生注重语法的功能性,不关注语法知识的系统性有关。

中美教材中有一些技能练习的编排超出了语法解释的范围,我们认为,练习题应该围绕语法解释部分出现的例句和课文的内容出现,否则会影响学习者对语法点的掌握。

五、“把”字句练习设计的建议

针对美国学习者“把”字句的练习设计,我们建议可以设计出以“把”字句的语用功能为目标,以其核心语义为框架,以重点句型练习为起点的综合型练习模式,具体练习可以分为课堂练习和课后练习,采取以下题型:

(一)课堂练习

课堂练习可以分为“替换”和“选词填空”,可以补充语法解释部分中例句不充分的情况。

“替换”练习对于初级阶段的学习者来说难度不大,集中练习可以培养出学习者的语感,教材中“替换”的练习量一定要十分充足。

“选词填空”虽不是特别针对“把”字句的练习,但是在题中出现了大量的句式,通过填入这些句式的各个成分,能加深对这些句式的掌握。

(二)课后练习

课后练习可以分为“造句”“改错句”“翻译题”“用‘把’字句完成会话”“选择填空”“回答问题”“看图填空、会话、写作”和“交际练习”。

“造句”类的练习题可以先提供词语让学习者自行造句,然后再让学习者自己造句,这样的编排符合由易到难,循序渐进的教学原则。

“用‘把’字句完成会话”所提供的情景应该让学习者能够明白用“把”字句是为了突出在某个动作的影响或作用下,某人或某物发生位移或状态的变化。所提供的情景都是跟学习者平日生活中息息相关的,通过简单的会话练习来提高学习者的实际交际能力。

“回答问题”给学习者提供最真实、自然的语境,让学习者试着用“把”字句来回答。

“看图填空”根据提供的情景、图片和英文翻译,填写相应的汉语。使用“英翻中”,这样的练习更能考察学习者对句型的掌握和语言综合能力的运用。加上情景和图片,可以增强学习者的交际功能。

“看图说话”是培养学习者口语表达能力的练习题。提供关键词和应该使用的句式,同时提供相关的图片,尽可能明确地展示出语境,再配上相关的文字说明和关键词,这种练习的优点是把原本枯燥的练习变成了有趣的看图说话练习,这样的练习不仅复习强化了“把”字句式,提高了学习者的汉语语言技能。“看图写作”练习是“看图说话”的深化,提供情景和图片,让学生根据自己的生活常识和所学的“把”字句式来表达自己的观点,在对学习者进行口语练习的同时也锻炼了他们的写作能力。

交际练习中提供特定一些情景,要求学习者根据情景和提示基于内容进行交际任务的运用训练。由于这些情景都是社会生活的实例,都是学习者很感兴趣的话题,所以,学习者在学习时可以倍感真切。提供情景的同时搭配了图片,这样既有利于学习者的理解,也增强了趣味性。进行交际练习的同时,也复习了课文的词语和语法点。

除了上述的练习题型外,我们认为有必要在教材中设置一些HSK的题型,由于HSK考试代表了学习者的汉语水平,近年来美国大学生越来越重视HSK考试,所以在教材中增加HSK的题型对学习者来说很有必要。

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