英文哲学

英文哲学（共3篇）

英文哲学 篇1

1 Introduction

Bertrand Russell was an outstanding philosopher and also a great master of culture,who was called"the wisest man in our century."During Russell's all life,he accomplished more than sixty works,which include various categories which are relative to philosophy,mathematic,science,moral principles,society,education,history,religion,politics and other field.Form one aspect of his works,people can see the wisdom,spirit and ideal of human beings in 20th century.According to Russell,the basic love of human being was the starting point of his philosophy on life.He always paid close attention to how to lead the love to the right path,and create a happy life and ideal society.This paper mainly explores the love of Russell's philosophy on life.

2 The Love of Russell's Philosophy

Russell regarded love and kinship as the main elements in the emotion of human beings.He believed these were gifts God gave them.

2.1 Love

Russell thought the essence of love is"reciprocally life-giving;each receives love with joy and gives it without effort,and each finds the whole world more interesting in consequence of the existence of this reciprocal happiness"(zhai,2000:48).During the course of giving and receiving love,people make efforts to find a point where the two souls can combine with love,which is the source of happiness.Russell said,"I have sought love,first,because it brings ecstasy-ecstasy so great that I would often have sacrificed all the rest of life for a few hours of his joy.I have sought it,next,because it relieves loneliness-that terrible loneliness in which one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss.I have sought it,finally,because in the union of love I have seen,in a mystic miniature,the prefiguring vision of the heaven that saints and poets have imagined."(zhai2000:26)It is love,which is in the sense of a genuine reciprocal interest of two persons in each other.It is a way,not solely as means to each other's good,but rather as a combination having a common good.It is one of the most important elements of real happiness.

Russell wrote that the true love between man and wife was tha they respect for each other's personality,and there was the deep intimacy in physical,metal,and spiritual sides.This kind of love was not only true love,but also the most fructifying of all human experience.Russell advocated the true love should be based on equality and respect between man and wife.In a family,husband and wife should have equal rights to their work,study,life and property They should respect each other's rights,but not want to control or depend on the other side.They should respect other's freedom,and give enough space to each other for developing their personality.He stressed that the high unity in spirit was the expression of true love but he didn't ignore the unity in sex.He thought if people only emphasized the spiritual love,and lacked the care of sexual love,they would get incomplete love and bury their nature.If they only paid attention to the sexual love,and eliminated the spiritual love,they would be equal to beast.So the true love between man and wife should combine the spiritual love with sexual love.

The true love between parents and children is complete love which parents give their children.Also,it is complete trust,which children give their parents.The basis of the family is the fact tha parents feel a special kind of love towards their own children.This love is different from that which they feel towards each other or towards other children.This emotion is one that people inherit from ancestors.It provides the greatest and most enduring happiness tha life has to offer in human beings'psychology.Children enjoy the love without any doubts,because they know it is more reliable than any other love,and parental love once gives,but never expects to return.Immersing themselves in love,children give their complete trust to their parents.Their friends like them for their merits,and their lovers love them for charms.If the merits and the charms diminish,their friends and lovers may vanish.But their parents love them only because they are their parents'children.In time of success,children may overlook their parents and think the love is unimportant,but in times of misfortune,parents are most to be relied upon,and in times of failure,parents love will afford a consolation and a security that would not be found elsewhere.

2.2 Kinship

Russell thought kinship should originate from combining true love.Here,kinship is shown by two things,"the first thing to be secured is that there should be as much as possible of the deep,serious love between man and woman which embraces the whole personality of both and leads to a fusion by which each is enriched and enhanced.The second thing of importance is that there should be adequate care of children,physical and psychological.(zhai,200056)

Russell thought in the relations of a man and a woman who loved each other with passion and imagination and tenderness,there was something of inestimable value,but to be ignorant of which was a great misfortune to any human being.The kinship between man and woman was the best expression of the inestimable value.In the kinship they should care for each other,love and help each other The kinship should ask them to respect for their personality and freedom.Under the relationship,they can gain more support for their cause,and more space for their enhancement and enrichment Here,kinship is a way to help each other go forward,but not obstruction to hinder their progress.If the kinship becomes a tool to control each other,the true love will lose its value because a good life cannot be founded upon fear,prohibition,and interference o freedom.

True love between husband and wife is the basic of a happy family,and the good relationship between them is the key to the harmonious atmosphere of a family.Man and wife should respect and love each other,and create a good environment to educate their children.Russell paid special attention to the significance of an environment for the growing children.He thought that harmonious atmosphere of a family could train children's mental health,especially their affection and sympathy.Otherwise,if children lived in a terrible environment in which their parents often should curses loudly or found fault each other,even came to blows,they might develop a melancholy,eccentric,suspicious or other unhealthy disposition Concerning the kinship between parents and children,Russell said the love that parents gave their children was the firmest love in our world,but the love should give properly.If the love changed into spoiling love,the children would from a bad habit due to.On the other hand,parents should not treat their children too harshly.If the love was very narrow,children would be bound to it,and restricted in developing their mind and body.Parents should control their love for children,because the proper love would give their children enough space to train their independent character that was the essential condition to be a talented person.Russell also suggested that parents should not cling to the power of parents,nor manage their children like their private property.They should respect the personality and freedom of their children.

3 Conclusion

Love and kinship are the main facts in the emotion of human beings.People need them,because they can take away loneliness and bring happiness,and drive off chill and carry warm.If people lose them,they would sink into a timid despair.On the contrary,i they gain them,they would create more beautiful life.Therefore they choose the love and dedicate whole life to pursue it.

Russell's philosophy on love is wisdom.It involves all sides o love,and gives us a complete picture of our love.There are many points to spark off human sensibilities.From his philosophy,weknow what the true love is,and how to give it and get it.

参考文献

[1]向华.罗素"爱的教育"思想及其现实意义[J].理论导刊,2006(11).

[2]翟玉章.罗素论人生[M].北京:世界知识出版社,2000.

[3]张芳琴.罗素婚姻伦理思想及其当代反思[D].上海师范大学,2010.

英文哲学 篇2

1、To say something is to do something

In the latter part of How To Do Things With Words, Austin made a fresh start on the problem and considered it again that in what sense to say something is to do something.In his opinion there are three senses in which saying something may be understood as doing something.They are the locutionary act、illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.The locutionary act is, an ordinary one what is said the form of utterance, the act of saying something, for example:if someone says“Open the door!”the locutionary act is the realization of the speaker’s utterance.The illocutionary ac is what is done in uttering the word, the function of the word, the specific purpose that speaker’s have in mind, for example:the utterance“I promise to give it back tomorrow”is used to perform the illocutionary act of promising.The perlocutionary act is what is done by uttering the word.It is the effect on listener or the listener’s reaction, for example:the utterance“There is something in your back!”may cause the listener to panic and to look back his back.The perlocutionary of that utterance is to cause these emotion and action One knows the force of an utterance if one knows what point the speaker had in making the utterance, and that is a matter of knowing something about what the speaker did or what she was up to.It is obvious that the use of a sentence would be specified when both the meaning of the words produced were specified and the force attaching to those words were specified.When one learns about the distinction between meaning and force, it seems like that a sentence’s meaning is one thing and the force is another thing.This opinion is also the center matter that many philosophers think about.

2、What words do by saying what speakers do

William P.Alston thinks that a sentence’s having a certain meaning consists in its being usable to play a certain role in communication, and that a sentence’s having such a role is a matter of the illocutionary acts that could be performed in using the sentence (Alston:2000) .There is a certain conviction that somehow the concept of the meaning of a linguistic expression is to be elucidated in terms of the use of that expression, in terms of the way it is employed by the users of the language.It is possible for somebody to tell you that two expressions have the same use (or the same meaning) without thereby telling you what either them means.There is an example, someone, who is a native speaker of Japanese, might tell you that two expressions in that language have the same use without telling you what either of them means.Similarly you could know that two expressions have the same use without knowing what either of them means.It seems that when one tells someone what an expression means, he is in effect telling him that two expressions have the same use;but he uses the meaning formulation only when he supposes that his hears already know how to use the second expression (Alston:72) .Speech act theory is the first major of pragmatics which is a comparatively young branch of linguistic.There are three conditions:firstly, it is the utterance of the perlocutionary not the illocutionary act has a certain sort of result.Secondly, a perlocutionary act can be performed without the use of language, or any other conventional device.Thirdly, illocutionary acts are more fundamental than perlocutionary acts in the meansend hierarchy.The examples given above shows that sameness of meaning cannot hang on sameness of perlocutionary act but hang on the illocutionary act.

3、Implicature between meaning and use:

Besides the above two statements about the meaning and use, there are another theory which can well reflect the relationship between meaning and use.It is the theory of implicature.

In our daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but to imply them.Look at the following example:when A asks B about their mutual friend C, who is now working in a bank, that how is C getting on, B might answer“Oh quite well, I think;he likes his colleagues, and he has not been to prison yet.”Here B certainly implied something, though he did not say it explicitly.Here B’s words do answer A’s question.The answer is in a right place and in a right use.But the meaning of B’s answer is not the original meaning but something else.It depends on what the B want to imply to A.In order to avoid the logical use of“implication”, Grice coined the term implicature.Implicature is defined as either the act meaning, implying, and suggesting one thing by saying another, or as the object of that act.Implicature can be part of sentence meaning, and can be dependent on conversational context, and can be conventional or unconventional.Conversational implicatures have become one important subject of meaning and use.

There is an oversimplification that each expression has only one meaning and only one use, which is not exactly.A case in point is that“Can you reach the salt?”sometimes means please pass the salt, sometimes means are you able to reach as far as the salt?, and perhaps sometimes means I challenge you to try to reach as far as the salt.It is rarely a case that two sentences are used alike in every context without changing their linguistic act potentials.Although these sentences can have the same use, they do not have the same meaning, because of each implies different contents.

Conclusion:

There is a common summary that meaning is use, which means words are not defined by reference to the objects they designate nor by the mental representations one might associate with them but by how they are used.Meaning and use are related but different In different situations, both of them have a very important role respectively.Not only the tone, the form of a word、the structure of a sentence and context can influence the meaning and use, but also the speech act theory、the force、the implicature and some cognitive aspects can influence the meaning and use.

摘要：对语言意义的研究成为语义学, 如今已成为学术界研究的热点课题。对意义的研究多种多样, 与此相关的, 意义和用法之间的关系的谈论也随处可见。有许多学者从不同的视角对意义和用法进行过研究, 比如从音位学方面, 逻辑学方面, 符号学方面等等。本文将主要从语言哲学的视角对言语意义和用法关系之间进行分析。

关键词：意义,用法,会话含义

参考文献

[1]、Jean Stilwell Peccei.Pragmatics.[M]Routledge PublisherLtd.2000.

[2]、Jennifer Hornsby and Guy Longworth.Reading philosophyof language[M].Blackwell Publishing.2005.

[3]、John I.Saeed.Semantics.[M]Blackwell Publishers Ltd.2000.

[4]、胡壮麟、姜望琪.语言学高级教程.[M]北京大学出版社, 2002.

英文哲学 篇3

Marxist Philosophy is undergoing a profound innovation.

There are two different ideas towards this innovation.One is that the classics of Marxist Philosophy is a"big box"that contains all the philosophical outcomes shown in modernscience and technology.The other is that modernscience and technology changes the basis and origin of the classics of Marxist Philosophy at a large extent.We think that it is beneficial to measure the influence of modernscience on philosophical thoughts out of the collection of facts of modern science and technology.

2、The relationship between the emergence and development of Marxist Philosophy and modern scientific revolution is very close

Modern ientific revolution enriches the views of nature,viewsof social development and views of ethics and value of Marxist Philosophy,and the development of modernscience and technology is the material basis of the evolution of Marxism.

The three technological revolutions in human history have madea huge influence on human society and social thoughts,and each of them was more extensive and profound than the former one.It is the belief of Marxist Philosophy that material determines consciousness,but when the material basis that one kind of philosophy is based on changes in a huge way,the methodology of the philosophy will also undergo profound changes.

3、The profound influence and promotion of modern

scientific revolution on the development and evolution of Marxist Philosophy

3.1 Modernscientific revolution has created brand new researchobjects,so the concept of"material",the object of philosophical research has broken the traditional significance.

3.2 The limitation of Earth has been breached.The range ofobjects of traditional philosophy was built on the basis of Earth,and traditional philosophy was the view of material based on Earth.Modern science greatly expands human's macro and micro view,developing from macro galaxies and the universe to micro particles and nanotechnology,gradually breaches the traditional limitation of material within the range of Earth.

3.3 Is the universe limited or limitless?Engels once said thatthe Galaxy is nothing but an island in the universe,beyond the reach of our universe,there are numberless universes.But according to the moderntheory of the Big Bang,our universe is unique,which has its beginning and its end.It is extraordinarily contradicted to our traditional theory of universal limitlessness.

3.4 Is it possible to divide one thing into two limitlessly?Scientific and technological achievements such as DNA map,nanotechnology have brought many changes to our production and social life.Marxist Philosophy once predicted that any micro particle can be divided into two,whose correctness has been proven by modernscience and technology.

3.5 Man-made world.Human's view of material has to facesuch a fact that a man-made world now objectively exists,material determines consciousness,consciousness also reacts to material,consciousness is the origin of human creation.Human creation is subject to human's scientific consciousness.

4、The influence of modern science revolution on Marxist Philosophy and its practical significance to China's socialist modernization

The realization of modernization is the pursuit and dream ofChinese people since a century ago.Modern scientific revolution has brought unprecedented opportunities to socialism,as well as unprecedented challenges.Science and technology has changed the course of world development and the way of world competition,and peace and development has become the two main topics of world,but in the area of economics,socialist countries are now facing the challenge of capitalist countries'advantageous position of scientific supremacy and economic advancement;in the area of politics,they're facing the challenge of peaceful evolution.But in the end,it is obvious that scientific revolution will promote the achievements of socialism.In the 21st century,Marxism and socialist theory will be more mature.

5、Conclusion

In conclusion,although modernscientific revolution was bornfrom capitalist countries,and its development has brought many new changes to capitalism,which is a fact well known,but the“development and application of modern cientific revolution”also brings deep influences and changes to socialist countries.

摘要：马克思主义哲学确立于19世纪,自从他确立以来就一直和科学技术联系非常紧密,并作为两股最活跃的力量展现在人类社会的大舞台上。科技进步影响社会变革,这是毋庸置疑的,现代科技的快速发展,不断开发出世界各个方面的奥妙。

关键词：马克思主义哲学,现代科技革命,影响

参考文献

[1]、Andrew Chitty and Martin Mc*vor.KarI Marx and Contemporary Philosophy[M].Palgrave MacMillan,2009

[2]、《马克思恩格斯选集》1-4卷,人民出版社1972。